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Tóth Š, Barbierik Vachalcová M, Kaško D, Turek M, Guľašová Z, Hertelyová Z. Effect of repeatedly applied cold water immersion on subclinical atherosclerosis, inflammation, fat accumulation and lipid profile parameters of volunteers. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2024; 136:87-93. [PMID: 37530998 PMCID: PMC10837236 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-023-02246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Significant acute cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrine changes have been traced to short-lasting cold water immersion (CWI); however, the long-term impact of recurrent CWI on atherogenesis, lipid parameters, and fat distribution has not yet been studied. The goal of this study was to investigate the alleged protective effect. A total of 35 healthy volunteers were monitored for a period of 5 months during which the CWI was performed under standardized conditions (three times per week for 7-10 min, without neoprene equipment). Volunteers with measured weight or muscle mass increases of more than 5% were ineligible. An analogous control group (N = 30) was included. At the onset and completion of the study, blood samples were obtained, and clinical assessments took place. PCSK9 and hsCRP levels were measured together with other lipid-related and non-lipid-related indicators. Carotid intima-media thickness test (cIMT) and echo-tracking for the identification of arterial stiffness (PWV, AI, and β) were used to identify early vascular alterations. Hepatorenal index (HRI) calculations served to quantify liver steatosis, while changes in subcutaneous and visceral fat thickness were used to quantify fat distribution. The given protocol was successfully completed by 28 volunteers. Long-term repeated CWI resulted in a significant decline in cIMT (p = 0.0001), AI (p = 0.0002), Beta (p = 0.0001), and PWV (p = 0.0001). PCSK9 (p = 0.01) and hsCRP (p = 0.01) showed a significant decrease when compared to initial values. In comparison to the starting values, liver fat accumulation decreased by 11% on average (HRI p = 0.001). LDL, TC, TG, and VLDL levels all significantly decreased as well. We suggest that repeated CWI may have beneficial impact on lipid, non-lipid, and lipid-related indices, as well as atherogenesis and liver fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Tóth
- SLOVACRIN, Slovak Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Marianna Barbierik Vachalcová
- East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Dávid Kaško
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Trieda SNP 1, 041 90, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Turek
- SLOVACRIN, Slovak Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Guľašová
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Trieda SNP 1, 041 90, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zdenka Hertelyová
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Trieda SNP 1, 041 90, Košice, Slovakia
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Arbiza BCC, da Silva AMV, de Lima KS, Rubin Neto LJ, Nunes GS, Jaenisch RB, Puntel GO, Signori LU. Effect of foam rolling recovery on pain and physical capacity after resistance exercises: A randomized crossover trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 37:226-232. [PMID: 38432810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of passive recovery (PR), active recovery (AR), and recovery through self-massage with the aid of foam rolling (FRR) on pain and physical capacity in healthy volunteers after a resistance exercise (RE) session. METHODS The sample of this randomized crossover trial comprised 37 physically healthy men who underwent three sessions of RE (squat, leg press, and leg extension), involving four sets of 10 repetitions with 80% of 10MR, with an interval of seven days between sessions. PR consisted of sitting for 20min, AR included a cycle ergometer for 20min at 50% maximum heart rate, and FRR involved 10 repetitions per target body area, followed by 1min rest. Variables of physical capacity (strength, power, agility, joint range of motion, flexibility, speed, and fatigue resistance) were assessed 1h after RE, whereas pain was assessed 24h, 48h, and 72h after RE. RESULTS In the dominant lower limb, the percentage of strength decreased (p < 0.001) by 16.3% after RE but improved (p < 0.001) by 5.2% after AR and FRR in relation to PR. Similar results were observed in the non-dominant lower limb. Agility was enhanced (p < 0.001) by 3.6% in AR and 4.3% in FRR compared with the baseline assessment. The recoveries for the other physical variables were similar. Only FRR reduced (p < 0.001) pain at 24h (22.8%), 48h (39.2%), and 72h (59.7%) compared to PR. CONCLUSIONS Self-massage using a foam roll reduced pain and improved agility and muscle strength during recovery after exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04201977.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cesar Correa Arbiza
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcos Vargas da Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Katieli Santos de Lima
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Léo José Rubin Neto
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Silva Nunes
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Boemo Jaenisch
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Orione Puntel
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulisses Signori
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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What Parameters Influence the Effect of Cold-Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:13-25. [PMID: 36399666 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the efficacy of cold-water immersion (CWI) on the management of muscle soreness to identify the impact of immersion time, water temperature, CWI protocol, and type of exercise on this outcome. DESIGN Intervention systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Central, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from their earliest record to July 30, 2020. Only randomized controlled trials that assessed muscle soreness comparing CWI and control were included. Studies were pooled in different subgroups regarding the used protocol: water temperature (severe or moderate cold), immersion time (short, medium, or longer time), CWI protocol (intermittent or continuous application), and type of exercise (endurance or resistance exercise). Data were pooled in a meta-analysis and described as weighted mean difference (95% confidence interval, P < 0.05). PARTICIPANTS Athletes and nonathletes. INTERVENTIONS Cold-water immersion and control condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle soreness. RESULTS Forty-four studies were included. For immediate effects, CWI was superior to control regardless of water temperature and protocol, and for short and medium immersion times and endurance exercises. For delayed effects, CWI was superior to control in all subgroups except longer immersions time. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that CWI is better than control for the management of muscle soreness and water temperature and CWI protocol do not influence this result, but only short and medium immersions times presented positive effects. Aiming immediate effects, the best results suggest CWI application only after endurance exercises, while delayed effect CWI was superior both after endurance and resistance exercises.
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IWATA R, CHANG L, AKIYAMA H, KAWAMURA T, SUZUKI K, SAKAMOTO S, MURAOKA I. The effects of sex differences on delayed-onset muscle soreness by cold-water immersion following resistance exercise. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Moore E, Fuller JT, Buckley JD, Saunders S, Halson SL, Broatch JR, Bellenger CR. Impact of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Passive Recovery Following a Single Bout of Strenuous Exercise on Athletic Performance in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Sports Med 2022; 52:1667-1688. [PMID: 35157264 PMCID: PMC9213381 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Studies investigating the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) on the recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and creatine kinase (CK) have reported mixed results in physically active populations. Objectives The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of CWI on recovery of athletic performance, perceptual measures and CK following an acute bout of exercise in physically active populations. Study Design Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Methods A systematic search was conducted in September 2021 using Medline, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EmCare and Embase databases. Studies were included if they were peer reviewed and published in English, included participants who were involved in sport or deemed physically active, compared CWI with passive recovery methods following an acute bout of strenuous exercise and included athletic performance, athlete perception and CK outcome measures. Studies were divided into two strenuous exercise subgroups: eccentric exercise and high-intensity exercise. Random effects meta-analyses were used to determine standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals. Meta-regression analyses were completed with water temperature and exposure durations as continuous moderator variables. Results Fifty-two studies were included in the meta-analyses. CWI improved the recovery of muscular power 24 h after eccentric exercise (SMD 0.34 [95% CI 0.06–0.62]) and after high-intensity exercise (SMD 0.22 [95% CI 0.004–0.43]), and reduced serum CK (SMD − 0.85 [95% CI − 1.61 to − 0.08]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. CWI also improved muscle soreness (SMD − 0.89 [95% CI − 1.48 to − 0.29]) and perceived feelings of recovery (SMD 0.66 [95% CI 0.29–1.03]) 24 h after high-intensity exercise. There was no significant influence on the recovery of strength performance following either eccentric or high-intensity exercise. Meta-regression indicated that shorter time and lower temperatures were related to the largest beneficial effects on serum CK (duration and temperature dose effects) and endurance performance (duration dose effects only) after high-intensity exercise. Conclusion CWI was an effective recovery tool after high-intensity exercise, with positive outcomes occurring for muscular power, muscle soreness, CK, and perceived recovery 24 h after exercise. However, after eccentric exercise, CWI was only effective for positively influencing muscular power 24 h after exercise. Dose–response relationships emerged for positively influencing endurance performance and reducing serum CK, indicating that shorter durations and lower temperatures may improve the efficacy of CWI if used after high-intensity exercise. Funding Emma Moore is supported by a Research Training Program (Domestic) Scholarship from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Education and Training. Protocol registration Open Science Framework: 10.17605/OSF.IO/SRB9D. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-022-01644-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Moore
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Joel T Fuller
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Siena Saunders
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, McAuley at Banyo, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James R Broatch
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Lindsay A, Peake JM. Muscle Strength and Power: Primary Outcome Measures to Assess Cold Water Immersion Efficacy After Exercise With a Strong Strength or Power Component. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:655975. [PMID: 34195611 PMCID: PMC8236536 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.655975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Sport Performance Knowledge and Innovation Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Effects of 2 Intersection Strategies for Physical Recovery in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:585-590. [PMID: 33477108 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of static stretching (SS) and cold-water immersion (CWI) on strength performance and blood lactate levels of jiu-jitsu athletes. METHODS A total of 21 male Brazilian jiu-jitsu fighters were randomly assigned to SS (9 × 30-s carpal extension), CWI (3 × 3 min at 10°C), or a control group (CG); their maximal handgrip strength, handgrip muscle endurance, dynamic kimono grip strength test, and blood lactate concentration were assessed before and after a simulated Brazilian jiu-jitsu fight and after one of the recovery interventions. RESULTS There was an interaction (F = 9.075; P = .002) and a time effect (F = 11.792; P = .003) for dynamic kimono grip strength test, showing a decrease in performance for the CG (P = .0001; effect size [ES] = 0.52, moderate) and after SS (P = .006; ES = 0.43, small). There was an interaction (F = 3.592; P = .015) and a time effect (F = 122.631; P = .0001) for blood lactate concentration, showing lower levels after CWI versus CG (P = .028; ES = 0.93, moderate) and after CWI versus SS (P = .042; ES = 0.82, moderate). There was an interaction (F = 9.617; P = .001) for handgrip strength, showing an impairment in performance after SS (P = .001; ES = 0.67, moderate). CONCLUSION CWI promoted restoration of muscle strength and endurance and reduction in blood lactate levels after the simulated fight and can thus be used by jiu-jitsu athletes as a recovery strategy between fights.
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Effect of cold water immersion on muscle damage indexes after simulated soccer training in young soccer players. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2020-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: To investigate the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on muscle damage indexes after simulated soccer activity in young soccer players.
Material and methods: Eighteen professional male soccer players were randomly divided into two groups: CWI (n = 10, age 19.3 ± 0.5, body mass index 22.2 ± 1.3) and control (n = 8, age 19.4 ± 0.8, body mass index 21.7 ± 1.5). Both groups performed a simulated 90-minute soccer-specific aerobic field test (SAFT90). Then, the CWI group subjects immersed themselves for 10 minutes in 8°C water, while the control group subjects sat passively for the same time period. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, 10 minutes, 24 hours and 48 hours after the training session in a fasted state. Blood lactate, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels were measured.
Results: Lactate, CK and LDH levels increased significantly after training (p < 0.001). There were significant interactions between groups and subsequent measurements for CK (p = 0.0012) and LDH (p = 0.0471). There was no significant difference in lactate level between the two groups at any aforementioned time.
Conclusion: It seems that CWI after simulated 90-minute soccer training can reduce the values of muscle damage indexes in soccer players.
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de Brito E, Teixeira ADO, Righi NC, Paulitcth FDS, da Silva AMV, Signori LU. Vitamins C and E Associated With Cryotherapy in the Recovery of the Inflammatory Response After Resistance Exercise: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:135-141. [PMID: 33021585 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
de Brito, E, Teixeira, AdO, Righi, NC, Paulitcth, FdS, da Silva, AMV, and Signori, LU. Vitamins C and E associated with cryotherapy in the recovery of the inflammatory response after resistance exercise: A randomized clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The objective of this research was to compare the effects of cryotherapy associated with vitamins (C and E) on the recovery of the inflammatory response from the resistance exercise (RE) session of untrained volunteers. Fourteen subjects (26.2 ± 5 years old, 25.8 ± 3 kg·m) underwent 4 sessions of RE with different forms of recovery. The RE consisted of 4 sets of 10 maximal repetitions for each exercise (extensor bench, squat, and leg press). The recoveries were randomized and comprised the passive (control), with vitamins C (1 g) and E (800 UI) supplementation 40 minutes before exercise, with cryotherapy (immersion in water 15° C for 10 minutes), and the association (vitamins and cryotherapy). Hemogram, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and creatine kinase [CK]), and parameters of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation [LPO] and antioxidant capacity against radical peroxyl) were evaluated before (baseline) and after (0, 30, and 120 minutes) the RE sessions. Muscle pain (primary outcome) was evaluated 24 hours after exercise. C-reactive protein (p = 0.010) and LPO (p < 0.001) increased (120 minutes) only in passive recovery. Recovery with cryotherapy (30 minutes), with vitamins and the association (0 and 30 minutes) delayed increases in CK (p < 0.001). Antioxidant capacity against radical peroxyl increased (30 minutes) only in recovery with the association (p < 0.011). The pain decreased in the recoveries with cryotherapy and association (p < 0.001). The association of vitamins (C and E) with cryotherapy attenuated the inflammatory response and pain, favoring recovery after an acute RE session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edineia de Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Functional Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - André de Oliveira Teixeira
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Natiele Camponogara Righi
- Postgraduate Program in Functional Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe da Silva Paulitcth
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcos Vargas da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Functional Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulisses Signori
- Postgraduate Program in Functional Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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