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Cortez N, Villegas C, Burgos V, Cabrera-Pardo JR, Ortiz L, González-Chavarría I, Nchiozem-Ngnitedem VA, Paz C. Adjuvant Properties of Caffeic Acid in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7631. [PMID: 39062873 PMCID: PMC11276737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) is a polyphenol belonging to the phenylpropanoid family, commonly found in plants and vegetables. It was first identified by Hlasiwetz in 1867 as a breakdown product of caffetannic acid. CA is biosynthesized from the amino acids tyrosine or phenylalanine through specific enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Extensive research since its discovery has revealed various health benefits associated with CA, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. These effects are attributed to its ability to modulate several pathways, such as inhibiting NFkB, STAT3, and ERK1/2, thereby reducing inflammatory responses, and activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway to enhance antioxidant cell defenses. The consumption of CA has been linked to a reduced risk of certain cancers, mitigation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced toxicity, and reversal of resistance to first-line chemotherapeutic agents. This suggests that CA could serve as a useful adjunct in cancer treatment. Studies have shown CA to be generally safe, with few adverse effects (such as back pain and headaches) reported. This review collates the latest information from Google Scholar, PubMed, the Phenol-Explorer database, and ClinicalTrials.gov, incorporating a total of 154 articles, to underscore the potential of CA in cancer prevention and overcoming chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cortez
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (N.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Cecilia Villegas
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (N.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Viviana Burgos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Jaime R. Cabrera-Pardo
- Laboratorio de Química Aplicada y Sustentable (LabQAS), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile;
| | - Leandro Ortiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
| | - Iván González-Chavarría
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | | | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (N.C.); (C.V.)
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2
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Hashemi M, Taheriazam A, Daneii P, Hassanpour A, Kakavand A, Rezaei S, Hejazi ES, Aboutalebi M, Gholamrezaie H, Saebfar H, Salimimoghadam S, Mirzaei S, Entezari M, Samarghandian S. Targeting PI3K/Akt signaling in prostate cancer therapy. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:423-443. [PMID: 36367667 PMCID: PMC10409967 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urological cancers have obtained much attention in recent years due to their mortality and morbidity. The most common and malignant tumor of urological cancers is prostate cancer that imposes high socioeconomic costs on public life and androgen-deprivation therapy, surgery, and combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy are employed in its treatment. PI3K/Akt signaling is an oncogenic pathway responsible for migration, proliferation and drug resistance in various cancers. In the present review, the role of PI3K/Akt signaling in prostate cancer progression is highlighted. The activation of PI3K/Akt signaling occurs in prostate cancer, while PTEN as inhibitor of PI3K/Akt shows down-regulation. Stimulation of PI3K/Akt signaling promotes survival of prostate tumor cells and prevents apoptosis. The cell cycle progression and proliferation rate of prostate tumor cells increase by PI3K/Akt signaling induction. PI3K/Akt signaling stimulates EMT and enhances metastasis of prostate tumor cells. Silencing PI3K/Akt signaling impairs growth and metastasis of prostate tumor cells. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling mediates drug resistance and reduces radio-sensitivity of prostate tumor cells. Anti-tumor compounds suppress PI3K/Akt signaling in impairing prostate tumor progression. Furthermore, upstream regulators such as miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs regulate PI3K/Akt signaling and it has clinical implications for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Daneii
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aria Hassanpour
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirabbas Kakavand
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamin Rezaei
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Sadat Hejazi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Aboutalebi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Gholamrezaie
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Saebfar
- League of European Research Universities, European University Association, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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3
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Gujrati H, Ha S, Waseem M, Wang BD. Downregulation of miR-99b-5p and Upregulation of Nuclear mTOR Cooperatively Promotes the Tumor Aggressiveness and Drug Resistance in African American Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9643. [PMID: 36077039 PMCID: PMC9455949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates various fundamental cellular events including cell proliferation, protein synthesis, metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. Tumor suppressive miR-99b-5p has been implicated in regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in a variety of types of cancer. Our previous study suggested the reciprocal miR-99b-5p/MTOR (downregulated/upregulated) pairing as a key microRNA-mRNA regulatory component involved in the prostate cancer (PCa) disparities. In this study, we further validated the expression profiles of mTOR and miR-99b-5p in the PCa, colon, breast, and lung cancer specimens and cell lines. The immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence, Western blot, and RT-qPCR assays have confirmed that mTOR is upregulated while miR-99b-5p is downregulated in different patient cohorts and a panel of cancer cell lines. Intriguingly, elevated nuclear mTOR expression was observed in African American PCa and other advanced cancers. Transfection of the miR-99b-5p mimic resulted in a significant reduction in nuclear mTOR and androgen receptor (AR), while a slight/moderate to no decrease in cytoplasmic mTOR and AR in PCa and other cancer cells, suggesting that miR-99b-5p inhibits mTOR and AR expression and their nuclear translocation. Moreover, overexpression of miR-99b-5p targets/inhibits AR-mTOR axis, subsequently initiating cell apoptosis and sensitizing docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity in various cancers. In conclusion, our data suggest that reciprocal miR-99b-5p/nuclear mTOR pairing may be a more precise diagnostic/prognostic biomarker for aggressive PCa, than miR-99b-5p/MTOR pairing or mTOR alone. Targeting the AR-mTOR axis using miR-99b-5p has also been suggested as a novel therapeutic strategy to induce apoptosis and overcome chemoresistance in aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himali Gujrati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore School of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Siyoung Ha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore School of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore School of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Bi-Dar Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore School of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
- Hormone Related Cancers Program, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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4
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de Nóbrega M, Dos Reis MB, Pereira ÉR, de Souza MF, de Syllos Cólus IM. The potential of cell-free and exosomal microRNAs as biomarkers in liquid biopsy in patients with prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:2893-2910. [PMID: 35922694 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PCa) is the 4th most diagnosed cancer and the 8th leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Currently, clinical risk stratification models including factors like PSA levels, Gleason score, and digital rectal examination are used for this purpose. There is a need for novel biomarkers that can distinguish between indolent and aggressive pathology and reduce the risk of overdiagnosis/overtreatment. Liquid biopsy has a non-invasive character, can lead to less morbidity and provide new biomarkers, such as miRNAs, that regulate diverse important cellular processes. Here, we report an extended revision about the role of cell-free and exosomal miRNAs (exomiRNAs) as biomarkers for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment of PCa. METHODS A comprehensive review of the published literature was conducted focusing on the usefulness, advantages, and clinical applications of cell-free and exomiRNAs in serum and plasma. Using PubMed database 53 articles published between 2012 and 2021 were selected and discussed from the perspective of their use as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers for PCa. RESULTS We identify 119 miRNAs associated with PCa development and the cell-free and exosomal miR-21, miR-141, miR-200c, and miR-375 were consistently associated with progression in multiple cohorts/studies. However, standardized experimental procedures, and well-defined and clinically relevant cohort studies are urgently needed to confirm the biomarker potential of cell-free and exomiRNAs in serum or plasma. CONCLUSION Cell-free and exomiRNAs in serum or plasma are promising tools for be used as non-invasive biomarkers for diagnostic, prognosis, therapy improvement and clinical outcome prediction in PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monyse de Nóbrega
- Department of General Biology, Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Center of Biologic Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380-University Campus, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bisarro Dos Reis
- Barretos Cancer Hospital (Molecular Oncology Research Center), Barretos, SP, CEP 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Érica Romão Pereira
- Department of General Biology, Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Center of Biologic Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380-University Campus, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Marilesia Ferreira de Souza
- Department of General Biology, Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Center of Biologic Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380-University Campus, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Ilce Mara de Syllos Cólus
- Department of General Biology, Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Center of Biologic Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380-University Campus, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.
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5
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Gilyazova IR, Ivanova EA, Bermisheva MA, Loginova MV, Asadullina DD, Ishemgulov RR, Mustafin AT, Pavlov VN, Khusnutdinova EK. The Role of Polymorphic Variants of Gene Components of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in the Development of Prostate Cancer. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422070055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Mirzaei S, Paskeh MDA, Okina E, Gholami MH, Hushmandi K, Hashemi M, Kalu A, Zarrabi A, Nabavi N, Rabiee N, Sharifi E, Karimi-Maleh H, Ashrafizadeh M, Kumar AP, Wang Y. Molecular Landscape of LncRNAs in Prostate Cancer: A focus on pathways and therapeutic targets for intervention. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:214. [PMID: 35773731 PMCID: PMC9248128 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background One of the most malignant tumors in men is prostate cancer that is still incurable due to its heterogenous and progressive natures. Genetic and epigenetic changes play significant roles in its development. The RNA molecules with more than 200 nucleotides in length are known as lncRNAs and these epigenetic factors do not encode protein. They regulate gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels. LncRNAs play vital biological functions in cells and in pathological events, hence their expression undergoes dysregulation. Aim of review The role of epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer development are emphasized here. Therefore, lncRNAs were chosen for this purpose and their expression level and interaction with other signaling networks in prostate cancer progression were examined. Key scientific concepts of review The aberrant expression of lncRNAs in prostate cancer has been well-documented and progression rate of tumor cells are regulated via affecting STAT3, NF-κB, Wnt, PI3K/Akt and PTEN, among other molecular pathways. Furthermore, lncRNAs regulate radio-resistance and chemo-resistance features of prostate tumor cells. Overexpression of tumor-promoting lncRNAs such as HOXD-AS1 and CCAT1 can result in drug resistance. Besides, lncRNAs can induce immune evasion of prostate cancer via upregulating PD-1. Pharmacological compounds such as quercetin and curcumin have been applied for targeting lncRNAs. Furthermore, siRNA tool can reduce expression of lncRNAs thereby suppressing prostate cancer progression. Prognosis and diagnosis of prostate tumor at clinical course can be evaluated by lncRNAs. The expression level of exosomal lncRNAs such as lncRNA-p21 can be investigated in serum of prostate cancer patients as a reliable biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.,NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 180554, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azuma Kalu
- School of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.,Pathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea.,School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.O. Box 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, PR China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore. .,NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 180554, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Liu B, Wang J, Cui Y, He H. Investigation of the Disparities in Ultrasound Imaging Features of miR-323, miR-409-3p, and VEGF Expression Scales in Different Clinicopathological Features of Prostate Carcinoma and Their Correlation with Prognosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5053204. [PMID: 35761975 PMCID: PMC9233573 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5053204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma (PC) is a disease of the male genitourinary system and a relatively common malignant tumor. In order to investigate the disparities in the expression of microRNA-323 (miR-323), microRNA-409-3p (miR-409-3p), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in prostate carcinoma with different clinicopathological features and analyze their correlation with prognosis. Thirty-two sufferers with prostate carcinoma and forty-three sufferers with benign prostatic hyperplasia are included. The results show that the detection of miR-323, miR-409-3p, and VEGF scales can provide reference value for clinical guidance of prostate carcinoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Liu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yanhua Cui
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Hui He
- Emergency Ultrasound Department of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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8
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Polymorphic variants of the CASP3, CASP9, BCL-2 and NKX3-1 genes as candidate markers for prostate cancer susceptibility and poor prognosis. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9079-9087. [PMID: 35708863 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an ongoing search for molecular markers that are specific, sensitive, and able to predict the stage of prostate cancer (PCa), which is the second most prevalent type of cancer in men worldwide. This study examined whether different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were reliable markers of susceptibility to and prognosis of PCa in a sample of Brazilian patients. METHODS AND RESULTS DNA samples were extracted from peripheral blood cells of 283 PCa patients and matched with samples from healthy controls. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs in four genes (BCL-2-rs2279115, CASP3-rs4647603, CASP9-rs1052571, and NKX3-1-rs11781886) were genotyped by real-time PCR using the TaqMan® probe. Odds Ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for allelic and genotypic frequencies. The association between polymorphic variants, risk of developing PCa, and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. SNPs in CASP3, CASP9, and NKX3-1 genes, either alone or in combination (BCL-2+NKX3-1 and CASP3+NKX3-1) were associated with the risk of developing PCa. Genotypes and tumor histopathological data indicated that the BCL-2, NKX3-1, and CASP3 allelic variants, either alone or combined in pairs, were associated with a poor prognosis of PCa. CONCLUSIONS Genetic polymorphisms in CASP3, NKX3-1, and BCL-2 genes were associated with susceptibility to PCa. The SNPs in the three genes alone and the SNP in the BCL-2 gene combined with the other two genes were strongly associated with adverse outcomes in PCa patients and are promising candidates for molecular markers for PCa prognosis.
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9
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Zhao J, Li Q, Feng B, Wei D, Han Y, Li M, Wang Y, Luo Y, Jiang Y. MicroRNA‑149 inhibits cancer cell malignant phenotype by regulating Akt1 in C4‑2 CRPC cell line. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:258. [PMID: 34698359 PMCID: PMC8561672 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an androgen‑dependent disease. Androgen receptor (AR) has a crucial role in the development and progression of PCa. Recently, several microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) involved in AR regulation have been associated with castration‑resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the terminal stage of PCa. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to identify a novel miR‑149 regulatory network and potential therapeutic target for CRPC. It was found that ectopic expression of miR‑149 mimic could inhibit AR expression, repress epithelial‑mesenchymal transition, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in CRPC cell line C4‑2, whereas the miR‑149 inhibitor exerted the opposite effects. Furthermore, it was also revealed that miR‑149 could reduce the functional activity of the PI3K/Akt1 signaling pathway by targeting Akt1 protein, the key regulatory factor of the PI3K/Akt1 signaling pathway. Knockdown of Akt1 by short hairpin RNA increased apoptosis, reduced proliferation, and restrained migration and invasion in CRPC cells, with the effect of AR inhibition. In conclusion, these results revealed that miR‑149 acts as a tumor suppressor in CRPC cell line C4‑2 and restrains its progression through the AR signaling pathway by targeting Akt1. The miR‑149/Akt1/AR regulatory pathway may represent a novel PCa therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qiankun Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Bingfu Feng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Dechao Wei
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yili Han
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Mingchuan Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yongxing Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Lloyd MD, Yevglevskis M, Nathubhai A, James TD, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ. Racemases and epimerases operating through a 1,1-proton transfer mechanism: reactivity, mechanism and inhibition. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5952-5984. [PMID: 34027955 PMCID: PMC8142540 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Racemases and epimerases catalyse changes in the stereochemical configurations of chiral centres and are of interest as model enzymes and as biotechnological tools. They also occupy pivotal positions within metabolic pathways and, hence, many of them are important drug targets. This review summarises the catalytic mechanisms of PLP-dependent, enolase family and cofactor-independent racemases and epimerases operating by a deprotonation/reprotonation (1,1-proton transfer) mechanism and methods for measuring their catalytic activity. Strategies for inhibiting these enzymes are reviewed, as are specific examples of inhibitors. Rational design of inhibitors based on substrates has been extensively explored but there is considerable scope for development of transition-state mimics and covalent inhibitors and for the identification of inhibitors by high-throughput, fragment and virtual screening approaches. The increasing availability of enzyme structures obtained using X-ray crystallography will facilitate development of inhibitors by rational design and fragment screening, whilst protein models will facilitate development of transition-state mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lloyd
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Maksims Yevglevskis
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and CatSci Ltd., CBTC2, Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff CF3 2PX, UK
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and University of Sunderland, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sciences Complex, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael D Threadgill
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BY, UK
| | - Timothy J Woodman
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Iacobas DA. Powerful quantifiers for cancer transcriptomics. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:679-704. [PMID: 33033692 PMCID: PMC7522543 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i9.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every day, investigators find a new link between a form of cancer and a particular alteration in the sequence or/and expression level of a key gene, awarding this gene the title of “biomarker”. The clinician may choose from numerous available panels to assess the type of cancer based on the mutation or expression regulation (“transcriptomic signature”) of “driver” genes. However, cancer is not a “one-gene show” and, together with the alleged biomarker, hundreds other genes are found as mutated or/and regulated in cancer samples. Regardless of the platform, a well-designed transcriptomic study produces three independent features for each gene: Average expression level, expression variability and coordination with expression of each other gene. While the average expression level is used in all studies to identify what genes were up-/down-regulated or turn on/off, the other two features are unfairly ignored. We use all three features to quantify the transcriptomic change during the progression of the disease and recovery in response to a treatment. Data from our published microarray experiments on cancer nodules and surrounding normal tissue from surgically removed tumors prove that the transcriptomic topologies are not only different in histopathologically distinct regions of a tumor but also dynamic and unique for each human being. We show also that the most influential genes in cancer nodules [the Gene Master Regulators (GMRs)] are significantly less influential in the normal tissue. As such, “smart” manipulation of the cancer GMRs expression may selectively kill cancer cells with little consequences on the normal ones. Therefore, we strongly recommend a really personalized approach of cancer medicine and present the experimental procedure and the mathematical algorithm to identify the most legitimate targets (GMRs) for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Andrei Iacobas
- Personalized Genomics Laboratory, CRI Center for Computational Systems Biology, Roy G Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States
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