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Abdou AG, Mostafa AF, Gafar S, Farag AGA. Immunohistochemical expression of SOX2 in non-melanoma skin cancer. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2623-2628. [PMID: 34496119 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). SOX2 is a transcription factor that acts on various phases of embryonic development and its overexpression in many tumors has been reported. AIM This work aimed to evaluate the possible role of SOX2 in pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer through its immunohistochemical assessment in BCC and SCC compared to normal skin and correlating its expression with the established prognostic factors. METHODS The investigated cases were 24 BCC, 21 SCC, and 26 normal skin specimens. RESULTS SOX2 was not expressed in normal skin, but it was upregulated in SCC (85.7%) and BCC (66.7%), with a significant difference between malignant cases and normal skin (p < 0.001). However, SOX2 expression did not differ between SCC and BCC. SOX2 expression was associated with large-sized tumors in all malignant cases (BCC plus SCC) (p = 0.02) and in SCC (p = 0.043) alone together with its liability to be expressed in advanced stage in SCC (p = 0.063). CONCLUSIONS SOX2 was over-expressed in cutaneous SCC and BCC without a significant difference. SOX2 may enhance progression of NMSC manifested by its association with large tumor size and advanced stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Gaber Abdou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | - Amal Farid Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | - Samar Gafar
- Department of Dermatology, Andology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | - Azza Gaber Antar Farag
- Department of Dermatology, Andology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
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Gross-Cohen M, Yanku Y, Kessler O, Barash U, Boyango I, Cid-Arregui A, Neufeld G, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase 2 (Hpa2) attenuates tumor growth by inducing Sox2 expression. Matrix Biol 2021; 99:58-71. [PMID: 34004353 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pro-tumorigenic properties of heparanase are well documented, and heparanase inhibitors are being evaluated clinically as anti-cancer therapeutics. In contrast, the role of heparanase 2 (Hpa2), a close homolog of heparanase, in cancer is largely unknown. Previously, we have reported that in head and neck cancer, high levels of Hpa2 are associated with prolonged patient survival and decreased tumor cell dissemination to regional lymph nodes, suggesting that Hpa2 functions to restrain tumorigenesis. Also, patients with high levels of Hpa2 were diagnosed as low grade and exhibited increased expression of cytokeratins, an indication that Hpa2 promotes or maintains epithelial cell differentiation and identity. To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the tumor suppressor properties of Hpa2, and its ability to induce the expression of cytokeratin, we employed overexpression as well as gene editing (Crispr) approaches, combined with gene array and RNAseq methodologies. At the top of the list of many genes found to be affected by Hpa2 was Sox2. Here we provide evidence that silencing of Sox2 resulted in bigger tumors endowed with reduced cytokeratin levels, whereas smaller tumors were developed by cells overexpressing Sox2, suggesting that in head and neck carcinoma, Sox2 functions to inhibit tumor growth. Notably, Hpa2-null cells engineered by Crispr/Cas 9, produced bigger tumors vs control cells, and rescue of Hpa2 attenuated tumor growth. These results strongly imply that Hpa2 functions as a tumor suppressor in head and neck cancer, involving Sox2 upregulation mediated, in part, by the high-affinity interaction of Hpa2 with heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gross-Cohen
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yifat Yanku
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofra Kessler
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Gera Neufeld
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Prognostic Implication of SOX2 Expression Associated with p16 in Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Study of Consecutive Tissue Microarrays and TCGA. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110387. [PMID: 33182283 PMCID: PMC7695281 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oropharyngeal cancer (OPSCC) as a cause agent has been reported in much of the literature. As a surrogate marker, p16 immunohistochemical staining is used as the standard for classifying OPSCC, and the prognosis of p16+ OPSCC has been reported to be better than p16− OPSCC. However, it was necessary to study what is the next biomarker that could predict the prognosis after classification by p16. We assumed that SOX2 may be a potential biomarker. For each p16+ and p16− OPSCC, SOX2 was used to analyze whether the degree of expression level differed in survival and recurrence rates. The results showed that both immunohistochemical staining and mRNA expression level of SOX2 significantly affected the survival and recurrence rates of p16+ OPSCC patients in two different datasets which were constructed in differently ways. Our study presented the clinical applicability of SOX2 as a biomarker. Abstract For oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), there are not enough additional robust biomarkers for subgrouping after the distinct classification using p16. As SOX2 is an emerging biomarker for cancer treatment, its clinical implication in OPSCC was evaluated using a consecutive tissue microarray (TMA) cohort consisting of 111 patients who underwent surgery as an initial treatment from May 2002 to December 2016 and 79 patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. In both datasets, p16+/SOX2High (HPV+/SOX2High in TCGA) showed the best prognosis among the four groups classified by SOX2 and p16 for 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence (all p < 0.05), but SOX2 did not make a significant difference in the prognosis of the p16− group. In the TMA cohort, SOX2High was significantly correlated with response to radiotherapy and lower pathologic T classification in the p16+ group (p = 0.001). In TCGA, correlations between SOX2 and tumor stage classification or radiotherapy were not observed; however, HPV+/SOX2High had a significantly low tumor mutation burden among the four groups (all p < 0.05). In summary, SOX2 was proven to be a potential marker to predict overall survival and recurrence in p16+ OPSCC. However, the role of SOX2 has not yet been confirmed in p16− OPSCC patients.
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Quintin Y. Pontejos Jr. A, Anne A. del Mundo D. The Role of Neck Dissection in Oral Cavity Carcinoma. Oral Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Swain N, Thakur M, Pathak J, Swain B. SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG: The core embryonic stem cell pluripotency regulators in oral carcinogenesis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:368-373. [PMID: 33456249 PMCID: PMC7802841 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_22_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells provide their major contribution to embryogenesis through formation of germ layers as they have pluripotency potential and capacity for self-renewal. Retention of pluripotency of these stem cells depends on expression/level of transcription factors, i.e., SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG. During organogenesis, the altered expression of the molecules also influences these stem cells to lose their pluripotency and turn toward the lineage selection. As the differentiation progresses, the maintenance of the somatic cells including the oral squamous cells also depends on differential expression of the transcription factors to some extent. Recently, many experimental and observational studies documented the significant contribution in carcinogenesis of various human cancers. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the evidences indicating about the putative role of these master pluripotency regulators in various phases of oral carcinogenesis i.e. initiation , progression and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Swain
- Department of Oral Pathology, MGM Dental College and Hospital, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mansee Thakur
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, MGM School of Biomedical Sciences, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jigna Pathak
- Department of Oral Pathology, MGM Dental College and Hospital, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Biswaranjan Swain
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Institute of Technical Education and Research, S’O’A Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Sayama Y, Sano M, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Epitope Analysis of an Anti-Whale Podoplanin Monoclonal Antibody, PMab-237, Using Flow Cytometry. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2020; 39:17-22. [PMID: 31934820 PMCID: PMC7044787 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2019.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN) is a small mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein, which was first discovered in podocytes of the kidney. PDPN is a specific lymphatic endothelial marker and is also known as T1alpha, a marker of lung type I alveolar cells, or Aggrus, a platelet aggregation-inducing factor. PDPN possesses three platelet aggregation-stimulating (PLAG) domains and PLAG-like domains (PLDs), which bind to C-type lectin-like receptor-2. Previously, we developed a novel anti-whale PDPN (wPDPN) monoclonal antibody (mAb) PMab-237 using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method and the RIEDL tag of Arg-Ile-Glu-Asp-Leu sequence. PMab-237 detected wPDPN by flow cytometry, western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses. However, the specific binding epitope of PMab-237 for wPDPN remains unknown. In this study, deletion mutants and point mutants of wPDPN with N-terminal RIEDL tag were produced to analyze the PMab-237 epitope using flow cytometry. The analysis of deletion mutants showed that the N-terminus of the PMab-237 epitope exists between the 80th amino acid (AA) and the 85th AA of wPDPN. In addition, the analysis of point mutants demonstrated that the critical epitope of PMab-237 includes Leu82 and Thr84 of wPDPN, indicating that the PMab-237 epitope is located in the PLD of wPDPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sayama
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Sano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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