Trends of self-rated health in relation to overweight in the adult population in Brazilian Midwest capitals

Correlates and determinants of transport-related physical activity among adults: an interdisciplinary systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Transport-related physical activity (TRPA) has been identified as a way to increase physical activity due to its discretionary and habitual nature. Factors thought to influence TRPA span multiple disciplines and are rarely systematically considered in unison. This systematic review aimed to identify cross-sectional and longitudinal factors associated with adult TRPA across multiple research disciplines.

METHODS

Using four electronic databases, a systematic search of English, peer-reviewed literature from 2010 - 2020 was performed. Studies quantitatively examining factors associated with the outcome of adult TRPA were eligible.

RESULTS

Seventy-three studies (n = 66 cross-sectional; n = 7 longitudinal) were included, cumulatively reporting data from 1,278,632 observations. Thirty-six factors were examined for potential association with TRPA and presented in a social-ecological framework: individual (n = 15), social (n = 3), and environmental (n = 18). Seven factors were found to be consistently associated with higher adult TRPA: lower socio-economic status, higher self-efficacy, higher social normalization, lower distance of travel, higher destination concentration, more streetlighting, and higher public transportation frequency with a greater number of terminals near route start and endpoints.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first comprehensive compilation of the correlates and determinants of adult TRPA. Seven individual, social, and environmental factors demonstrated consistent associations with TRPA. Models formed using these factors may facilitate more effective promotion of TRPA. There is a lack of longitudinal studies as well as studies assessing cognitive/attitudinal and social factors, highlighting gaps for further research. Those developing policies and strategies targeting TRPA need to consider a range of factors at the individual, social, and environmental level to maximise the likelihood of effectiveness.

Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): socio-occupational class as an effect modifier for the relationship between adiposity measures and self-rated health

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the role of social class in the association between adiposity measures and self-rated health, and several studies have evaluated its influence as a confounder. The aim of the study is to investigate whether social class is an effect modifier in the association between adiposity measures and self-rated health in participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

METHOD

Cross-sectional design, including 6453 men and 7686 women. Body mass index (kg/m2) and waist circumference (cms) were assessed. Self-rated health was categorized as good, fair and poor. Socio-occupational class was based on the participants' occupation, education and per capita income. Multicovariate ordinal logistic model was used to evaluate the association between adiposity measures and self-rated health.

RESULTS

For women, the low and medium socio-occupational class effects were higher for those with waist circumference between 80 and 88 cm or overweight. For men, the low and medium socio-occupational class effects were higher for those with adequate waist circumference or normal body mass index.

CONCLUSIONS

Social class is an effect modifier in the association between body mass index or waist circumference and self-rated health.

Geographic distribution and time trends of esophageal cancer in Brazil from 2005 to 2015

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the geographical distribution and time trends of the incidence and lethality of esophageal cancer (EC) in Brazil. The present study conducted an ecological study of EC using records from January 2005 to December 2015 in the Health Informatics Department of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (DATASUS) registry. In addition to demographical data on the population, EC incidence and lethality rates were estimated from hospitalizations and in-hospital mortalities and were adjusted by total available hospital beds. The adjusted EC rates per 100,000 increased from 9.1 in 2005 to 12.1 in 2015. The prevalence among males increased from 69 to 78%, while the female rates remained stable over the same period. Although EC was the most common in South and Southeast Brazil, the rates increased proportionately more in the other regions of the country, especially among males. Geographical analysis revealed higher rates of EC in more urbanized areas, with a coast-to-inland gradient. While rates increased in people older than 50 years, they decreased among people below this age. However, the lethality rates remained stable and high during the study period, overlapping with hospital admission rates. The recent increasing trend in the EC incidence, with shifts from the south towards the north and from more urbanized towards rural areas, suggests that environmental factors are crucial in EC pathogenesis. The concentration of EC in South Brazil may reflect the presence of major environmental factors in association with a possible genetic predisposition. The unchanging high mortality associated with EC in the rapidly aging population suggests that EC will continue to impose a significant social and economic burden in the future.