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Cao S, Liu J, Wang Z, Geok SK. The effects of functional training on physical fitness and skill-related performance among basketball players: a systematic review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1391394. [PMID: 38784117 PMCID: PMC11112112 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1391394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that functional training (FT) positively impacts physical fitness and sports performance. However, a systematic review addressing the effects of FT on basketball players remains absent. This systematic review aims to explore the influence of FT on physical fitness and skill-related performance in basketball players. Methods: We searched six databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar. The search utilized a combination of keywords related to FT, physical fitness, and basketball. The Eligibility Criteria of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines were followed in this systematic review. Results: 11 studies were ultimately included in this review, collectively recruiting 333 basketball players. These studies demonstrated that FT significantly improved muscle strength, linear speed, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, balance, and muscular endurance. However, the effects of FT on power, change-of-direction speed, and basketball-related performance were inconsistent. Most studies showed FT significantly improves these three variables, but a small number of studies did not find positive effects of FT using specific tests including standing long jump, Sargent jump, touch high, lane agility, lateral shuffle, dribbling line drill, and free-throw tests. Conclusion: FT is an effective training method for enhancing physical fitness including muscle strength, linear speed, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, balance, and muscular endurance. However, the effects of FT on power, change-of-direction speed, and basketball-related performance were divergent. Some tests were not improved after FT potentially due to the short program lengths and training session durations, varied athletic levels of players examined, and different foci of the FT exercises administered. The collective evidence suggests FT programs, especially the specific exercises prescribed, should be tailored to the desired training objectives. More studies investigating the effects of FT on physical fitness and basketball-related performance with established tests are encouraged in the future to expand the current evidence base. Systematic Review Registration: https://inplasy.com/, Identifier INPLASY202360072.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudian Cao
- School of Physical Education, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, China
| | - Zhaoran Wang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Soh Kim Geok
- Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Putra, China
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Pojskić H, Hanstock HG, Tang TH, Rodríguez-Zamora L. Acute Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia Impairs Balance Performance in Sub-elite but Not Elite Basketball Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:748153. [PMID: 34777010 PMCID: PMC8578732 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.748153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although high and simulated altitude training has become an increasingly popular training method, no study has investigated the influence of acute hypoxic exposure on balance in team-sport athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia is detrimental to balance performance in highly-trained basketball players. Nine elite and nine sub-elite male basketball players participated in a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over study. Subjects performed repeated trials of a single-leg balance test (SLBT) in an altitude chamber in normoxia (NOR; approximately sea level) with FiO2 20.9% and PiO2 ranging from 146.7 to 150.4 mmHg and in normobaric hypoxia (HYP; ~3,800 m above sea level) with FiO2 13.0% and PiO2 ranging from 90.9 to 94.6 mmHg. The SLBT was performed three times: 15 min after entering the environmental chamber in NOR or HYP, then two times more interspersed by 3-min rest. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at four time points: after the initial 15-min rest inside the chamber and immediately after each SLBT. Across the cohort, the balance performance was 7.1% better during NOR than HYP (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.58). However, the performance of the elite group was not impaired by HYP, whereas the sub-elite group performed worse in the HYP condition on both legs (DL: P = 0.02, d = 1.23; NDL: P = 0.01, d = 1.43). SpO2 was lower in HYP than NOR (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.99) with a significant decline over time during HYP. HR was higher in HYP than NOR (P = 0.04, ηp2 = 0.25) with a significant increase over time. Acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia detrimentally affected the balance performance in sub-elite but not elite basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Pojskić
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Helen G Hanstock
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Tsz-Hin Tang
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Division of Sport Science, School of Health Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
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Gonçalves C, Bezerra P, Clemente FM, Vila-Chã C, Leão C, Brandão A, Cancela JM. Effects of bodyweight neuromuscular training with and without instability on balance control in active universitarians. Res Sports Med 2020; 30:128-144. [PMID: 33322936 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1853544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of a nine-week unstable vs stable bodyweight neuromuscular training programme on balance control. Seventy-seven physically active universitarians were randomly distributed into an unstable training group (UTG), a stable training group (STG), and a control group (CG). The intervention was conducted three times a week for nine weeks. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included static balance control under an unstable surface (eyes open (EOFS), eyes closed (ECFS), challenging visual-vestibular system (CVVS)), assessed as centre-of-pressure fluctuations with a force plate. A mixed ANOVA was performed to test the within- and between-subjects factors. After the intervention, no significant differences were found between groups. All groups presented significant improvements in balance measurements in EOFS (p = 0.01), ECFS (p = 0.01; p = 0.02), and CVVS (p = 0.01) conditions. The training groups tended to have significantly better balance control (antero-posterior) than the CG on EOFS. In the CVVS condition, the UTG tended to have better balance control than the CG. There was no overall significant training advantage gained by using unstable or stable surfaces in terms of the improvement in static balance control in active universitarians. Both training groups exhibited similar training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gonçalves
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo ,Campus A Xunqueira, Pontevedra, Spain.,Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Pedro Bezerra
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences & Human Development ,CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações ,Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Vila-Chã
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences & Human Development ,CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, University of Vigo, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Cesar Leão
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - António Brandão
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Jose M Cancela
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo ,Campus A Xunqueira, Pontevedra, Spain
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Gonçalves C, Bezerra P, Clemente FM, Vila-Chã C, Leão C, Brandão A, Cancela JM. Effect of Instability and Bodyweight Neuromuscular Training on Dynamic Balance Control in Active Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8879. [PMID: 33260357 PMCID: PMC7729812 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to analyse the effects of unstable and stable bodyweight neuromuscular training on dynamic balance control and to analyse the between-group differences after the training period. Seventy-seven physically active young adults (48 males, 29 females, 19.1 ± 1.1 years, 170.2 ± 9.2 cm, 64.1 ± 10.7 kg) were distributed into an unstable training group (UTG), a stable training group (STG), and a control group (CG). Training was conducted three times a week for nine weeks. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measures included dynamic balance control using a Y Balance Test (YBT), anterior (A), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) reach direction. A mixed ANOVA was executed to test the within-subjects factor and the between-subjects factor. Statistically significant differences were found for all YBT measures within groups (p = 0.01) and between groups (p = 0.01). After the intervention, UTG and STG presented meaningfully improved results in all YBT measures (A: 7%, p = 0.01; 4%, p = 0.02, PM: 8%, p = 0.01; 5%, p = 0.01, PL: 8%, p = 0.01; 4%, p = 0.04, respectively). No statistical changes were found for any of the measures in the CG. After the intervention, significant differences were observed between the UTG and CG for the YBTA and PM (p = 0.03; p = 0.01). The results suggest that neuromuscular training using an unstable surface had similar effects on dynamic balance control as training using a stable surface. When compared to CG, UTG showed better performance in YBTA and PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gonçalves
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira, Pontevedra, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain;
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (P.B.); (F.M.C.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Pedro Bezerra
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (P.B.); (F.M.C.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences & Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (P.B.); (F.M.C.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Vila-Chã
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences & Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Cesar Leão
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (P.B.); (F.M.C.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - António Brandão
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (P.B.); (F.M.C.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Jose M. Cancela
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira, Pontevedra, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain;
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