Influência de fatores de risco sobre o desenvolvimento da linguagem e contribuições da estimulação precoce: revisão integrativa da literatura

Does the Association between Preschool Media Use and Language Difficulties at School Entry Vary by First Language of the Child and Parental Education?

BACKGROUND

Both media use and social background affect children's language development. The aim of this study was to explore the association between media use and different aspects of language difficulties (grammar, auditory memory, articulation) and social background (first language (FL), parental education (PE)) in more detail.

METHODS

We analyzed data from 4015 children from the 2013/14 school entry examination in a Western German city. Media use, FL, and PE were assessed by social history, and language difficulties by sociopediatric screening. We calculated Prevalence Ratios with a 95% Confidence Interval for language difficulties by media use and FL/PE; compared models with and without interaction terms; and estimated the predicted prevalence of language difficulties by media use and FL/PE.

RESULTS

Children with non-German FL/low PE had a higher media use and more language difficulties. However, the gradual association between media use and grammatical abilities/recommendation of training was more pronounced in children with German FL and medium/high PE. e.g., especially in the preposition subtest.

CONCLUSIONS

The association between media use and language difficulties varies regarding different aspects of social background and language difficulties. Still, extensive media use is linked with language difficulties for all children. The media competence of young families remains crucial in times of digitalization.

Content and construct validation of language acquisition enunciative signs in the second year of life

PURPOSE

To analyze the content and construct validity of enunciative signs of language acquisition for children aged 13 to 24 months.

METHODS

The signs created were subjected to an assessment of clarity and relevance by six expert judges in language acquisition from an enunciative perspective. Based on their judgment, an experimental version was produced that was applied to the analysis of videos of mother-baby / examiner interactions, lasting 15 minutes, of 77 mother-baby dyads aged 13 to 18 months and 89 dyads in the age range aged between 19 and 24 months. The validity of reliability and internal consistency was performed by analyzing 10% of the sample by two speech therapists. The construct validation was carried out by the factorial analysis carried out on the total sample. The data were analyzed in Statistica 9.1 and PASW 17.0.

RESULTS

All signs were considered clear and relevant by the expert judges. The reliability analysis showed an almost perfect agreement (0.8 ≤ Kappa ≥ 1.0) for most signs. The internal consistency for Phase 3 showed alpha = 0.771 considered high and Phase 4 presented alpha = 0.917 bordering on very high. The factor analysis of phase 3 revealed 2 factors, explaining 59.1% of the total variance and phase 4 revealed 1 factor, explaining 75.7%.

CONCLUSION

Content and construct validity were observed for five of the twelve signs in Phase 3 and for all signs in Phase 4.

Do vocabulary and narrative skills correlate in preschoolers with typical language development?

PURPOSE

To characterize the performance of preschoolers with typical language development in tasks of expressive vocabulary and oral narrative and to verify possible correlations.

METHODS

The study included 39 children aged 4 to 6 years old, of both genders, with no complaints about language development. Mothers answered a questionnaire of socioeconomic classification, while the ABFW Vocabulary Test was used to evaluate the vocabulary and the book "Frog, where are you?" was used to elicit the child's oral narrative. The data collected were submitted to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Regarding expressive vocabulary, the majority of preschoolers (92.3%) had the usual verbal designation (UVD) suitable for the age group, and the semantic fields with the highest UVD were "animals", "shapes and colors", "toys and musical instruments", "transportation" and those with children were "professions" and "local". The predominant type of narrative was causal, followed by intentional. There was no correlation between UVD and the use of words in the narratives, but there was a positive correlation between the total and the number of different words used in the narrative.

CONCLUSION

There was no correlation between the expressive vocabulary (UVD) and the use of words in the narrative, but the preschoolers who used more words in their narratives also showed greater lexical variety in this sample.

Neurodevelopment in early treated HIV-infected infants participating in a developmental stimulation programme compared with controls

BACKGROUND

Neurodevelopmental stimulation programmes can improve developmental outcomes. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) started soon after birth potentially limits the invasion of HIV into the central nervous system. A combination of developmental stimulation and early ART initiation may reduce developmental delays in children with perinatally acquired HIV infection.

METHODS

At a single site in Johannesburg, South Africa, we enrolled 36 HIV-infected neonates on ART into an intervention group (IG) participating in a yearlong home-based, neurodevelopmental stimulation programme. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-3rd Edition (BSID-III) assessments were conducted at 12 months. Scores were compared with 24 early treated HIV-infected infants in an observational group (OG). BSID-III assessments were also conducted for older children in an OG at 24 or 36 months. Cognitive, language and motor scaled and composite scores were analysed.

RESULTS

BSID-III scaled and composite scores were all higher in the IG apart from the gross motor scaled score (9.25 vs. 10, p = 0.1954). Receptive communication scaled score was significantly higher in the IG (10.96 vs. 9, p = 0.0331). IG composite scores were all higher than OG scores. OG children assessed at 24 or 36 months had lower composite scores in all subscales than 12-month OG scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Early treated HIV-infected children participating in a neurodevelopmental stimulation programme achieved higher BSID-III scores at 12 months compared with early treated HIV-infected children who did not receive the programme.

Sazonalidade e fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento motor de lactentes nascidos a termo

Resumo Introdução Diferentes fatores afetam o desenvolvimento motor no primeiro ano de vida, tendo sido pouco estudada a interferência da variação sazonal. Objetivo Investigar a influência da sazonalidade e de fatores de risco e proteção para o desenvolvimento motor de lactentes nascidos a termo, aos 7 e 10 meses de idade. Método Foram incluídos no estudo lactentes a termo (N=174) que vivenciaram os marcos de desenvolvimento referentes ao 2º e 3º trimestres no período de verão ou de inverno. Prontuários, entrevistas, e a Alberta Infant Motor Scale foram utilizados. Resultados A aquisição do sentar-se e engatinhar foi mais tardia nos grupos pós-inverno (p < 0,001). Quanto aos grupos de risco e sem risco para o desenvolvimento motor, observou-se, aos 7 meses, menor prevalência de planejamento da gravidez (p=0,015), menor tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo (p=0,004) e de amamentação (p=0,012) no grupo com risco. Aos 10 meses, os lactentes do grupo de risco se caracterizaram pela menor idade gestacional (p=0,040), por serem filhos de mães mais velhas (p=0,020), maior número de irmãos (p=0,002), níveis mais elevados de pobreza (p=0,002) e maiores restrições de movimento (p=0,000). A regressão logística evidenciou que, aos 7 meses, o aleitamento materno foi a variável associada ao desenvolvimento motor, enquanto aos 10 meses, o número de filhos, a pobreza e a restrição de movimento do lactente explicaram a variação no desenvolvimento motor. Conclusão O clima frio não se mostrou um determinante isolado para o risco de atraso motor, variáveis ambientais foram mais influentes no modelo.

Neonatal Adverse Outcomes, Neonatal Birth Risks, and Socioeconomic Status: Combined Influence on Preterm Infants' Cognitive, Language, and Motor Development in Brazil

BACKGROUND

This study extended previous research by investigating the combined effects of neonatal birth risks, neonatal adverse outcomes, and socioeconomic status on preterm neurodevelopment.

METHOD

A total of 184 preterm infants were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III in a follow-up clinic in southern Brazil. Structural equation modeling was conducted with 3 latent variables (neonatal birth risks, neonatal adverse outcomes, and socioeconomic status) and 3 outcomes (cognitive, language, and motor development).

RESULTS

The analyses showed that neonatal adverse outcomes were associated with infants' cognitive (b = -0.45, P < .001), language (b = -0.23, P = .001), and motor (b = -0.51, P < .001) development. Socioeconomic status also explained the variances (cognitive: b = 0.20, P = .006; language: b = 0.28, P = .001; and motor: b = 0.21, P = .004), whereas neonatal birth risks remained significant only in the motor development (b = 0.15, P = .040).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that the most evident contributors to poor neurodevelopment were adverse outcomes and socioeconomic risk factors.