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Ferreira AMV, Viana PF, Marajó L, Feldberg E. First Karyotypic Insights into Potamotrygon schroederi Fernández-Yépez, 1958: Association of Different Classes of Repetitive DNA. Cytogenet Genome Res 2024; 164:60-68. [PMID: 38744250 DOI: 10.1159/000539331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, there are 38 valid species of freshwater stingrays, and these belong to the subfamily Potamotrygoninae. However, cytogenetic information about this group is limited, with studies mainly using classical techniques, Giemsa, and C-banding. METHODS In this study, we used classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques - mapping of 18S and 5S rDNA and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) - in order to investigate the karyotypic composition of Potamotrygon schroederi and reveal the karyoevolutionary trends of this group. RESULTS The species presented 2n = 66 chromosomes with 18m + 12sm + 16st + 20a, heterochromatic blocks distributed in the centromeric regions of all the chromosomes, and terminal blocks in the q arm of pairs 2 and 3. Mapping of 18S rDNA regions revealed multiple clusters on pairs 2 and 7 and a homolog of pair 24. The 5S rDNA region was found in the pericentromeric portion of the subtelocentric pair 16. Furthermore, dinucleotide SSRs sequences were found in the centromeric and terminal regions of different chromosomal pairs, with preferential accumulation in pair 17. In addition, we identified conspicuous blocks of (GATA)n and (GACA)n sequences colocalized with the 5S rDNA (pair 16). CONCLUSION In general, this study corroborates the general trend of a reduction in 2n in the species of Potamotrygoninae subfamily. Moreover, we found that the location of rDNA regions is very similar among Potamotrygon species, and the SSRs accumulation in the second subtelocentric pair (17) seems to be a common trait in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M V Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva - PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Patrik F Viana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva - PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Leandro Marajó
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva - PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva - PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
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Lima ADE, Loboda TS, Gianeti MD, Silva JPCBDA, Pinna MDE. Type specimens of Elasmobranchii in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). Zootaxa 2023; 5296:301-332. [PMID: 37518441 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The type specimens of the subclass Elasmobranchii deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo are compiled in an annotated list, including updated measurements, verified collection data and recent photographs of holotypes and selected paratypes. Relevant information on the preservation condition of the specimens and their current taxonomic status are also provided. The collection holds a total of 135 lots of type specimens of elasmobranchs, three holotypes and seven paratypes in the division Selachii plus 16 holotypes, one neotype, and 108 paratypes in the division Batoidea (total specimen count: 137). Four paratypes were not located and one was donated to another institution, and publication mistakes in catalog numbers and locality assignments are corrected. The vast majority of specimens belong to the neotropical freshwater stingrays (subfamily Potamotrygoninae). The present catalogue intends to facilitate taxonomic research by providing access to updated information on type specimens of mostly large-sized taxa, which are notoriously difficult or impossible to examine outside of their home institution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Silva Loboda
- Departamento Acadêmico de Ensino (DAENS); Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná.
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Ferreira AMV, Viana PF, Marajó L, Feldberg E. Karyotypic variation of two populations of the small freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei Carvalho, Rosa & Araújo 2016: A classical and molecular approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278828. [PMID: 36662738 PMCID: PMC9858463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Potamotrygoninae comprises a group of Neotropical fishes with an ancient relationship with marine environments. In the last few years, 11 new Potamotrygon species were described, including Potamotrygon wallacei Carvalho, Araújo e Rosa 2016. Cytogenetic data about this species are limited to classical markers (Giemsa, C-Banding and Ag-NOR techniques), these studies highlighted a rare sexual chromosome system XX/X0 with males presenting 67 chromosomes and females 68 chromosomes. The classical analyses performed here reveled populational variation in the karyotype formula, as well as, in the heterochromatin regions. Besides the classical markers, our molecular experiments showed multiple sites for 18S rDNA sequence (including in the X chromosomes) and single sites for 5S rDNA sequence, we did not find interstitial telomeric sequences. In addition, (AC)15, (AG)15, and (CAC)15 microsatellites showed association with the several autosome pair, and the (GT)15 clutters were found in only one population. On the other hand, (GATA)4 sequence showed association with the sexual chromosomes X in all males and females analyzed. Our results showed that pericentric inversions, in addition to fusions, shaped the karyotype of P. wallacei once we found two populations with distinct karyotype formula and this could be a result of the past events recovered by our modeling experiments. Besides, here we described the association of 18S and (GATA)4 motifs with sexual chromosomes, which indicated that these sequences had a novel in the differentiation of sexual chromosomes in P. wallacei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. V. Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva – PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Patrik F. Viana
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Leandro Marajó
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva – PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Lozano AP, Lasso-Alcalá OM, Bittencourt PS, Taphorn DC, Perez N, Farias IP. A new species of Astronotus (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the Orinoco River and Gulf of Paria basins, northern South America. Zookeys 2022; 1113:111-152. [PMID: 36762228 PMCID: PMC9848875 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1113.81240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on morphological and molecular analysis of Astronotus species, a new species is described from the Orinoco River and Gulf of Paria basins in Venezuela and Colombia. Morphologically, it differs from Astronotuscrassipinnis and Astronotusocellatus in pre-orbital depth, caudal peduncle depth, head width, and caudal peduncle length, with significant differences in average percentage values. Osteologically, it differs from the two described species by lacking a hypurapophysis on the parahypural bone (hypural complex) and having two or three supraneural bones. Another characteristic that helps diagnose the new species is the morphology of the sagitta otolith, which is oval with crenulated dorsal and ventral margins and a rounded posterior edge. Genetically, the new species is distinct from all the other lineages previously proposed for the genus, delimited by five single locus species delimitation methods, and also has unique diagnostic nucleotides. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the new species as well as all other species/lineages. Astronotus species have considerable genetic, anatomical, and sagitta otolith shape differences, but have few significant traditional morphometric and meristic differences, because there is high variability in counts of spines, soft dorsal-fin rays, and lateral-line scales. It is clear that this new species is genetically and anatomically differentiated from all other species within the genus, and deserves recognition as a new valid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Perez Lozano
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, BrazilUniversidade Federal de AlagoasMaceióBrazil
| | - Oscar M. Lasso-Alcalá
- Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales (MHNLS), Caracas, VenezuelaMuseo de Historia Natural La SalleCaracasVenezuela
| | - Pedro S. Bittencourt
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmazonasManausBrazil
| | - Donald C. Taphorn
- BioCentro, Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora (UNELLEZ), Guanare, Portuguesa, VenezuelaUniversidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel ZamoraGuanareVenezuela
| | - Nayibe Perez
- BioCentro, Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora (UNELLEZ), Guanare, Portuguesa, VenezuelaUniversidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel ZamoraGuanareVenezuela
| | - Izeni Pires Farias
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmazonasManausBrazil
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Grant MI, Bicknell AWJ, Htut T, Maung A, Maung T, Myo Myo K, Rein T, San MK, White WT, Ya KZ, Mizrahi M. Market surveys and social media provide confirmation of the endangered giant freshwater whipray Urogymnus polylepis in Myanmar. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:302-307. [PMID: 35475478 PMCID: PMC9543834 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The giant freshwater whipray Urogymnus polylepis is a threatened species that is vulnerable to riverine and coastal marine pressures. Despite its threatened status, the range of U. polylepis is still being determined. In this study, photographic evidence of U. polylepis in Myanmar was provided through market surveys (2017-2018) and social media (Sharks and Rays of Rakhine Facebook page, 2021). Urogymnus polylepis is exposed to fisheries and habitat degradation pressures in Myanmar; therefore, conservation management is likely needed to ensure populations persist into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Grant
- CENTRE for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Thaung Htut
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar ProgrammeYangonMyanmar
| | - Antt Maung
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar ProgrammeYangonMyanmar
| | - Thu Maung
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar ProgrammeYangonMyanmar
| | - Khin Myo Myo
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar ProgrammeYangonMyanmar
| | - Thu Rein
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar ProgrammeYangonMyanmar
| | - Min Khan San
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar ProgrammeYangonMyanmar
| | - William T. White
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Australian National Fish CollectionCSIRO National Research Collections AustraliaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Kyaw Zay Ya
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar ProgrammeYangonMyanmar
| | - Meira Mizrahi
- CENTRE for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar ProgrammeYangonMyanmar
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Kolmann MA, Marques FPL, Weaver JC, Dean MN, Fontenelle JP, Lovejoy NR. Ecological and Phenotypic Diversification after A Continental Invasion in Neotropical Freshwater Stingrays. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:424-440. [PMID: 35482600 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat transitions are key potential explanations for why some lineages have diversified and others have not - from Anolis lizards to Darwin's finches. The ecological ramifications of marine-to-freshwater transitions for fishes suggest evolutionary contingency: some lineages maintain their ancestral niches in novel habitats (niche conservatism), whereas others alter their ecological role. However, few studies have considered phenotypic, ecological, and lineage diversification concurrently to explore this issue. Here, we investigated the macroevolutionary history of the taxonomically and ecologically diverse Neotropical freshwater river rays (subfamily Potamotrygoninae), which invaded and diversified in the Amazon and other South American rivers during the late Oligocene to early Miocene. We generated a time-calibrated, multi-gene phylogeny for Potamotrygoninae and reconstructed evolutionary patterns of diet specialization. We measured functional morphological traits relevant for feeding and used comparative phylogenetic methods to examine how feeding morphology diversified over time. Potamotrygonine trophic and phenotypic diversity are evenly partitioned (non-overlapping) among internal clades for most of their history, until 20-16 mya, when more recent diversification suggests increasing overlap among phenotypes. Specialized piscivores (Heliotrygon and Paratrygon) evolved early in the history of freshwater stingrays, while later trophic specialization (molluscivory, insectivory, and crustacivory) evolved in the genus Potamotrygon. Potamotrygonins demonstrate ecological niche lability in diets and feeding apparatus; however, diversification has mostly been a gradual process through time. We suggest that competition is unlikely to have limited the potamotrygonine invasion and diversification in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kolmann
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg. Louisville, KY, 40292USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - F P L Marques
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA02138
| | - M N Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - J P Fontenelle
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N R Lovejoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Integrative taxonomy suggests that South American freshwater nematodes Echinocephalus and their host stingrays co-originated in late Oligocene to early Miocene. J Helminthol 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nematoda of the genus Echinocephalus Molin, 1858 include species from the Gnathostomatidae family, the adult stages of which parasitize the stomach and spiral intestine of elasmobranchs as their final hosts. In the present study, we describe Echinocephalus spinosus n. sp. found parasitizing the spiral valve of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro from the Tapajós River, in the Amazon Basin, in the state of Pará, Brazil. In the study we performed morphological (light and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular (small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rDNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I sequencing) analyses. E. spinosus n. sp. is only the second species of the Echinocephalus genus described from a strictly freshwater environment. The SSU rDNA based phylogenetic analyses showed Echinocephalus clade as a sister lineage of Gnathostoma, and that the new species arises as a sister to Echinocephalus cf. pseudouncinatus. Time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis revealed that the origin of the freshwater Echinocephalus coincides with the recently proposed origin of the freshwater host potamotrygonin stingray, namely the late Oligocene to early Miocene, when the western Amazon was dominated by the Pebas wetlands, an epicontinental marine/freshwater system.
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Fontenelle JP, Lovejoy NR, Kolmann MA, Marques FPL. Molecular phylogeny for the Neotropical freshwater stingrays (Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygoninae) reveals limitations of traditional taxonomy. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The subfamily Potamotrygoninae, the only extant clade of elasmobranchs exclusive to freshwater environments, encompasses four genera and 38 species distributed across almost every major South American river basin. Despite their importance in the ornamental fish trade, the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships within potamotrygonines have not yet been resolved. Here, we present a comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the Neotropical freshwater stingrays, based on extensive species and population sampling (35 species and > 350 individuals from drainages across South America). Our phylogeny corroborates the monophyly of the genera Paratrygon and Heliotrygon and the monophyly of the Potamotrygon + Plesiotrygon clade. Within the Potamotrygon + Plesiotrygon clade, we identify a core Potamotrygon clade characterized by short branches, low nodal support and incongruence with current species-level taxonomy. In the core Potamotrygon clade, specimens of widespread species, such as Potamotrygon motoro and Potamotrygon orbignyi, do not form monophyletic lineages; instead, specimens from these species are often closely related to those of other species from the same river basins. These patterns could be caused by inaccurate taxonomy, hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting and rapid diversification. We discuss the conservation of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from a phylogenetic perspective and suggest ways to prioritize potamotrygonid conservation efforts with respect to endemism and evolutionary distinctiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Fontenelle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan R Lovejoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew A Kolmann
- Museum of Paleontology, Biological Sciences Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fernando P L Marques
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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