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Mattos CT, de Almeida NV, Silveira GS, Motta AT, Mota-Júnior SL, Mucha JN. Reconsidering the role of nasolabial angle in premolar extraction decision-making: A case-series study. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024; 27:674-680. [PMID: 38376242 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of changes in upper incisor inclination and position on the alteration of the nasolabial angle (NLA) in a series of cases involving the extraction of four first premolars. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 41 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions. The patients were divided into two groups based on their pretreatment NLA values: Group 1 (NLA ≤ 100°) and Group 2 (NLA > 100°). Measurements of NLA, U1.NA and U1-NA were obtained before and after treatment and U1-Ls pretreatment measure was registered. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the differences in NLA, U1.NA and U1-NA between the two groups and to evaluate the influence of these variables added to U1-Ls (T1) on NLA changes. RESULTS The results showed that Group 1 exhibited significant changes in NLA, while Group 2 did not. However, both groups showed significant changes in U1.NA and U1-NA. In Group 1, 80% of the individuals presented an increase in NLA and 20% no changes. In Group 2, 10% presented a decrease, 57% no changes and 33% an increase in NLA values. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the group factor had a statistically significant influence on NLA variation. Additionally, in Group 2, a negative correlation was observed between changes in U1.NA and NLA. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that individuals with higher pretreatment NLA values tend to maintain their NLA values even after the correction of upper incisor inclination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José Nelson Mucha
- Department of Orthodontics, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Noman M, Hashmi G, Manzoor Ali M, Yousaf U, Hussain M, Mujeeb R. Comparison of Soft Tissue Chin Thickness in Adult Patients With Various Mandibular Divergence Patterns. Cureus 2024; 16:e59150. [PMID: 38803731 PMCID: PMC11129771 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to compare the soft tissue chin (STC) thickness at different levels in patients presenting for orthodontic treatment with different vertical facial types. Materials and methods This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Sharif Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan, on 195 subjects. Patients presenting for orthodontic treatment, both genders, aged from 18 to 32 years, and Pakistani nationals were included. Patients with any craniofacial deformity, syndrome, cleft lip and palate, previous orthodontic or orthognathic treatment, and multiple missing teeth and prostheses in edentulous areas were excluded. Vertical facial patterns and STC thickness were recorded from pre-treatment lateral cephalograms. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare STC among various vertical facial patterns. Post-hoc analysis was done using the Tukey test. Results There were 126 females (64.62%) and 69 males (35.38%). The mean age was 21.66 ± 3.44 years. All three soft tissue chin thickness distances significantly differed among vertical facial patterns (p<0.001). Multiple comparisons show that the distance between soft and hard tissue pogonion was insignificant between low and normal angle facial heights (p=0.5). Similarly, no significant difference was observed for the distance between soft and hard tissue menton in low and normal angle subjects (p=0.4). The rest of the multiple comparisons were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion The STC thickness is significantly associated with vertical facial divergence. While planning orthognathic surgery or genioplasty of the mandible, due consideration should be given to vertical divergence of the face to avoid unwanted facial changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Noman
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
| | - Gulsana Hashmi
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lahore, Lahore, PAK
| | - Munawar Manzoor Ali
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Azra Naheed Dental College, Superior University, Lahore, PAK
| | - Usman Yousaf
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lahore, Lahore, PAK
| | - Mazhar Hussain
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
| | - Rida Mujeeb
- Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, PAK
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Soheilifar S, Soheilifar S, Afrasiabi Z, Soheilifar S, Tapak L, Naghdi N. Prediction accuracy of Dolphin software for soft-tissue profile in Class I patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. J World Fed Orthod 2021; 11:29-35. [PMID: 34728153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simulation and prediction can facilitate the decision between an extraction versus nonextraction treatment plan. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of Dolphin Imaging software in predicting profile changes in class I borderline cases. METHODS In this retrospective study, class I borderline patients (i.e., both extraction and nonextraction treatment plans were possible for them) aged 15-35 years were enrolled. All of the cephalometric analyses were done by Dolphin Imaging software, version 11.8 Premium. The initial cephalograms were superimposed on initial photographs. The final values for the 7 angular and linear landmarks of the upper and lower incisors were extracted from post-treatment cephalograms and inserted in the "Goals" tab of the Dolphin Imaging software. Post-treatment images of patients were simulated. Final post-treatment photographs were superimposed on the simulated pictures. The differences between the real and simulated pictures were calculated in relation to the reference lines. The P value was set at 0.05. RESULTS A total of 70 patients (36 with tooth extraction, and 34 without tooth extraction) were included. In the extraction group, the horizontal position of both lips was predicted to be significantly more protruded than it actually was, whereas in the nonextraction group, the only difference between the simulated and actual results was that the vertical position of the lower lip, which was simulated as being more inferior than it actually was. CONCLUSIONS Despite the statistically significant differences between the real and simulated pictures, the differences were small and clinically insignificant. Prediction via Dolphin Imaging software can be an appropriate guide in extraction-nonextraction borderline cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leili Tapak
- Assistant Professor of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Navid Naghdi
- Oral and maxillofacial surgeon, private office, Hamadan, Iran.
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Evaluation of the Nasolabial Angle in Orthodontic Diagnosis: A Systematic Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study is a systematic literature review aiming at identifying the variation of the average nasolabial angle (NLA) in various orthodontic situations. The NLA is one of the key factors to be studied in an orthodontic diagnosis for the aesthetics of the nose and facial profile. Methods: Out of 3118 articles resulting from four search engines (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Turning Research Into Practice (TRIP) and SciELO), the final study allowed the analysis and comparison of only 26 studies. These included studies have considered the NLA in the following cases: teeth extraction, class II malocclusion, class III malocclusion, rapid palatal expansion (RPE), orthognathic surgery, and non-surgical rhinoplasty with a hyaluronic acid filler. Results: The results indicate that teeth extraction and the use of hyaluronic acid fillers significantly affect the NLA. Conclusions: This systematic review shows that a statistically significant change in NLA values occurs in: extractive treatments of all four of the first or second premolars in class I patients; in class II patients with upper maxillary protrusion; in patients with maxillary biprotrusion, except for cases of severe crowding; and in patients undergoing non-surgical rhinoplasty with a hyaluronic acid filler. Trial registration number: PROSPERO CRD42020185166
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Lu W, Zhang X, Mei L, Wang P, He J, Li Y, Zhao Z. Orthodontic incisor retraction caused changes in the soft tissue chin area: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:108. [PMID: 32295586 PMCID: PMC7160892 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the area and morphological changes around the soft tissue chin after orthodontic incisor retraction. METHODS Fifty-nine female adults with bimaxillary protrusion requiring extraction of four premolars were included in the study. Cephalograms were taken before (T0) and after (T1) orthodontic treatment. The soft tissue changes, including the area, thickness and morphology were measured. Paired-t tests were performed for statistical comparisons. Pearson correlation analyses and backward multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the relationship between the soft tissue changes and incisor retraction. RESULTS Following the incisor retractions (5.35 ± 1.79 mm and 4.42 ± 1.62 mm for the upper and lower, respectively), there was a significant increase in the soft tissue thickness of L1c-LL (0.64 ± 1.67 mm, P = 0.025) and Pog-Pog' (0.44 ± 1.10 mm, P = 0.022), and a significant decrease in the soft tissue thickness of B-B' (1.21 ± 1.34 mm, P < 0.01). Changes in the area of soft tissue chin and lower lip were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Pearson coefficient between the thickness changes of B-B' and the retraction of lower incisors was - 0.376. The multiple correlations between the soft tissue thickness changes and incisor retractions were Y = 1.02-0.42a + 0.42b for L1c-LL, and Y = 0.17-0.31b for B-B'. CONCLUSIONS The orthodontic incisor retraction could cause soft tissue thickness changes (i.e. an increase in L1c-LL and Pog-Pog' and a decrease in B-B') without area changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14 Renmin South Road Third Section, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14 Renmin South Road Third Section, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Mei
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14 Renmin South Road Third Section, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiarong He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14 Renmin South Road Third Section, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14 Renmin South Road Third Section, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14 Renmin South Road Third Section, Chengdu, 610041, China
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游 浪, 邓 珂, 李 伟, 赵 一, 孙 玉, 周 永. [Visual sensitivity threshold of lateral view of nasolabial Angle changes in edentulous jaw patients]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2020; 52:107-112. [PMID: 32071472 PMCID: PMC7439071 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the visual sensitivity threshold of physician's naked eye to the difference of nasolabial angle in edentulous jaw patients, and to provide a reference value for the study of aesthetic evaluation of soft tissue profile for the difference of nasolabial angle that can be recognized by human eyes. METHODS Three-dimensional facial images of three edentulous patients with different diagnostic dentures introoral were obtained. Lateral screenshots of each patient's three-dimensional facial image with the same scale were obtained by using reverse engineering software (Geomagic studio 2014).The screenshot of the patient's three-dimensional facial image with suitable lip support (The suitable lip support was confirmed by both patients and prosthodontists who had clinical experience for more than 20 years) was taken as the reference picture, and the remaining pictures were grouped with it respectively. All the pictures were observed in random order by the subjects. Fifteen dentists were asked to judge the difference of nasolabial angle between the two pictures of each group on the computer screen. The difference of nasolabial angle between the two pictures in each group was measured and calculated. The ROC curve was drawn, and the best cut-off value was calculated as the visual sensitivity threshold. RESULTS The data of the 15 subjects were used to draw ROC curves separately. The maximum and minimum best cut-off values were 5.55 degrees and 3.12 degrees respectively. The ROC curve of the whole 15 subjects was drawn after data aggregation, and the best cut-off value was 5.36 degrees (AUC=0.84>0.5, P=0.000<0.05). When the difference of nasolabial angle was above 5.36 degrees, the subjects could recognize it effectively. CONCLUSION There is a visual limit in the observation of the nasolabial angle with the naked eye. In this study, a visual sensitivity threshold of 5.36 degrees for the difference of the nasolabial angle was obtained. The difference of nasolabial angle below this value can be regarded as no clinical significance. This result provides a reference value for human eyes to recognize the difference of nasolabial angle in soft tissue profile aesthetic evaluation. It can be applied to the aesthetic evaluation of soft tissue profile and can be used as the error level of related research with nasolabial angle as an index for accuracy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- 浪 游
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院, 修复科, 北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 珂慧 邓
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,口腔医学数字化研究中心 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 伟伟 李
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,口腔医学数字化研究中心 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 一姣 赵
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,口腔医学数字化研究中心 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 玉春 孙
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,口腔医学数字化研究中心 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 永胜 周
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院, 修复科, 北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing 100081, China
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Zhang X, Mei L, Yan X, Wei J, Li Y, Li H, Li Z, Zheng W, Li Y. Accuracy of computer-aided prediction in soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 156:823-831. [PMID: 31784016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An accurate prediction in the soft tissue changes is of great importance for orthodontic treatment planning. Previous studies on the accuracy of the Dolphin visual treatment objective (VTO) in predicting treatment results were mainly focused on orthognathic treatment. The accuracy of Dolphin VTO prediction for orthodontic treatment is, however, poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Dolphin VTO prediction in soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment by comparing the changes between predicted and actual values. METHODS A total of 157 patients were screened for eligibility, and 34 young adult patients (8 males, 26 females; mean age 24.8 ± 3.9 years) were finally included in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The landmarks and parameters of the Holdaway soft tissue analysis were used for the cephalometric analyses. The cephalometric tracings of the actual treatment result and the Dolphin predicted treatment outcome were superimposed to calculate the prediction errors. Paired t test was used to compare the statistical differences between the predicted and actual treatment outcomes of the parameters used in the Holdaway soft tissue analysis. RESULTS There were significant differences between the predicted and actual values in parameters of the Holdaway soft tissue analysis (P < 0.05). The prediction of the landmarks in the lips region (ie, subnasale, soft tissue A-point, upper lip, lower lip, and soft tissue B-point) was inclined to be overestimated horizontally and underestimated vertically, whereas the prediction of the landmarks belonging to the chin region (ie, soft tissue pogonion, soft tissue gnathion, and soft tissue menton) was inclined to be underestimated horizontally and overestimated vertically. The most accurate prediction was found in the soft tissue A-point, whereas the least accurate one was found in the soft tissue in the chin region. The prediction was relatively more accurate in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. CONCLUSIONS The Dolphin VTO prediction in soft tissue changes after the orthodontic treatment in patients with bimaxillary protrusion is the most accurate for the soft tissue A-point and the least accurate for the soft tissue chin region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Mei
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jieya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative and Endodontic Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Atik E, Gorucu-Coskuner H, Taner T. COMPARISON OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT WITH DIFFERENT PREMOLAR EXTRACTION MODALITIES IN TERMS OF SOFT TISSUE PROFILE. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.587443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Beit P, Konstantonis D, Papagiannis A, Eliades T. Vertical skeletal changes after extraction and non-extraction treatment in matched class I patients identified by a discriminant analysis: cephalometric appraisal and Procrustes superimposition. Prog Orthod 2017; 18:44. [PMID: 29250718 PMCID: PMC5733782 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-017-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the long-lasting debate of extraction versus non-extraction treatment, the impact of extractions on the skeletal vertical dimension remains rather unclear. The aim of this retrospective research study was to obtain a bias-free sample of morphologically similar borderline patients treated with or without extraction of the four first premolars and to retrospectively evaluate the vertical changes that occurred. Methods A borderline sample of 83 patients, 41 treated with four first premolar extractions and 42 treated without, was obtained by means of discriminant analysis applied to a previously investigated parent sample of 542 class I patients. The pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs were analyzed digitally, and seven measurements were assessed for vertical skeletal changes. Also, average tracings between the two treatment groups were evaluated using the Procrustes superimposition method. Results The variables of SN to Go-Gn and Y-axis showed adjusted intergroup differences of − 0.91° and − 1.11° (P = 0.04). Comparing the mean intra-group differences of all the variables simultaneously, a significant difference was found between the two treatment groups (overall P value = 0.04). In the extraction group, only the gonial angle showed a significant decrease (P = 0.01) while the overall P value evaluating the intra-group differences between pre- and posttreatment was significant (overall P value < 0.01). In the non-extraction group, the variable of N-ANS/N-Me showed a significant decrease (P = 0.02) and the overall P value evaluating the intra-group differences between pre- and posttreatment was also significant (overall P value < 0.01). Differences in treatment duration were assessed using a log-normal model and showed that extraction treatment lasted significantly longer than non-extraction treatment (P < 0.01). Conclusions The borderline group of patients identified by the discriminant analysis exhibited similar morphological characteristics at treatment’s onset; therefore, the posttreatment changes could safely be attributed to the choice of extraction or non-extraction treatment and not to pre-existing differences. Treatment choice had an impact on the patients’ vertical skeletal dimensions. Patients treated with four first premolar extractions showed a slight decrease in the vertical skeletal measurements, whereas non-extraction patient treatment showed a slight increase. The treatment time was also significantly higher in the extraction group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Beit
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Konstantonis
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Papagiannis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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