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EL-Awady AA, ElHabbak KS, Mohamed HR, Elwan AE, Adly KS, Abdalla MA, Kamal EM, Alameldin AL. Effect of Different Primers on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Bonded to Reinforced Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Substrate. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:188. [PMID: 38920889 PMCID: PMC11202904 DOI: 10.3390/dj12060188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study assessed the effect of different primers on the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic brackets bonded to reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) substrate. A total of 40 specimens were randomly distributed to two groups based on the primer used for orthodontic bonding: group 1 (control)-Transbond XT adhesive with Visio.link primer and group 2 (test)-orthodontic adhesive (Transbond XT) with traditional orthodontic primer. After bonding, specimens were thermocycled followed by SBS testing and ARI scoring of debonded specimens. Data were analyzed using the unpaired independent t-test and the Chi-square test. Group 1 specimens showed significantly higher SBS values (21.38 ± 1.48 MPa) compared to group 2 specimens (18.63 ± 1.29 MPa) (p < 0.0001). Adhesive remnant index scores showed no significant variations in bond failure modes and distributions between groups. The SBS obtained by the tested primers exceeded the clinically recommended value. Consequently, there is a comparable clinical application for both tested primers in orthodontic bonding, especially the traditional orthodontic primer, where the availability of Visio.link in clinical practice is not ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Akram EL-Awady
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Khaled Samy ElHabbak
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, MTI University, Cairo 4416301, Egypt;
| | - Hussein Ramadan Mohamed
- Crown and Bridge Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (H.R.M.); (A.E.E.); (K.S.A.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Ahmed Elsayed Elwan
- Crown and Bridge Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (H.R.M.); (A.E.E.); (K.S.A.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Karim Sherif Adly
- Crown and Bridge Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (H.R.M.); (A.E.E.); (K.S.A.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Moamen Ahmed Abdalla
- Department of Substitutive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ehab Mohamed Kamal
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Leithy Alameldin
- Crown and Bridge Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (H.R.M.); (A.E.E.); (K.S.A.); (A.L.A.)
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Alamdarloo Y, Mosaddad SA, Golfeshan F. Mechanical properties of combined packable and high-filled flowable composite used for the fixed retainer: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:676. [PMID: 38858745 PMCID: PMC11165839 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicians often utilize both flowable and packable composites concurrently in bonding fixed retainers. Thus, this study aimed to assess the synergistic effect of these composites in the bonding process. METHODS This in vitro study divided specimens into three groups: flowable composite (nano-hybrid, Tetric N-Flow, Ivoclar Vivadent), packable composite (nano-hybrid, Tetric N-ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent), and combined use of flowable and packable composite. Shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI), and wire pull-out resistance were compared among the groups. Statistical analyses were conducted using ANOVA and Tukey tests to compare study groups. Additionally, Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed to analyze the ARI index among the groups. RESULTS ANOVA results indicated no statistically significant differences among test groups (P = 0.129) regarding SBS. However, a significant difference existed between flowable and packable composite groups (P = 0.01) regarding ARI scores. Among the study groups, flowable composite exhibited the highest frequencies of ARI scores of 1 and 2, whereas packable composite showed the highest frequency of ARI scores of 0. The combined group had higher frequencies of ARI scores of 0 and 1 compared to the flowable composite. The wire pull-out test revealed that the combined application of flowable and packable composite resulted in significantly lower detachments compared to the packable composite alone (P = 0.008). However, no significant differences were observed in the comparisons between the flowable-packable (P = 0.522) and combined-flowable (P = 0.128) groups. CONCLUSION The combined use of flowable and packable composites for fixed retainers demonstrated adequate shear bond strength and ideal ARI scores, suggesting it as a suitable adhesive system for bonding orthodontic fixed retainers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Alamdarloo
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Bucofacial Prosthesis, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Farzaneh Golfeshan
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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de Resende ISL, Cunha DA, Silva PGDB, Damasceno JX, Aragão LR, Vieira-Meyer APGF, Neri JR. Does the use of universal adhesive systems improve the durability of the bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel? J Clin Exp Dent 2024; 16:e178-e185. [PMID: 38496803 PMCID: PMC10943681 DOI: 10.4317/jced.61247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Universal adhesive systems used for restorative clinical procedures are like orthodontics and may be a viable option. This study evaluated the effectiveness of universal adhesive systems in enhancing the durability of the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic brackets to enamel. Material and Methods 100 bovine incisors were divided into five groups (n=20), according to the applied adhesive systems: Primer Transbond XT; Ambar; Ambar Universal; Single Bond Universal; Adper Single Bond 2. Bracket from each tooth were submitted to SBS test after 24 hours, and 12 months later. The amount of remaining adhesive was evaluated through ARI. Results After 24 hours, there was no difference in BS between the control and the other groups (p>0.05). However, there were difference between TOTALETCHING1 group and the Ambar Universal (p=0.015) and Single Bond Universal groups (p=0.011). After 12 months, Primer Transbond XT, Ambar, Ambar Universal and Adper Single Bond 2 showed no differences in the SBS (p>0.05). Nonetheless, Single Bond Universal presented superior result when compared to Primer Transbond XT (p=0.046) and Ambar (p=0.011) groups. The SBS of all groups reduced significantly after 12 months (p<0.05). There was no difference between ARI scores in each individually assessed group (p>0.05), for both periods. Following 24 hours, a difference was observed between the groups (p=0.043), fact that didn't occur after 12 months (p=0.109). Conclusions Adhesive systems, such as Ambar Universal and Single Bond Universal are efficient in bonding orthodontic brackets to enamel when associated with Transbond XT adhesive paste. Key words:Bond strength; Primer Transbond XT, orthodontic brackets, adhesive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana-Araújo Cunha
- Master of Dental Sciences, University Center Christus (Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil)
| | | | | | - Lara-Rabelo Aragão
- Master of Dental Sciences, University Center Christus (Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil)
| | | | - Jiovanne-Rabelo Neri
- Master of Dental Sciences, University Center Christus (Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil)
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Tivanani MVD, Mulakala V, Keerthi VS. Antibacterial Properties and Shear Bond Strength of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Incorporated into an Orthodontic Adhesive: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024; 17:102-108. [PMID: 38559855 PMCID: PMC10978508 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The present review was conducted to test whether the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) within orthodontic bracket adhesives would alter their properties and assess their antimicrobial activity against cariogenic microorganisms in addition to noteworthy mechanical properties. Materials and methods Using predetermined inclusion criteria, an electronic search was conducted using Dissertations and Thesis Global, the Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and Medline/PubMed. Specific terms were utilized while searching the database. Results Only seven of the 10 included studies assessed shear bond strength (SBS). The mean SBS among the control group varied from 9.43 ± 3.03 MPa to 34.4 ± 6.7 MPa in the included studies, while in the experimental group, it varied from 6.33 ± 1.51 MPa to 25.05 ± 0.5 MPa. Antibacterial activity was assessed in five of the 10 included studies using TiO2 NPs, which could easily diffuse through bacterial media to form the growth inhibition zone. Conclusion Antibacterial NPs added to orthodontic adhesives at a concentration of 1-5 wt% inhibit bacterial growth and have no effect on bond strength. How to cite this article D Tivanani MVD, Mulakala V, Keerthi VS. Antibacterial Properties and Shear Bond Strength of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Incorporated into an Orthodontic Adhesive: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(1):102-108.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Velagala Sai Keerthi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Shah T, Ramesh S, Sugumaran S, Choudhari S. Endodontic retreatment efficacy with and without solvents: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2023; 26:610-615. [PMID: 38292751 PMCID: PMC10823971 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_86_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Introduction This systematic review investigates the crucial need for solvent use in root canal retreatment, as it effectively removes filling materials, reduces apical debris extrusion, and alleviates postoperative pain, ultimately enhancing treatment success. The review aims to assess the success rates, compare outcomes, explore benefits and drawbacks, and identify subgroups where solvent use may be more effective during root canal retreatment. Materials and Methods The search was performed in PubMed Central, Scopus, Cochrane, LILAC, ScienceDirect, Google Search, Web of Science, and manually using the search items alone and in combination by means of PUBMED search builder. The studies were assessed for eligibility according to the eligibility criteria by two independent reviewers. Groups containing solvent with nonsolvent groups and randomized control trials were included and in vitro studies, retrospective studies, and animal studies were excluded from the study. Quality assessment was performed using the risk of bias (RoB) 2.0 tool. Results Out of the 596 articles obtained, 14 were shortlisted for full-text reading and finally two articles were included in the study. The studies were assessed for quality, and data were extracted in a tabulated form. Overall RoB is low, but due to the lack of homogeneity, meta-analysis could not be conducted. Conclusion The use of solvent does not cause any significant difference in the postoperative pain levels or analgesic intake for retrieval of gutta-percha in cases of root canal retreatment. Due to the limited number of studies available and the lack of clinician-related outcomes such as time taken to retrieve the gutta-percha, these results should be taken into consideration with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Shah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Surendar Sugumaran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sahil Choudhari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Katyal D, Mohan R, Jain RK, Nagesh S. Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Mechanical Properties of a Novel Propolis-Modified Orthodontic Primer: An In-Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e46716. [PMID: 38021821 PMCID: PMC10631558 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulation of cariogenic biofilm around the bracket surface and the enamel adhesive interface leads to the formation of white spot lesions which poses an arduous challenge in orthodontics today. The aim of this study was to do a comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial, cytotoxic and mechanical properties of a novel propolis-modified orthodontic primer with a control primer. Materials and methods This in-vitro study involved two groups (group A: propolis-modified primer and group B: control primer). Antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans were evaluated using the agar well diffusion technique to measure the zone of inhibition and mic was evaluated using the two-fold diffusion technique. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) fibroblast assay was done to evaluate the cytotoxicity. After bonding brackets on extracted natural teeth (premolars) the shear bond strength (SBS), contact angle (CA) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were evaluated for both groups. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Version 23.0, Armonk, NY), and an independent t-test was performed. Results The propolis-modified primer when compared to the control primer had higher zone of inhibition values and lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The MTT fibroblast assay showed that the cell viability % shown by the propolis primer was more than the control primer. There was no statistically significant difference between the two primers for SBS (p>0.05), CA (p>0.05) and ARI (p>0.05) (p=0.05). Conclusion The propolis-modified primer showed higher antibacterial activity against S. mutans at a lower inhibitory concentration, with less cytotoxicity and no effect on the SBS, CA and ARI scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Katyal
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Reshma Mohan
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Ravindra Kumar Jain
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Shweta Nagesh
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Kumar R, Nagesh S, Mani SP. Preparation and Assessment of Antimicrobial Effect of Strontium and Copper Co-substituted Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle-Incorporated Orthodontic Composite: A Preliminary In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e47495. [PMID: 38021789 PMCID: PMC10663871 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Enamel demineralization and white spot lesions (WSLs) during orthodontic treatment have always been a challenge to orthodontists. The advancement of nanotechnology has paved the way for the incorporation of bioactive compounds in orthodontic materials especially orthodontic composites for prevention and management of WSLs. The present study aims to prepare, characterize, and then incorporate copper and strontium doped nanohydroxyapatite into orthodontic composite material and test its antibacterial efficacy. Materials and methods The present in vitro study involved the preparation of the strontium and copper co-substituted hydroxyapatite (SrCuHA) nanoparticles (Nps) using the sol-gel method. The prepared Nps were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Nps were incorporated into a commercially available orthodontic composite. The antimicrobial properties of the SrCuHA Nps-incorporated composite were tested using the Agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Results The SrCuHA Nps were successfully prepared. EDAX, FTIR, and SEM analyses revealed the successful formation of the Nps. The SrCuHA-incorporated orthodontic composite at a higher concentration of 40 μl showed the maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) against S. mutans. The control group showed the maximum ZOI against E. coli and the SrCuHA Nps-incorporated composite at 20 μl showed the maximum inhibition against S. aureus. Conclusion In the present study, successful preparation of SrCuHA Nps followed by incorporation in the orthodontic adhesive was done. The prepared nanoparticle was characterized and the SrCuHA Nps-incorporated orthodontic composite demonstrated comparable ZOI against S. mutans to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Kumar
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Shweta Nagesh
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - S P Mani
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Biglar N, Chaychi Raghimi E, Sadighian S, Karamitanha F, Zajkani E, Nourian A. Effect of incorporating silica-hydroxyapatite-silver hybrid nanoparticles into the resin-modified glass ionomer on the adhesive remnant index score and shear bond strength of orthodontic metal brackets: An in vitro study. Int Orthod 2023; 21:100761. [PMID: 37244178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the effect of addition of silica-hydroxyapatite-silver (Si-HA-Ag) hybrid nanoparticles to light-cure glass ionomer (GI) on shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets bonded with this adhesive and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) score. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this in vitro experimental study, 50 sound extracted premolars were assigned to 5 groups (n=10) for orthodontic metal bracket bonding with BracePaste® composite, Fuji ORTHO™ pure resin modified GI (RMGI), and RMGI reinforced with 2wt%, 5wt% and 10wt% Si-HA-Ag nanoparticles. The SBS of brackets was measured by a universal testing machine. Debonded specimens were inspected under a stereomicroscope at×10 magnification to determine the ARI score. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test (alpha=0.05). RESULTS The maximum mean SBS was recorded in BracePaste® composite followed by 2% RMGI, 0% RMGI, 5% RMGI and 10% RMGI. Only the difference between the BracePaste® composite and 10% RMGI was significant in this regard (P=0.006). The groups were not significantly different regarding the ARI scores (P=0.665). All the SBS values were within the clinically acceptable range. CONCLUSION Addition of 2wt% and 5wt% Si-HA-Ag hybrid nanoparticles to RMGI as orthodontic adhesive caused no significant change in SBS of orthodontic metal brackets while addition of 10wt% hybrid nanoparticles significantly decreased the SBS. Nonetheless, all the SBS values were within the clinically acceptable range. Addition of hybrid nanoparticles had no significant effect on the ARI score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Biglar
- School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Sadighian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Karamitanha
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Zajkani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Azin Nourian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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Mohammed RR, Rafeeq RA. Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength of Chitosan Nanoparticles-Containing Orthodontic Primer: An In Vitro Study. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:9246297. [PMID: 37577257 PMCID: PMC10415081 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9246297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study was intended to investigate the effect of different concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles mixed with an orthodontic primer on the shear bond strength and bond failure of stainless steel brackets bonded to dental enamel. Methods Four concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles (0%, 1%, 5%, and 10%) were prepared and mixed with Transbond™ XT primer. Forty-eight extracted maxillary first premolars were bonded under a standardized procedure with stainless steel orthodontic brackets utilizing those different concentrations (12 teeth per each group). After the bonding procedure, the specimens were stored in deionized water (37°C for 24 hr) and then thermocycling 5,000 times before shear bond testing, which was performed using a universal testing device. Bond failure sites were examined under a stereomicroscope. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were also performed to verify and evaluate the phase of the nanopowder. Results The data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance) and Kruskal-Wallis H tests, and the findings revealed statistically nonsignificant group differences regarding the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index (p > 0.05). Conclusions Primers containing varying concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated acceptable shear bonding strength and adhesive remnant index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawnaq R. Mohammed
- Master Student, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- Al Najaf Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Reem A. Rafeeq
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Combined Effects of Different Bracket Bonding Adhesives and Different Resin Removal Methods on Enamel Discoloration: A Preliminary Study. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:8838264. [PMID: 36845625 PMCID: PMC9949961 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8838264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate the effects of 3 orthodontic bracket adhesives and 3 resin removal methods on enamel discoloration. Methods Ninety metal orthodontic brackets were bonded to 90 intact human premolars, using 3 adhesives (total etch composite (Transbond), self-etch composite (OptiBond), and light-curedresin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI, Fuji); n = 3 × 30). Each "bracket bonding" group (n = 30) was randomly divided into three subgroups of 10 specimens each, each with a different method of remnant resin removal (using only tungsten carbide burs; using tungsten carbide burs plus Sof-Lex polisher discs; using tungsten carbide burs and Stainbuster burs; n = 3 × 30). After bracket debonding and coffee staining (at 37°C for one week), the color change parameters (Δa, Δb, ΔL, and ΔE) were measured and then analyzed statistically (α = 0.05). Results All 9 mean ΔE values were significantly greater than 3.7 and 1.0 (P values ≤0.002, t-test). The effects of composites and resin removal methods on the ΔE parameter (and their interaction) were significant (P values ≤0.008, two-way ANOVA). There were significant pairwise comparisons between total etch (Transbond) and each of the other composites (P values ≤0.008, Tukey). Nonetheless, the difference between self-etch (OptiBond) and RMGI (Fuji) was not significant (P=0.967). There were significant pairwise comparisons between the ΔE parameter of group "Bur + Stainbuster" and ΔE of each of the other methods (both P values ≤0.017). Conclusions All 9 pairs of adhesives and resin removal techniques will cause quite visible discolorations. Still, self-etch composites or RMGI might be recommended over total etch composites. Moreover, using Stainbuster burs together with tungsten carbide burs is recommended to reduce discoloration. However, the coloration caused by each composite type can change drastically given the following adhesive removal technique used.
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Raszewski Z, Brząkalski D, Derpeński Ł, Jałbrzykowski M, Przekop RE. Aspects and Principles of Material Connections in Restorative Dentistry-A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7131. [PMID: 36295194 PMCID: PMC9605403 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The combination of two dissimilar materials has always been a serious problem in dentistry. In order to meet this challenge, it is necessary to combine both chemical methods (treatment with silanes, (meth)acrylic functional monomers) and the development of the surface of the joined material in a physical way, e.g., by sandblasting with alumina, alumina with silica, acid etching, the use of lasers and other means. The purpose of this literature review is to present all methods of joining dental composites with other materials such as ceramics, metal, another composite material. This review covers articles published within the period 2012-2022 in journals indexed in the PubMed database, written in English and describing joining different dental materials to each other. All the critical steps of new joint preparation have been addressed, including proper cleaning of the joint surface, the application of appropriate primers capable of forming a chemical bond between ceramics, zirconium oxide or metals and alloys, and finally, the application of new composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dariusz Brząkalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Derpeński
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45 C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Jałbrzykowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45 C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Robert E. Przekop
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Budi HS, Jameel MF, Widjaja G, Alasady MS, Mahmudiono T, Mustafa YF, Fardeeva I, Kuznetsova M. Study on the role of nano antibacterial materials in orthodontics (a review). BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 84:e257070. [PMID: 35195179 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.257070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO2 on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Budi
- Universitas Airlangga, Department of Oral Biology, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - G Widjaja
- Universitas Krisnadwipayana, Jatiwaringin, Indonesia
| | | | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Faculty of Public Health Universitas Airlangga, Trias Mahmudiono, Departemen of Nutrition, Indonesia
| | - Y F Mustafa
- University of Mosul, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mosul, Iraq
| | | | - M Kuznetsova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Department of Propaedeutics of Dental Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Polymeric Dental Nanomaterials: Antimicrobial Action. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050864. [PMID: 35267686 PMCID: PMC8912874 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to describe and critically analyze studies published over the past four years on the application of polymeric dental nanomaterials as antimicrobial materials in various fields of dentistry. Nanoparticles are promising antimicrobial additives to restoration materials. According to published data, composites based on silver nanoparticles, zinc(II), titanium(IV), magnesium(II), and copper(II) oxide nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, calcium phosphate or fluoride nanoparticles, and nanodiamonds can be used in dental therapy and endodontics. Composites with nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass proved to be of low efficiency for application in these fields. The materials applicable in orthodontics include nanodiamonds, silver nanoparticles, titanium(IV) and zinc(II) oxide nanoparticles, bioactive glass, and yttrium(III) fluoride nanoparticles. Composites of silver nanoparticles and zinc(II) oxide nanoparticles are used in periodontics, and nanodiamonds and silver, chitosan, and titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles are employed in dental implantology and dental prosthetics. Composites based on titanium(IV) oxide can also be utilized in maxillofacial surgery to manufacture prostheses. Composites with copper(II) oxide nanoparticles and halloysite nanotubes are promising materials in the field of denture prosthetics. Composites with calcium(II) fluoride or phosphate nanoparticles can be used in therapeutic dentistry for tooth restoration.
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14
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Behnaz M, Fahiminejad N, Amdjadi P, Yedegari Z, Dalaie K, Dastgir R. Evaluation and comparison of antibacterial and physicochemical properties of synthesized zinc oxide-nano particle-containing adhesive with commercial adhesive: An experimental study. Int Orthod 2022; 20:100613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2022.100613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Mirhashemi A, Jazi L. Evaluation of the effect of antimicrobial nanoparticles on bond strength of orthodontic adhesives: A review article. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021; 18:110. [PMID: 35265293 PMCID: PMC8804539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial nanoparticles (NPs) have various applications in different fields of dentistry. The purpose of incorporating NPs into orthodontic adhesives is to inhibit the cariogenic bacteria and reduce decalcifications around bonded orthodontic brackets. However, they may affect the physical and mechanical properties of adhesive such as shear bond strength (SBS). This review was done to answer the question whether the incorporation of antimicrobial NPs into orthodontic adhesives changes the SBS. Materials and Methods An electronic search was performed with keywords such as adhesives AND nanoparticles AND orthodontics AND shear strength. After screening and applying eligibility criteria, 18 relevant studies were included. Results The pooled data suggest that except for 10 wt% of various NPs incorporation, there is no significant difference in SBS between control conventional adhesives and experimental modified ones with tested concentrations. Conclusion The SBS of orthodontic adhesives containing up to 5% NPs is in clinical acceptable range. However, generalizing the results to in vivo situation may be problematic and further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mirhashemi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Jazi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Leila Jazi, Department of Orthodontic, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Amirabad St., Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
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Zakrzewski W, Dobrzynski M, Dobrzynski W, Zawadzka-Knefel A, Janecki M, Kurek K, Lubojanski A, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z, Wiglusz RJ. Nanomaterials Application in Orthodontics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:337. [PMID: 33525572 PMCID: PMC7912679 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has gained importance in recent years due to its ability to enhance material properties, including antimicrobial characteristics. Nanotechnology is applicable in various aspects of orthodontics. This scientific work focuses on the concept of nanotechnology and its applications in the field of orthodontics, including, among others, enhancement of antimicrobial characteristics of orthodontic resins, leading to reduction of enamel demineralization or control of friction force during orthodontic movement. The latter one enables effective orthodontic treatment while using less force. Emphasis is put on antimicrobial and mechanical characteristics of nanomaterials during orthodontic treatment. The manuscript sums up the current knowledge about nanomaterials' influence on orthodontic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Zakrzewski
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.Z.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Maciej Dobrzynski
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dobrzynski
- Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Dental Materials, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Akademicki Sq. 17, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Anna Zawadzka-Knefel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Janecki
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Mikulicz Radecki’s University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Adam Lubojanski
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.Z.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Maria Szymonowicz
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.Z.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zbigniew Rybak
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.Z.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (Z.R.)
| | - Rafal J. Wiglusz
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11 St., 55–124 Malin, Poland
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
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Jazi L, Mirhashemi A. Evaluation of the effect of antimicrobial nanoparticles on bond strength of orthodontic adhesives: A review article. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.332104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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18
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An in vitro evaluation of the effects of nanoparticles on shear bond strength and antimicrobial properties of orthodontic adhesives: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Int Orthod 2020; 18:203-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Yassaei S, Nasr A, Zandi H, Motallaei MN. Comparison of antibacterial effects of orthodontic composites containing different nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans at different times. Dental Press J Orthod 2020; 25:52-60. [PMID: 32490920 PMCID: PMC7265670 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.25.2.052-060.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Plaque accumulation can cause white spot lesions. Adding nanoparticles to composites can be effective in reducing the number and function of microorganisms. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of orthodontic composites containing different nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans at different times. Methods: Hydroxyapatite, titanium oxides, zinc oxide, copper oxide and silver oxide nanoparticles were prepared at 0.5% and 1% weight concentrations. Accordingly, ten study groups and one control group were obtained. Then, 26 composite discs were prepared from each group. Strain of Streptococcus mutans was cultured, and colonies of Streptococcus mutans were counted. Further bacterial culture was swapped onto enriched Mueller-Hinton agar. The composites were placed on the culture medium, and after incubation the diameter of growth inhibition was measured. To investigate the long-term effect of nanoparticles, the colonies were counted at days 3, 15 and 30. Results: The results showed that 1% copper oxide and 1% silver oxide significantly reduced the number of bacteria (p< 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the other groups and control group (p> 0.05). At day three, there was a significant difference between control group and 0.5% silver oxide, 1% silver oxide and 1% copper oxide groups (p< 0.05). However, colonies had grown in all groups at day 30 but showed no significant difference with control group (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Addition of 1% copper oxide and 1% silver oxide has short-term antibacterial effects, so the clinical use of these nanoparticles cannot be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Yassaei
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Nasr
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hengameh Zandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nima Motallaei
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Shear Strength of Brackets Bonded with Universal Adhesive Containing 10-MDP after 20,000 Thermal Cycles. Int J Dent 2020; 2020:4265601. [PMID: 32148502 PMCID: PMC7048917 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4265601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of metal brackets bonded with different universal adhesive systems containing 10-MDP and Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer after 20,000 thermal cycles. Materials and Methods. A total of 130 sound bovine teeth were used, which are divided into 5 groups (n = 26) according to the adhesive system used: All-Bond Universal (Bisco), Ambar Universal (FGM), Clearfil Universal Bond (Kuraray), Single Bond Universal (3M/ESPE), and Transbond Plus SEP (3M/ESPE) as control. The adhesives were applied for 20 seconds and bonded with a resin Transbond XT (3M/ESPE). After this, the teeth were submitted to 20,000 cycles at 5°C and 55°C. Afterwards, the shear bond strength test was performed in a universal test machine (Instron 3342). The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated under a stereomicroscope at 10x magnification and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM, Hitachi 3030). The shear bond strength data were submitted to One-Way ANOVA (α = 0.05) and the ARI to the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05) and the ARI to the Kruskal-Wallis test (. Results Statistical analysis showed that the universal adhesive systems presented mean shear bond strength values similar to Transbond Plus SEP (p < 0.05). The universal adhesive presented similar ARI values among them but differed from those of Transbond Plus SEP (p < 0.05). The universal adhesive presented similar ARI values among them but differed from those of Transbond Plus SEP (. Conclusions The results show that universal adhesive systems may be used for bonding metal brackets if the orthodontist wants to maintain dental enamel health.
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Devatha AB, Lakshmi MN, Kumar NB, Erukala S, Valluri R, Ealla KKR. A Comparative Study of Shear Bond Strength of Direct Bonding System with and without a Liquid Primer: An In Vitro Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2019; 11:S515-S522. [PMID: 31920268 PMCID: PMC6896579 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_259_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A primer in dental bonding agents enhances the bond between the adhesive and the tooth by way of deriding the tooth surface of moisture and creating a hydrophobic surface for the adhesive to bond and by facilitating the flow of the adhesive into the etched tooth surface. In the orthodontic context, however, there have been debatable results in the published literature as to how significantly the use of primer affects the bond strength between the bracket and the tooth surface. Aims This study aimed to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of two commercially available direct bonding systems with and without using liquid primer and to record their adhesive remnant index scores. Settings and Design A total of 100 natural human teeth, extracted for orthodontic therapies, had been selected as specimens for the study. They were equally divided into four categories. Two commercially available products were used to bond metallic orthodontic brackets to the teeth, both with the use of and without the use of a primer to test the shear bond strengths of the four types of adhesive-tooth complexes created. Shear bond strength was measured using universal testing machine, and Student's t-test was applied for the comparison of the results. Materials and Methods A total of 100 extracted human premolar teeth were divided into two groups: Group I and Group II, each of which contained two subgroups (with one subgroup pretreated with a primer and the other, not pretreated with the primer). All the teeth were divided equally among the subgroups and were mounted on color-coded acrylic blocks to aid in identification. Group I was bonded with Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive (3M Unitek Orthodontic Products, Monrovia, California) and Group II was bonded using Phase II two-paste system (Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, Illinois). The shear bond strength of Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive used with Transbond XT primer and Phase II orthodontic two-paste system used with liquid primer was compared with that of those used without a liquid primer, respectively. The shear bond strength was evaluated using universal testing machine and the adhesive remnant scores were evaluated subsequently. The Student's t-test was applied for comparison of the two groups. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics, such as mean, standard deviation, and a standard error, were calculated for Transbond XT used with and without primer and for Phase II two-paste system used with and without a liquid resin. The Student's t-test was applied for comparison of the two groups. Results In Group I, the mean bond strength of Transbond XT without primer (12.5272MPa, 95% CI: 11.76-13.68) was compared to that of Transbond XT with XT primer (13.2028MPa, 95% CI: 12.39-14.06). In Group II, the mean shear bond strength of Phase II two-paste system without primer (10.66MPa, 95% CI: 10.13-11.18) was compared to that of Phase II two-paste system with primer (10.66MPa, 95% CI: 10.13-11.18), and the values were statistically insignificant. Conclusion The shear bond strength of the brackets bonded with Transbond XT and Phase II without using the liquid primer was sufficient enough to withstand the masticatory forces, which implies the elimination of liquid primer during bonding. Clinical Significance The development of the acid-etch technique and Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate-based liquid resin has changed the practice of orthodontics over the years more than any other single principle formulated. Despite its wide popularity, the cytotoxicity, which stems from the use of liquid primer, needs attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Babu Devatha
- Department of Orthodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Narasimha Lakshmi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh B Kumar
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Government Medical College, Mahabubanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Srikanth Erukala
- Department of Orthodontics, Meghana Institute of Dental Sciences, Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rathna Valluri
- Department of General Dentistry, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Telangana, India
| | - Kranti Kiran Reddy Ealla
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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