Craving for heroin: difference between methadone maintenance therapy patients with and without ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined subtype exacerbates opioid use disorder consequences: Mediation by impulsive phenotypes

BACKGROUND

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly prevalent and associated with opioid use disorder (OUD). Yet, little is known about the mechanisms by which ADHD (which is a heterogeneous construct/diagnosis) might alter the trajectory of OUD outcomes in persons who use heroin.

AIM

We examined whether ADHD subtypes are related to heroin-use consequences and the extent to which the effects of ADHD on lifetime heroin-use consequences are mediated by two impulsivity factors that may be partly independent of ADHD: foreshortened time perspective and drug-use impulsivity.

METHODS

Individuals who reported regular heroin use (N=250) were screened using the Assessment of Hyperactivity and Attention (AHA), Impulsive Relapse Questionnaire (IRQ), Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI), and a comprehensive assessment of lifetime and current substance use and substance-related consequences. This secondary analysis examined whether ADHD or intermediate phenotypes predicted heroin-use consequences.

RESULTS

Relative to participants whose AHA scores indicated lifetime absence of ADHD (n=88), those with scores indicating persistent ADHD (childhood and adult, n=62) endorsed significantly more total lifetime heroin-use consequences despite comparable heroin-use severity. Likewise, there was a significant indirect effect of the combined ADHD subtype in childhood on lifetime heroin-use consequences. This effect was mediated by STPI scores indicating less future (and more hedonism in the present) temporal orientation and by IRQ scores indicating less capacity for delaying drug use.

CONCLUSION

The combined ADHD subtype is significantly associated with lifetime heroin-use consequences, and this effect is mediated through higher drug-use impulsivity (less capacity for delay) and lower future temporal orientation.

Gaps in Evidence-based Treatment of Concurrent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Opioid Use Disorder: A Scoping Review

OBJECTIVES

To describe the effectiveness of medications for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

DATA SOURCES

Literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar was performed for studies published from inception to October 25, 2022.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION

Studies were included if patients were diagnosed with OUD and ADHD and had pharmacotherapy for either condition. Abstracts, commentaries, reviews, case reports, case series, non-English articles, and animal studies were omitted.

DATA SYNTHESIS

This review found 18 studies. Treatment of ADHD was evaluated for impact on ADHD and OUD outcomes, while treatment of OUD was evaluated for OUD-related outcomes. Outcomes assessed included markers for symptom intensity, adherence, and treatment failure. While results were mixed, treatment of ADHD was largely associated with improvements in ADHD severity and retention in OUD treatment programs. ADHD severity was associated with higher rates of illicit substance abuse and worse OUD-related outcomes. It could not be determined which medications for treatment of OUD should be prioritized.

RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE

This review summarized key findings from studies that treated ADHD or OUD among dually diagnosed patients and highlighted methodological considerations for future research.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment of ADHD is warranted among patients with OUD and ADHD to improve retention in OUD treatment programs and reduce illicit substance abuse. Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of ADHD or OUD should continue to be determined based on patients' characteristics and the capabilities of the treatment program.

The properties of MOF-Zn2(EBNB)2(BPY)2·2H2O and its basic study of loading methadone

The ligands of (E)-bis(p-3-nitrobenzoic acid) vinyl (C₁₆H₁₀N₂O₈) were synthesized in three steps, and then the MOF-Zn₂(EBNB)₂(BPY)₂·2H₂O was synthesized by solvothermal method. This structure was characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction, SEM and TG. The drug loading and in vitro release of Zn₂(EBNB)₂(BPY)₂·2H₂O were also studied with Methadone as model drug. The results show that the highest loading amount of Zn₂(EBNB)₂(BPY)₂·2H₂O to Methadone was 0.256 g/g, and the drug delivery system was a two-phase mode. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity test show that Zn₂(EBNB)₂(BPY)₂·2H₂O has good biocompatibility.