1
|
Fang L, Simman R, Workman L, Ayoub S, Bratton C. Malignant wound aetiology, diagnosis and management: a case series and literature review. J Wound Care 2024; 33:102-117. [PMID: 38329829 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2024.33.2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malignant wounds develop when neoplastic cells invade the skin either locally or by lymphatic and haematogenous spread. They can present as hard-to-heal wounds and underlying causes include: primary skin cancer; metastasis of extracutaneous primary malignancy; malignant transformation of a hard-to-heal wound; iatrogenic injury; and cutaneous forms of cancers of non-skin origin. High clinical suspicion for a malignant wound should be confirmed with skin biopsy. The aim of this case series is to highlight a combination of both clinically clear cutaneous malignancies and not-so-obvious wounds caused by malignancy. METHOD This case series examines patients with malignant wounds of varying aetiology and appearance. For each case, we explain the pathophysiology, atypical features, diagnostic approach and treatment. We also discuss types of wound biopsy and general wound management principles. RESULTS Among the 11 cases analysed using descriptive statistics, median wound duration before presentation at our clinic was one year, while median age at presentation was 65 years. Our case series included the following diagnoses: cutaneous metastasis of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (n=2); cutaneous metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma (n=1); Marjolin's ulcer (n=1), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (n=2), primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n=1), metastatic malignant melanoma (n=1), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (n=1), cutaneous angiosarcoma (n=1), Kaposi sarcoma (n=1) and recurrent tonsillar SCC with osteoradionecrosis (n=1); one case had both BCC and SCC. CONCLUSION Punch and excisional biopsies were the most frequently used diagnostic techniques. Local wound therapy addressed bleeding, malodour, exudate, pain and infection. However, wound healing is usually achieved once the underlying malignancy is treated. In advanced or metastatic disease, palliative wound care aims to prevent exacerbation of existing wounds and focuses on patient comfort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Fang
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, US
| | - Richard Simman
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Department of Surgery, Toledo, Ohio, US
- Jobst Vascular Institute, ProMedica Health Network, Wound Care Program, Toledo, Ohio, US
| | - Lauren Workman
- Jobst Vascular Institute, ProMedica Health Network, Wound Care Program, Toledo, Ohio, US
| | - Samar Ayoub
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, US
| | - Camille Bratton
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, US
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Omiya M, Murata T, Sawaki A, Teshima S, Kawachi J. Cutaneous Metastasis of Transverse Colon Cancer with an Aberrant Pattern of CK7/CK20/CDX2 and High Microsatellite Instability. Intern Med 2023; 62:3625-3630. [PMID: 37164671 PMCID: PMC10781542 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1629-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A 79-year-old woman was diagnosed with transverse colon cancer, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. She underwent surgery and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. At 80 years old, the patient exhibited changes in skin tone at the chest and abdomen with CK7+/CK20-/CDX2- immunostaining that was later identified as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis was cancer of unknown primary origin. The patient passed away three months after the detection of the skin lesion. Autopsy revealed recurrence at the transverse colon, multiple organ metastases, a similar postmortem immunostaining pattern, and high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-high). We herein report this case of CK7+/CK20-/CDX2- and MSI-high transverse colon cancer showing cutaneous metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moeko Omiya
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murata
- Department of Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Japan
| | - Akira Sawaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Japan
| | - Shinichi Teshima
- Department of Pathology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Japan
| | - Jun Kawachi
- Department of Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamai D, Shimada Y, Ozeki H, Matsumoto A, Abe K, Tajima Y, Nakano M, Ichikawa H, Sakata J, Wakai T. Axillary cutaneous metastasis of colon cancer with microsatellite instability-high and BRAF V600E mutation treated with curative-intent surgery: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2023; 9:196. [PMID: 37962682 PMCID: PMC10646071 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-023-01780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasizes to various organs, while cutaneous metastases are rare. Although there have been several previous reports of axillary cutaneous metastases with other metastases of CRC, there has never been a report of axillary cutaneous metastasis of CRC that could be treated with curative-intent surgery. CASE PRESENTATION A 68-year-old female was diagnosed with an axillary cutaneous tumor and ascending colon cancer with invasion to the duodenum. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the axillary cutaneous tumor showed adenocarcinoma and the same expression pattern for cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, and CDX2 as the ascending colon cancer, and that proved to be KRAS-NRAS wild type, MSI-H, and with a BRAF V600E mutation. The patient underwent a two-stage resection with curative intent after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy which consisted of one cycle of modified FOLFOX6 followed by two cycles of FOLFOXIRI. During and after the two operations, the patient received a total of nine cycles of modified FOLFOX6 as adjuvant chemotherapy. Two years after the initial surgery, and 1 year and 8 months after the second surgery, the patient is alive without recurrence. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of axillary cutaneous metastasis of CRC with microsatellite instability-high and BRAF V600E mutation that could be treated with curative-intent surgery. It is important to recognize the presence of such cases for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of CRC with cutaneous metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamai
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shimada
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
- Medical Genome Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, 1-754 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Ozeki
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Akio Matsumoto
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Abe
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tajima
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Mae Nakano
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
- Medical Genome Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, 1-754 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Sakata
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Wakai
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
- Medical Genome Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, 1-754 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakamura S, Ochiai Y, Nishihara Y, Koyanagi A, Miura Y, Kikuchi D, Takazawa Y, Kuroyanagi H, Hoteya S. Advanced Appendiceal Cancer with Systematic Metastasis without Gastrointestinal Symptoms Found by Subcutaneous Tumor. Intern Med 2023; 62:2655-2660. [PMID: 36754410 PMCID: PMC10569910 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0597-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An 86-year-old woman with a subcutaneous nodule in her left axilla visited our hospital. She had no gastrointestinal symptoms, but contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a cecal mass and systemic metastasis, including cutaneous, bone, peritoneal dissemination and ascites. Colonoscopy revealed a circumferential, elevated cecal lesion. She underwent right hemicolectomy to prevent colon obstruction. The pathological diagnosis was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (por1>tub2>muc) arising from the appendix with a BRAFV600E mutation and microsatellite instability-high. Chemotherapy was administered, and she is currently still alive and undergoing chemotherapy. We describe a rare case of advanced appendiceal cancer without gastrointestinal symptoms diagnosed due to cutaneous metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuki Nishihara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroya Kuroyanagi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Japan
| | - Shu Hoteya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toranomon Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van Dam KAM, Tweed TTT, de Vries B, Belgers HJ. Peristomal adenocarcinoma 16 years after colorectal adenocarcinoma resection with curative intent. J Surg Case Rep 2023; 2023:rjad419. [PMID: 37485497 PMCID: PMC10359180 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachronous colorectal cancer is relatively rare, occurring in 0.7-3.6% of patients diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Cutaneous metastases are similarly a rare presentation, occurring in <6% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Even more rare are the cutaneous recurrences at the peristomal site. Clinically, it is difficult to distinguish between metachronous cancer and cutaneous metastases. This paper reports a case of an elderly woman presenting with a slowly progressing peristomal cutaneous lesion 16 years after surgical resection for colorectal cancer. Core punch biopsy revealed a cutaneous localization of an intestinal type of adenocarcinoma. A surgical resection of the peristomal area was carried out whereby a new colostomy was created on the contralateral side. Definite histopathological examination showed a superficially located intestinal type adenocarcinoma with extensive pagetoid spread in the epidermal surface. In conclusion, it is important to remain alert and strive for early detection for cutaneous abnormalities following colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh A M van Dam
- Correspondence address. Henri Dunantstraat 5, 6419 PC Heerlen, the Netherlands. Tel. +31 (0) 618705361; Fax: 088-4597975; E-mail:
| | - Thaís T T Tweed
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart de Vries
- Department of Pathology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen and Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Henricus J Belgers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen and Heerlen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Albandak M, Albandak M, Abdallah J, Qawasmeh M. Cutaneous Limb Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer Misdiagnosed as Zoster Infection. Cureus 2023; 15:e36621. [PMID: 37155449 PMCID: PMC10122784 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous metastasis is a rare manifestation of internal malignancies. It usually occurs with the later progression of the disease and is associated with a poor prognosis. Common culprits of skin metastasis include lung cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer in men and breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma in women. Given these points, there is a low rate of cutaneous metastasis of colorectal cancer. When present, the most common sites include the abdominal wall and, less frequently, the face and the scalp. Rarely there is cutaneous metastasis to the upper extremity. Herein, we report the case of a female patient in her 50s who presented with a maculopapular rash of the right upper limb four years after her initial diagnosis of colonic adenocarcinoma. However, because of this rare manifestation, she was initially misdiagnosed with more common causes of a maculopapular rash. After a period of no improvement with preliminary treatment, a biopsy with immunohistochemical staining was undertaken, and the specimen stained positive for CK20 and CDX2, confirming metastatic colorectal malignancy. Skin lesions that are not responding to conventional therapy and those which have bizarre presentations can be a harbinger of internal malignancy and should be considered in the differential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miral Albandak
- Pharmacy, Birzeit University Faculty of Pharmacy Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit, PSE
| | | | - Mohammed Qawasmeh
- Pharmacy, Birzeit University Faculty of Pharmacy Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit, PSE
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yunoki K, Yano T, Yoshimitsu M, Oshita K, Kubota T, Ishida M, Satoh D, Choda Y, Nakano K, Shirakawa Y, Matsukawa H, Idani H, Shiozaki S, Okajima M. Cutaneous metastasis of cecum cancer with MSI-high and BRAFV600E mutation: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2021; 7:185. [PMID: 34406516 PMCID: PMC8374022 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-021-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are rare, occurring in 0.7% to 5% of cancer patients. Furthermore, the molecular subtypes of cutaneous metastasis of CRC are unclear. Here, we present a rare case of cutaneous metastasis of high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-high)/BRAFV600E-mutant cecum cancer. Case presentation A 77-year-old woman presented at the outpatient clinic with a subcutaneous mass on her left back. An excisional biopsy was performed and metastatic cutaneous adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. A computed tomography scan of the thorax and abdomen showed thickening of the cecum wall, the presence of pericolic lymph nodes, multiple masses in the liver, and a single nodule in the right lung. Right colectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy and functional end-to-end anastomosis was performed because of the almost-complete intestinal obstruction. The expression of KRAS wild type, BRAFV600E mutation, and MSI-high was detected in the cecum cancer using molecular pathological examination. She received chemotherapy with XELOX + BEV regimen (capecitabine + oxaliplatin + bevacizumab). After four administrations, a computed tomography scan showed reduction of distant metastases, which suggested partial response. Conclusions We encountered a rare case of cutaneous metastasis of MSI-high and BRAFV600E-mutant cecum cancer. In the future, it will be necessary to accumulate more cases to identify clinical features and more effective treatments for CRCs with cutaneous metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yunoki
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Takuya Yano
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan.
| | - Masanori Yoshimitsu
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Ko Oshita
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Kubota
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Michihiro Ishida
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Daisuke Satoh
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Choda
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Kanyu Nakano
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsukawa
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Idani
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Shiozaki
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Masazumi Okajima
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, 7-33 Motomachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Correia P, Correia JF, Scigliano H, Nora M. Unusual Cutaneous Metastases From Colon Adenocarcinoma. Cureus 2021; 13:e14065. [PMID: 33898148 PMCID: PMC8062121 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin metastases from internal malignancies are rare, even more from colorectal tumours, and are usually a sign of disseminated disease with a poor prognosis. However, with increased numbers of cancer survivors, a high index of suspicion should exist during the evaluation of cutaneous lesions since it can be the initial sign of disease progression or even the first sign that triggers a malignancy diagnosis, potentially improving the patient's odds. Herein, we report a case of synchronous cutaneous metastases from colon adenocarcinoma with unusual localization on the back and forearm of a 65-year-old man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penélope Correia
- General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, PRT
| | - Joana F Correia
- General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, PRT
| | - Horácio Scigliano
- Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, PRT
| | - Mário Nora
- General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, PRT
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Faye PM, Cagniet A, Abousarhan F, Jolidon C. Atypical localization of colorectal cancer metastasis one case and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 2020; 77:18-21. [PMID: 33137665 PMCID: PMC7610026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION colorectal cancer is a public health challenge in France. Cutaneous metastases are rare but they give evidence of poor prognosis. PRESENTATION OF CASE 88 years old female patient, with a previous history of hysterectomy, venous thrombosis outcomes of ankle fracture and stable multiple sclerosis without treatment. She came to emergency with peritonitis. CT scan showed a pneumoperitoneum, and a transverse colonic mass. A laparotomy was performed. This revealed a perforation of caecum, and an obstructive tumor of transverse colon. An extended right semi-colectomy was performed to remove both the perforate caecum and the tumor. The patient was discharged on the 7th post-operative day. Examination confirm an adenocarcinoma pT3N0Mx. At follow up, a nodule was found on her forehead. The biopsy showed a metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma. A surgical resection was performed. To date the patient is well with no evidence of recurrent disease. CONCLUSION Cutaneous metastases are rare and there are no recommendations for their treatment. Surgical resection is the best choice, but radiotherapy may be an alternative.
Collapse
|
10
|
First Case of Topical 5-FU Therapy for Cutaneous Metastasis in a Patient with Colon Cancer. EURASIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND ONCOLOGY 2020; 4:89-93. [PMID: 32964198 PMCID: PMC7504877 DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2020.81980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous metastasis from colon cancer is rare, occurs in less than 6% of patients and its associated with poor prognosis. Most often it presents in the abdomen, inguinal or perineal regions, supraclavicular area, and less commonly on the face, neck, scalp, and prior surgical sites. We present a case of a 41-year-old female with colon cancer who developed cutaneous metastases to the scalp, and was treated with topical 5-FU and radiation therapy. Treatment options for cutaneous metastases usually include systemic therapy, topical chemotherapy, surgical excision, or radiation. Our case is probably the first report who was treated with topical 5-FU in addition to radiation therapy. This treatment modality is easy to use and we would recommend clinical trials to be conducted to further study the use of topical 5-FU.
Collapse
|
11
|
Facial cutaneous metastasis of rectal adenocarcinoma. North Clin Istanb 2020; 8:518-520. [PMID: 34909592 PMCID: PMC8630731 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2020.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin metastasis caused by carcinomas is associated with poor prognosis and is a rare and late clinical finding. Skin metastases occur in only 4–6.5% of Stage IV colorectal cancer. We present an unusual case of Stage IV unresectable rectal adenocarcinoma metastasized to the head and face. One and a half years after diagnosis, new skin lesions developed on his face. Biopsy showed mucinous adenocarcinoma consistent with rectal malignancy. Moreover, he died 3 months after the diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis. This case emphasizes the importance of the effect of skin lesions on prognosis in patients with a history of malignancy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hakami R, Alali MN, Alshammari T, AlShammari S, Alyahya Z, Ayesh M, AlSaad K, Abduljabbar A. A cutaneous metastasis of unresectable rectal adenocarcinoma: A case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 2020; 71:95-101. [PMID: 32446230 PMCID: PMC7243000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the world. Approximately, 0.8% of patients will present with skin lesion as the first sign of a silent internal malignancy as skin metastasis without visceral metastasis is rare in CRC. A comprehensive literature review (including clinical features of patients, management, and outcome) covering all reported cases of cutaneous metastasis secondary to rectal cancer was included for better understanding of the disease.
Background Colorectal cancer is ranked third among the most commonly diagnosed malignancies and fourth among the leading causes of cancer death in the world. However, only a few case reports are found in the literature regarding skin metastasis originating from rectal cancer, which usually shows widespread disease and poor prognosis. Approximately, 0.8% of the patients will have skin lesion as the first indication of a silent internal malignancy, which is rare. Case report We report a complicated case of a 45-year-old male patient who referred to our highly specialized governmental hospital for diversion loop colostomy as well as biopsies of rectal and inguinal skin areas followed by palliative radiation therapy to the pelvis. Histopathological exam of rectal biopsies revealed moderately differentiated rectal adenocarcinoma, while the skin of the right inguinal area showed metastatic cutaneous rectal adenocarcinoma. Unfortunately, palliative radiation therapy was not started as the patient passed away secondary to respiratory failure which ended by cardiopulmonary arrest. Conclusion A patient who is having new or evolving skin lesions with an oncology history should be well investigated as cutaneous metastasis is a strong possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riyadh Hakami
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed N Alali
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turki Alshammari
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sulaiman AlShammari
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zyad Alyahya
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Ayesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khaled AlSaad
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alaa Abduljabbar
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mandzhieva B, Jalil A, Nadeem M, Hasan SA, Jain AG. Most Common Pathway of Metastasis of Rectal Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma to the Skin: Hematogenous. Cureus 2020; 12:e6890. [PMID: 32190453 PMCID: PMC7058390 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver represents the most common site of metastasis in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Cutaneous metastasis is uncommon and has been documented only in 3% of patients. Most cutaneous metastases demonstrate typical histological features of adenocarcinoma, such as glandular formation and mucin production. We present the case of a 66-year-old male with Crohn's disease (CD) and stage IV rectal signet ring cell carcinoma arising in his rectal stump who presented with a painful papular bilateral groin rash. Biopsy revealed metastatic signet ring cell carcinoma. Since cutaneous metastasis in patients with advanced CRC can be easily confused with infection, especially fungal infection, physicians should be vigilant of the possibility of cutaneous metastasis. Our literature review suggests hematogenous spread as the dissemination pathway of this histological subtype of rectal adenocarcinoma to the skin. We present the first case of cutaneous metastatic signet ring cell carcinoma from a rectal stump of a patient with CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anum Jalil
- Internal Medicine, AdventHealth, Orlando, USA
| | - Mahum Nadeem
- Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sadler KA, Baxter MA, Peters AL, Grose D. Metastatic cutaneous deposits as the initial feature of rectal adenocarcinoma. Scott Med J 2019; 65:28-31. [PMID: 31888409 DOI: 10.1177/0036933019897357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous metastases in colorectal cancer are rare, occurring in less than 6% of cases. They usually present after diagnosis of a primary tumour and are typically associated with disseminated disease and a poor prognosis. We present an unusual case of a 71-year-old female in whom cutaneous metastases were the initial feature of an underlying colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Sadler
- Clinical Development Fellow in Oncology, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, UK.,Honorary Clinical Teacher, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - M A Baxter
- Registrar in Medical Oncology, NHS Tayside, UK.,Clinical Lecturer in Medical Oncology, University of Dundee, UK
| | - A L Peters
- Registrar in Clinical Oncology, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, UK
| | - D Grose
- Consultant in Clinical Oncology, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, UK.,Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dundar A, Dundar B, Inanc M, Canoz O, Oymak FS, Abdulrezzak U. Sarcoidosis with Multiorgan Involvement and Cutaneous Manifestations after Colonic Adenocarcinoma Resection. Indian J Nucl Med 2019; 34:226-229. [PMID: 31293305 PMCID: PMC6593942 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_89_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic chronic granulomatous disease. It mostly involves the lungs and hilar lymph nodes and produces epithelioid granulomas. Granulomatous (sarcoid) reaction is known to be associated with malignancies; however, it is uncommonly seen with colon carcinomas. Furthermore, systemic sarcoidosis following cancer diagnosis is less commonly seen. To the best of our knowledge, cutaneous sarcoidosis related with an underlying colon carcinoma has not been reported previously in the literature. In this report, we present a very rare case with sarcoidosis development after resection of sigmoid adenocarcinoma, presenting with multiorgan involvement including the skin, eye, joints, and lymph nodes. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) images showed the skin, lung, spleen, mediastinal, and hilar lymph node involvement. Histopathological examination of skin lesions demonstrated granulomatous dermatitis. This case demonstrates that sarcoidosis can cause intensely FDG-avid lesions on 18F-FDG-PET/CT scans, mimicking metastasis in colon cancer patients. Histopathological evaluation is essential for confirming the diagnosis. 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan provides important information for evaluation of disease extension, progression, and clinical follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Dundar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bilge Dundar
- Department of Pathology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mevlude Inanc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Canoz
- Department of Pathology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sema Oymak
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Large single cutaneous metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma mimicking a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2019; 56:96-100. [PMID: 30870738 PMCID: PMC6424055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin Cancer. Colorectal Cancer. Cutaneous Metastases. Fasciocutaneous Flaps.
Introduction Metastases represent one of the most outstanding characteristics of malignant neoplasms and are relatively rare in the skin, in spite of the great extension of the cutaneous organs. Development of cutaneous metastases from colon cancer is a rare event, usually occurring in widely disseminated disease and commonly leading to a poor prognosis. As to location, cutaneous metastases often favor areas close to the primary malignancy, such as lung cancer and skin metastases on the trunk. However, remote sites as the scalp may be also involved. Case presentation We present the case of a 92-year-old female patient with a massive single nodular skin lesion on her left supraclavicular area, that came back positive for cutaneous metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma. Discussion Cutaneous metastasis of colorectal cancer a rare event (2.3%–6%) that usually occur two years after the detection or resection of the primary tumor. It seldom occurs before the identification of the primary tumor and involvement of secondary organs, such as the liver. There are few cases reported with only cutaneous metastases. Conclusion In conclusion, dermatological evaluation of patients who are undergoing screening or who have already been diagnosed with cancer is extremely important.
Collapse
|
17
|
Isolated Drain Site Metastasis After Open Resection in Ileal Adenocarcinoma—an Uncommon Site. Indian J Surg Oncol 2019; 10:37-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s13193-018-0745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
|
18
|
Bittencourt MDJS, Imbiriba AA, Oliveira OA, dos Santos JEB. Cutaneous metastasis of colorectal cancer. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 93:884-886. [PMID: 30484536 PMCID: PMC6256216 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20187610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous metastases from internal malignant neoplasms are a rare event and a late clinical finding that is associated with disseminated disease and a poor prognosis. Skin metastases from colon tumors occur in only 4% of cases of metastatic colorectal cancer. They are most often located on the abdominal skin. We report a case of 54-year-old male patient with a cutaneous metastatic focus on the lower abdomen as the initial presenting symptom of an underlying colon cancer.
Collapse
|
19
|
Epidermotropic poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of colon presenting as a diffuse erythematous petechial rash. JAAD Case Rep 2019; 5:113-115. [PMID: 30671523 PMCID: PMC6330357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
20
|
Interesting Case of Skin Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer and Review of Literature. Case Rep Surg 2018; 2018:7102845. [PMID: 30693133 PMCID: PMC6332964 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin metastasis is a complication rarely seen after curative resection for colorectal cancer and chemotherapy. The article describes a metachronous case of skin metastasis after curative resection. This article is presented to illustrate that genetic and molecular profiling of carcinoma is a must for diagnosis of aggressive biological behavior and that skin metastasis is usually a harbinger of adverse outcome.
Collapse
|
21
|
Koh B, Jeon H, Kim D, Kang D, Kim KR. Effect of fibroblast co-culture on the proliferation, viability and drug response of colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:2409-2417. [PMID: 30675306 PMCID: PMC6341796 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding fibroblasts serve an important role in cancer proliferation. Colon cancer co-culture model with colon fibroblasts and two metastatic models with lung and skin fibroblasts were established, and the co-culture effects on colon cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and drug response were evaluated. Co-culture with CCD-18Co and BJ reduces SW480 cell proliferation by 4.2 and 5.3%, respectively, while WI-38 acts as a positive regulator and increases SW480 cell proliferation by 36%. CCD-18Co and BJ co-culture can also enhance XAV939 potency against SW480 cells by 16.8 and 27.3%; however, WI-38 co-culture reduces the effect of XAV939 by 38.2%. The present results suggest that, depending on fibroblast type, co-culture can have a positive/negative influence on colon cancer growth; therefore, care should be taken when considering fibroblasts as a target for future cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byumseok Koh
- Bio Platform Technology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Jeon
- Innovative Target Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahee Kim
- Bio Platform Technology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukjin Kang
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Rok Kim
- Innovative Target Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Multiple Cutaneous Metastases as Initial Presentation in Advanced Colon Cancer. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2018; 2018:8032905. [PMID: 29854493 PMCID: PMC5952443 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8032905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin metastases from advanced colorectal cancer are relatively rare and occur most often when the cancer is advanced, following the spread to other organs. Cutaneous metastases occur in about 3% of advanced colorectal cancers. We present an extremely rare case of a 68-year-old woman with advanced ascending colon adenocarcinoma that presented with multiple rapidly progressing painless cutaneous metastatic lesions with no other distant metastases. Of all the tumors, breast cancer most commonly spreads as cutaneous metastasis is followed by lung, colorectal, renal, ovarian, and bladder cancers. Cutaneous metastases can present in a variety of clinical manifestations, such as a rapidly growing painless dermal or subcutaneous nodule with intact overlying epidermis or as ulcers. In cases where the cutaneous deposit is isolated, as in visceral metastasis, there is a role for radical management such as wide local excision and reconstruction. In our patient, since she had multiple cutaneous metastases she began treatment with palliative systemic combination chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang DY, Ye F, Lin JJ, Xu X. Cutaneous metastasis: a rare phenomenon of colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Treat Res 2017; 93:277-280. [PMID: 29184882 PMCID: PMC5694720 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2017.93.5.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous metastases from colorectal cancer are extremely rare and generally appear several years after diagnosis or resection of the primary tumor. Although this phenomenon is uncommon, it is very important and often indicates a poor prognosis. We present a case of a 76-year-old female patient with multiple cutaneous metastatic nodules on the back, just 1 month after resection of rectal cancer. Unfortunately, the patient gave up the follow-up treatment due to her age and poor physical condition; she died 3 months later. In view of its rarity of occurrence and lack of experience in treatment, we reviewed the literature and report as follows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang Wang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Jiang Lin
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Góes HFDO, Lima CDS, Souza MBD, Estrella RR, Faria MAN, Rochael MC. Single cutaneous metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma - Case report. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:517-9. [PMID: 27579752 PMCID: PMC4999115 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin metastases are relatively rare and occur most often when the cancer is
already advanced, invading other organs. As to location, they often seem to
elect areas located close to the primary tumor, although distant sites, such as
the scalp, may be affected with some frequency. We present a case of a
76-year-old woman with colon adenocarcinoma that had a single metastatic lesion
on the scalp.
Collapse
|
25
|
Thurston D, Hossain T, Waraich N, Shukla A. Non-small cell lung cancer with distal cutaneous metastases in a patient with a previously treated colorectal carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2016; 98:e47-8. [PMID: 26890850 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2016.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous manifestations of visceral carcinomas are scarce, occurring in around 0.7-12% of internal malignancies. Lung cancer is one of the most common sources of skin metastasis, particularly in male patients. We present a case of cutaneous metastasis in a man with concurrent lung lesions and a previously treated colorectal carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry markers for both skin and lung lesions were strongly positive for carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 20, suggesting an intestinal primary tumour. However, colonoscopy excluded new and metastatic bowel lesions. After multidisciplinary team meetings, which reviewed the clinical, radiological and immunohistochemistry findings, it was concluded to be a non-small cell lung cancer with skin metastasis. This case presented an interesting diagnostic challenge, and highlighted the importance of cross-specialty liaison and investigation to reach the correct diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Thurston
- United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust , UK
| | - T Hossain
- United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust , UK
| | - N Waraich
- United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust , UK
| | - A Shukla
- United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust , UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zanwar VG, Pawar SV, Jain SS, Nayak CS, Rathi PM. Cutaneous lesions in colorectal carcinoma: a rare presentation. Intest Res 2016; 14:102-3. [PMID: 26884742 PMCID: PMC4754514 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2016.14.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay G Zanwar
- Department of Gastroenterology, T.N. Medical College & B.Y.L Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sunil V Pawar
- Department of Gastroenterology, T.N. Medical College & B.Y.L Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Samit S Jain
- Department of Gastroenterology, T.N. Medical College & B.Y.L Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Chitra S Nayak
- Department of Dermatology, T.N. Medical College & B.Y.L Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Pravin M Rathi
- Department of Gastroenterology, T.N. Medical College & B.Y.L Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|