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Carvalho CR, Souza BCE, Bieluczyk W, Feitosa YB, Delbaje E, Camargo PB, Tsai SM, Fiore MF. Phosphonate consumers potentially contributing to methane production in Brazilian soda lakes. Extremophiles 2023; 28:4. [PMID: 37987855 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-023-01318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxic methane production (OMP) has been reported to significantly contribute to methane emissions from oxic surface waters. Demethylation of organic compounds, photosynthesis-associated methane production, and (bacterio)chlorophyll reduction activity are some of the investigated mechanisms as potential OMP sources related to photosynthetic organisms. Recently, cyanobacteria have often been correlated with methane accumulation and emission in freshwater, marine, and saline systems. The Brazilian Pantanal is the world's largest wetland system, with approximately 10,000 shallow lakes, most of which are highly alkaline and saline extreme environments. We initiated this study with an overall investigation using genetic markers, from which we explored metagenomic and limnological data from the Pantanal soda for five potential OMP pathways. Our results showed a strong positive correlation between dissolved methane concentrations and bloom events. Metagenomic data and nutrients, mainly orthophosphate, nitrogen, iron, and methane concentrations, suggest that the organic phosphorous demethylation pathway has the most potential to drive OMP in lakes with blooms. A specialized bacterial community was identified, including the Cyanobacteria Raphidiopsis, although the bloom does not contain the genes to carry out this process. These data showed enough evidence to infer the occurrence of an OMP pathway at Pantanal soda lakes, including the microbial sources and their relation to the cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Carvalho
- College of Agriculture 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B C E Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - W Bieluczyk
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Y B Feitosa
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Delbaje
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P B Camargo
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S M Tsai
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli F Fiore
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Capybara responses to varying levels of predation risk. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Cotta SR, Pellegrinetti TA, Andreote APD, Costa JS, Sarmento H, Fiore MF. Disentangling the lifestyle of bacterial communities in tropical soda lakes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7939. [PMID: 35562544 PMCID: PMC9106740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lifestyles may reveal niche-specific signatures and can contribute to detecting the effects of abiotic fluctuations on biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms make a tradeoff between optimizing nutrient uptake, improving biomass yield, and overcoming environmental changes according to environmental hostility. Soda lakes are natural environments rich in carbonate and bicarbonate water, resulting in elevated pH and salinities that frequently approach saturation. We hypothesized that during the dry period (elevated pH and salinity), microorganisms try to overcome this harshness by allocating energy to the cellular maintenance process. As these environmental conditions improve during the wet period, microorganisms will begin to invest in nutrient uptake. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated four soda lakes in two different seasons by applying metagenomics combined with flow cytometry (estimate heterotrophic bacterial biomass). The natural occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in some lakes is the main driver of carbon. These primary producers provide organic carbon that supports heterotrophic bacterial growth and, consequently, a high biomass yield. Under harsh conditions (dry season), cyanobacteria invest in nutrient uptake mechanisms, whereas heterotrophic bacteria allocate energy to survive at the expense of biomass yield. Lakes without cyanobacteria blooms invest in nutrient uptake independent of environmental hostility. This study clarifies the microbial tradeoffs in hostile environments and the impact of this choice on carbon and energy flux in tropical alkaline lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone R Cotta
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA/USP), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CEP: 13416-903, Brazil
| | - Thierry A Pellegrinetti
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA/USP), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CEP: 13416-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula D Andreote
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA/USP), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CEP: 13416-903, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Costa
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA/USP), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CEP: 13416-903, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli F Fiore
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA/USP), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CEP: 13416-903, Brazil.
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The Occurrence of Authigenic Clay Minerals in Alkaline-Saline Lakes, Pantanal Wetland (Nhecolândia Region, Brazil). MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10080718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mg clay minerals are usually associated with carbonates in alkaline-saline environments, precipitated from solution and/or transformation from other minerals. The aim of this research is to identify the mineralogy and geochemistry of clay minerals in different alkaline lakes in the Nhecolândia region, the southernmost region of the Pantanal wetland (Brazil). Sediment samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Water samples were analyzed, determining their main cations and anions, in order to understand their relationship with the clays. The analyses allowed classifying the water bodies as saline, oligosaline and freshwater lakes. The sediments are composed mainly of quartz and a fine-clay fraction, dominated by illite, kaolinite and smectite. The XRD results showed illite and smectite mixed-layered in the saline lakes at Barranco Alto farm, whereas at Nhumirim farm, trioctahedral smectite was only observed in one lake. The smectite minerals were normally identified coupled with calcite at the top of the sequences, associated with exopolymeric substances (EPS) in the lakes, suggesting that these minerals are precipitating due to the physical-chemical and biological conditions of the water bodies.
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5
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Estimating Water pH Using Cloud-Based Landsat Images for a New Classification of the Nhecolândia Lakes (Brazilian Pantanal). REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12071090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Nhecolândia region, located in the southern portion of the Pantanal wetland area, is a unique lacustrine system where tens of thousands of saline-alkaline and freshwater lakes and ponds coexist in close proximity. These lakes are suspected to be a strong source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere, the water pH being one of the key factors in controlling the biogeochemical functioning and, consequently, production and emission of GHGs in these lakes. Here, we present a new field-validated classification of the Nhecolândia lakes using water pH values estimated based on a cloud-based Landsat (5 TM, 7 ETM+, and 8 OLI) 2002–2017 time-series in the Google Earth Engine platform. Calibrated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance collections with the Fmask method were used to ensure the usage of only cloud-free pixels, resulting in a dataset of 2081 scenes. The pH values were predicted by applying linear multiple regression and symbolic regression based on genetic programming (GP). The regression model presented an R2 value of 0.81 and pH values ranging from 4.69 to 11.64. A lake mask was used to extract the predicted pH band that was then classified into three lake classes according to their pH values: Freshwater (pH < 8), oligosaline (pH 8–8.9), and saline (≥9). Nearly 12,150 lakes were mapped with those with saline waters accounting for 7.25%. Finally, a trend surface map was created using the ALOS PRISM Digital Surface Model (DSM) to analyze the correlation between landscape features (topography, connection with the regional drainage system, size, and shape of lakes) and types of lakes. The analysis was in consonance with previous studies that pointed out that saline lakes tend to occur in lower positions compared to freshwater lakes. The results open a relevant perspective for the transfer of locally acquired experimental data to the regional balances of the Nhecolândia lakes.
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Guerreiro RL, Bergier I, McGlue MM, Warren LV, Abreu UGPD, Abrahão J, Assine ML. The soda lakes of Nhecolândia: A conservation opportunity for the Pantanal wetlands. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Andreote APD, Dini-Andreote F, Rigonato J, Machineski GS, Souza BCE, Barbiero L, Rezende-Filho AT, Fiore MF. Contrasting the Genetic Patterns of Microbial Communities in Soda Lakes with and without Cyanobacterial Bloom. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:244. [PMID: 29520256 PMCID: PMC5827094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soda lakes have high levels of sodium carbonates and are characterized by salinity and elevated pH. These ecosystems are found across Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, North, Central, and South America. Particularly in Brazil, the Pantanal region has a series of hundreds of shallow soda lakes (ca. 600) potentially colonized by a diverse haloalkaliphilic microbial community. Biological information of these systems is still elusive, in particular data on the description of the main taxa involved in the biogeochemical cycling of life-important elements. Here, we used metagenomic sequencing to contrast the composition and functional patterns of the microbial communities of two distinct soda lakes from the sub-region Nhecolândia, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. These two lakes differ by permanent cyanobacterial blooms (Salina Verde, green-water lake) and by no record of cyanobacterial blooms (Salina Preta, black-water lake). The dominant bacterial species in the Salina Verde bloom was Anabaenopsis elenkinii. This cyanobacterium altered local abiotic parameters such as pH, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen and consequently the overall structure of the microbial community. In Salina Preta, the microbial community had a more structured taxonomic profile. Therefore, the distribution of metabolic functions in Salina Preta community encompassed a large number of taxa, whereas, in Salina Verde, the functional potential was restrained across a specific set of taxa. Distinct signatures in the abundance of genes associated with the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur were found. Interestingly, genes linked to arsenic resistance metabolism were present at higher abundance in Salina Verde and they were associated with the cyanobacterial bloom. Collectively, this study advances fundamental knowledge on the composition and genetic potential of microbial communities inhabiting tropical soda lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. D. Andreote
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Microbial Ecology Cluster, Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Janaina Rigonato
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno C. E. Souza
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Laurent Barbiero
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ary T. Rezende-Filho
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Marli F. Fiore
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Campos Z, Soares R, Nogueira RMR, Komar N. Neutralizing antibodies for orthobunyaviruses in Pantanal, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006014. [PMID: 29091706 PMCID: PMC5665413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pantanal is a hotspot for arbovirus studies in South America. Various medically important flaviviruses and alphaviruses have been reported in domestic and wild animals in the region. To expand the knowledge of local arbovirus circulation, a serosurvey for 14 Brazilian orthobunyaviruses was conducted with equines, sheep and free-ranging caimans. Sera were tested for specific viral antibodies using plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Monotypic reactions were detected for Maguari, Xingu, Apeu, Guaroa, Murutucu, Oriboca, Oropouche and Nepuyo viruses. Despite the low titers for most of the orthobunyaviruses tested, the detection of monotypic reactions for eight orthobunyaviruses suggests the Pantanal as a region of great orthobunyavirus diversity. The present data, in conjunction with previous studies that detected a high diversity of other arboviruses, ratify the Pantanal as an important natural reservoir for sylvatic and medically important arboviruses in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Zilca Campos
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, MS, Brasil
| | - Raquel Soares
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, MS, Brasil
| | - Rita Maria Ribeiro Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Nicholas Komar
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Juliano RS, Campos Z, Velez J, Nogueira RMR, Komar N. Neutralising antibodies for Mayaro virus in Pantanal, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:125-33. [PMID: 25742272 PMCID: PMC4371226 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pantanal hosts diverse wildlife species and therefore is a hotspot for arbovirus studies in South America. A serosurvey for Mayaro virus (MAYV), eastern (EEEV), western (WEEV) and Venezuelan (VEEV) equine encephalitis viruses was conducted with 237 sheep, 87 free-ranging caimans and 748 equids, including 37 collected from a ranch where a neurologic disorder outbreak had been recently reported. Sera were tested for specific viral antibodies using plaque-reduction neutralisation test. From a total of 748 equids, of which 264 were immunised with vaccine composed of EEEV and WEEV and 484 had no history of immunisation, 10 (1.3%) were seropositive for MAYV and two (0.3%) for VEEV using criteria of a ≥ 4-fold antibody titre difference. Among the 484 equids without history of immunisation, 48 (9.9%) were seropositive for EEEV and four (0.8%) for WEEV using the same criteria. Among the sheep, five were sero- positive for equine encephalitis alphaviruses, with one (0.4%) for EEEV, one (0.4%) for WEEV and three (1.3%) for VEEV. Regarding free-ranging caimans, one (1.1%) and three (3.4%), respectively, had low titres for neutralising antibodies to VEEV and undetermined alphaviruses. The neurological disorder outbreak could not be linked to the alphaviruses tested. Our findings represent strong evidence that MAYV and all equine encephalitis alphaviruses circulated in the Pantanal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Soares Juliano
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, MS, Brasil
| | - Zilca Campos
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, MS, Brasil
| | - Jason Velez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Komar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Campos Z, Juliano R, Velez J, Nogueira RMR, Komar N. Serological evidence of widespread circulation of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses in equines of the Pantanal, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2706. [PMID: 24551266 PMCID: PMC3923745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study reported neutralizing antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV) in horses from four ranches of southern Pantanal. To extend that study, a serosurvey for WNV and 11 Brazilian flaviviruses was conducted with 760 equines, 238 sheep and 61 caimans from 17 local cattle ranches. Among the tested equines, 32 were collected from a ranch where a neurologic disorder outbreak had been recently reported. The sera were initially screened by using a blocking ELISA and then titrated by 90% plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) for 12 flaviviruses. Employing the criterion of 4-fold greater titer, 78 (10.3%) equines were seropositive for Ilheus virus, 59 (7.8%) for Saint Louis encephalitis virus, 24 (3.2%) for WNV, two (0.3%) for Cacipacore virus and one (0.1%) for Rocio virus. No serological evidence was found linking the neurological disease that affected local equines to WNV. All caimans and sheep were negative by blocking ELISA for flaviviruses. There were no seropositive equines for Bussuquara, Iguape, Yellow fever and all four Dengue virus serotypes. The detection of WNV-seropositive equines in ten ranches and ILHV and SLEV-seropositive equines in fourteen ranches of two different sub-regions of Pantanal is strong evidence of widespread circulation of these flaviviruses in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Fulbright Visiting Researcher in Doctorate Sandwich Program at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Zilca Campos
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Raquel Juliano
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jason Velez
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rita Maria Ribeiro Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Komar
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Kenney JL, Couto-Lima D, Campos ZMS, Schatzmayr HG, Nogueira RMR, Brault AC, Komar N. Ilheus virus isolation in the Pantanal, west-central Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2318. [PMID: 23875051 PMCID: PMC3715421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The wetlands of the Brazilian Pantanal host large concentrations of diverse wildlife species and hematophagous arthropods, conditions that favor the circulation of zoonotic arboviruses. A recent study from the Nhecolândia sub-region of Pantanal reported serological evidence of various flaviviruses, including West Nile virus and Ilheus virus (ILHV). According to the age of seropositive horses, at least three flaviviruses, including ILHV, circulated in the Brazilian Pantanal between 2005 and 2009. To extend this study, we collected 3,234 adult mosquitoes of 16 species during 2009 and 2010 in the same sub-region. Mosquito pool homogenates were assayed for infectious virus on C6/36 and Vero cell monolayers and also tested for flaviviral RNA by a group-specific real-time RT-PCR. One pool containing 50 non-engorged female specimens of Aedes scapularis tested positive for ILHV by culture and for ILHV RNA by real-time RT-PCR, indicating a minimum infection rate of 2.5 per 1000. Full-length genomic sequence exhibited 95% identity to the only full genome sequence available for ILHV. The present data confirm the circulation of ILHV in the Brazilian Pantanal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Fulbright Visiting Researcher in Doctorate Sandwich Program at CDC, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joan L. Kenney
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dinair Couto-Lima
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Hermann G. Schatzmayr
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Rita M. R. Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Aaron C. Brault
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Komar
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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