1
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Cato ML, D'Agostino EH, Spurlin RM, Flynn AR, Cornelison JL, Johnson AM, Fujita RA, Abraham SM, Jui NT, Ortlund EA. Comparison of activity, structure, and dynamics of SF-1 and LRH-1 complexed with small molecule modulators. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104921. [PMID: 37328104 PMCID: PMC10407255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) is a phospholipid-sensing nuclear receptor expressed in the adrenal glands, gonads, and hypothalamus which controls steroidogenesis and metabolism. There is significant therapeutic interest in SF-1 because of its oncogenic properties in adrenocortical cancer. Synthetic modulators are attractive for targeting SF-1 for clinical and laboratory purposes due to the poor pharmaceutical properties of its native phospholipid ligands. While small molecule agonists targeting SF-1 have been synthesized, no crystal structures have been reported of SF-1 in complexes with synthetic compounds. This has prevented the establishment of structure-activity relationships that would enable better characterization of ligand-mediated activation and improvement in current chemical scaffolds. Here, we compare the effects of small molecules in SF-1 and its close homolog, liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), and identify several molecules that specifically activate LRH-1. We also report the first crystal structure of SF-1 in complex with a synthetic agonist that displays low nanomolar affinity and potency for SF-1. We use this structure to explore the mechanistic basis for small molecule agonism of SF-1, especially compared to LRH-1, and uncover unique signaling pathways that drive LRH-1 specificity. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal differences in protein dynamics at the pocket mouth as well as ligand-mediated allosteric communication from this region to the coactivator binding interface. Our studies, therefore, shed important insight into the allostery driving SF-1 activity and show potential for modulation of LRH-1 over SF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Cato
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Autumn R Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Alyssa M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rei A Fujita
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah M Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nathan T Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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2
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Fabbri-Scallet H, Werner R, Guaragna MS, de Andrade JGR, Maciel-Guerra AT, Hornig NC, Hiort O, Guerra-Júnior G, de Mello MP. Can Non-Coding NR5A1 Gene Variants Explain Phenotypes of Disorders of Sex Development? Sex Dev 2023; 16:252-260. [PMID: 35764069 DOI: 10.1159/000524956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NR5A1 is an essential transcription factor that regulates several target genes involved in reproduction and endocrine function. Pathogenic variants in this gene are responsible for a wide spectrum of disorders/differences of sex development (DSD). METHODS The molecular study involved Sanger sequencing, in vitro assays, and whole exome sequencing (WES). RESULTS Four variants were identified within the NR5A1 non-coding region in 3 patients with 46,XY DSD. In vitro analyses showed that promoter activity was affected in all cases. WES revealed variants in SRA1, WWOX, and WDR11 genes. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Evaluation of clinical and phenotypic significance of variants located in a non-coding region of a gene can be complex, and little is known regarding their association with DSD. Nevertheless, based on the important region for interaction with cofactors essential to promote appropriated sex development and on our in vitro results, it is feasible to say that an impact on gene expression can be expected and that this may be correlated with the DSD pathophysiology presented in our patients. Considering the number of cases that remain elusive after screening for the well-known DSD related genes, we emphasize the importance of a careful molecular analysis of NR5A1 non-coding region which is commonly neglected and might explain some idiopathic DSD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fabbri-Scallet
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ralf Werner
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Mara S Guaragna
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana G R de Andrade
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea T Maciel-Guerra
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadine C Hornig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maricilda P de Mello
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Zhang X, Wagner S, Holleley CE, Deakin JE, Matsubara K, Deveson IW, O'Meally D, Patel HR, Ezaz T, Li Z, Wang C, Edwards M, Graves JAM, Georges A. Sex-specific splicing of Z- and W-borne nr5a1 alleles suggests sex determination is controlled by chromosome conformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116475119. [PMID: 35074916 PMCID: PMC8795496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116475119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pogona vitticeps has female heterogamety (ZZ/ZW), but the master sex-determining gene is unknown, as it is for all reptiles. We show that nr5a1 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 5 Group A Member 1), a gene that is essential in mammalian sex determination, has alleles on the Z and W chromosomes (Z-nr5a1 and W-nr5a1), which are both expressed and can recombine. Three transcript isoforms of Z-nr5a1 were detected in gonads of adult ZZ males, two of which encode a functional protein. However, ZW females produced 16 isoforms, most of which contained premature stop codons. The array of transcripts produced by the W-borne allele (W-nr5a1) is likely to produce truncated polypeptides that contain a structurally normal DNA-binding domain and could act as a competitive inhibitor to the full-length intact protein. We hypothesize that an altered configuration of the W chromosome affects the conformation of the primary transcript generating inhibitory W-borne isoforms that suppress testis determination. Under this hypothesis, the genetic sex determination (GSD) system of P. vitticeps is a W-borne dominant female-determining gene that may be controlled epigenetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Zhang
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Susan Wagner
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Clare E Holleley
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Crace, ACT 2911, Australia
| | - Janine E Deakin
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Kazumi Matsubara
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Denis O'Meally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- Genome Sciences Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Zhao Li
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Chexu Wang
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Melanie Edwards
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Marshall Graves
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia;
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3186, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia;
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4
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Mays SG, Stec J, Liu X, D'Agostino EH, Whitby RJ, Ortlund EA. Enantiomer-specific activities of an LRH-1 and SF-1 dual agonist. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22279. [PMID: 33335203 PMCID: PMC7747700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is an important consideration in drug development: it can influence recognition of the intended target, pharmacokinetics, and off-target effects. Here, we investigate how chirality affects the activity and mechanism of action of RJW100, a racemic agonist of the nuclear receptors liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). LRH-1 and SF-1 modulators are highly sought as treatments for metabolic and neoplastic diseases, and RJW100 has one of the few scaffolds shown to activate them. However, enantiomer-specific effects on receptor activation are poorly understood. We show that the enantiomers have similar binding affinities, but RR-RJW100 stabilizes both receptors and is 46% more active than SS-RJW100 in LRH-1 luciferase reporter assays. We present an LRH-1 crystal structure that illuminates striking mechanistic differences: SS-RJW100 adopts multiple configurations in the pocket and fails to make an interaction critical for activation by RR-RJW100. In molecular dynamics simulations, SS-RJW100 attenuates intramolecular signalling important for coregulator recruitment, consistent with previous observations that it weakly recruits coregulators in vitro. These studies provide a rationale for pursuing enantiomerically pure RJW100 derivatives: they establish RR-RJW100 as the stronger LRH-1 agonist and identify a potential for optimizing the SS-RJW100 scaffold for antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Carrer Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Józef Stec
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, SO17, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 82831, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard J Whitby
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, SO17, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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5
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Fabbri-Scallet H, de Mello MP, Guerra-Júnior G, Maciel-Guerra AT, de Andrade JGR, de Queiroz CMC, Monlleó IL, Struve D, Hiort O, Werner R. Functional characterization of five NR5A1
gene mutations found in patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:114-123. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fabbri-Scallet
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG; State University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maricilda Palandi de Mello
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG; State University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medical Sciences; State University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS; State University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Andréa Trevas Maciel-Guerra
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS; State University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Medical Genetics; Faculty of Medical Sciences; State University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana Gabriel Ribeiro de Andrade
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS; State University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Medical Genetics; Faculty of Medical Sciences; State University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Isabella Lopes Monlleó
- Clinical Genetics Service; Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Alagoas; Maceió Alagoas Brazil
| | - Dagmar Struve
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes; Center of Brain; Behavior and Metabolism; University of Luebeck; Luebeck Germany
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes; Center of Brain; Behavior and Metabolism; University of Luebeck; Luebeck Germany
| | - Ralf Werner
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes; Center of Brain; Behavior and Metabolism; University of Luebeck; Luebeck Germany
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6
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Fabbri HC, Ribeiro de Andrade JG, Maciel-Guerra AT, Guerra-Júnior G, de Mello MP. NR5A1 Loss-of-Function Mutations Lead to 46,XY Partial Gonadal Dysgenesis Phenotype: Report of Three Novel Mutations. Sex Dev 2016; 10:191-199. [DOI: 10.1159/000448013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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7
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Woo KH, Cheon B, Kim JH, Cho J, Kim GH, Yoo HW, Choi JH. Novel Heterozygous Mutations of NR5A1 and Their Functional Characteristics in Patients with 46,XY Disorders of Sex Development without Adrenal Insufficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 84:116-23. [PMID: 26139438 DOI: 10.1159/000431324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Heterozygous mutations of NR5A1, which encodes steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1), were identified in patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) with normal adrenal function. This study was aimed to identify and functionally characterize mutations of NR5A1 in patients with 46,XY DSD. METHODS This study included 51 patients from 49 unrelated families with 46,XY DSD. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, and direct sequencing of all coding exons and their flanking introns of NR5A1 was performed. Transient transfections and dual-luciferase® reporter assays were performed to evaluate the effect of NR5A1 variants on transcriptional activity. RESULTS Four of 49 patients (8.2%) harbored a novel heterozygous sequence variant of NR5A1: c.80G>C (p.G26A), c.847T>C (p.C283R), c.1151del (p.L384Rfs*7), and c.1333G>T (p.E445*). They presented with female external genitalia with clitoromegaly in infancy or childhood, or primary amenorrhea in adolescence. In vitro functional studies of SF1 activity determined that each variant, except p.E445*, led to a reduced expression of downstream target genes and disturbed the regulation of gonadal development. CONCLUSIONS Loss-of-function mutations of NR5A1 are a relatively common cause of 46,XY DSD. Therefore, genetic defects of NR5A1 should be considered as an etiology in subjects with 46,XY DSD without adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Ha Woo
- Genome Research Center for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Laissue P. Aetiological coding sequence variants in non-syndromic premature ovarian failure: From genetic linkage analysis to next generation sequencing. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:243-57. [PMID: 25960166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a frequent pathology affecting 1-1.5% of women under 40 years old. Despite advances in diagnosing and treating human infertility, POF is still classified as being idiopathic in 50-80% of cases, strongly suggesting a genetic origin for the disease. Different types of autosomal and X-linked genetic anomalies can originate the phenotype in syndromic and non-syndromic POF cases. Particular interest has been focused on research into non-syndromic POF causative coding variants during the past two decades. This has been based on the assumption that amino acid substitutions might modify the intrinsic physicochemical properties of functional proteins, thereby inducing pathological phenotypes. In this case, a restricted number of mutations might originate the disease. However, like other complex pathologies, POF might result from synergistic/compensatory effects caused by several low-to-mildly drastic mutations which have frequently been classified as non-functional SNPs. Indeed, reproductive phenotypes can be considered as quantitative traits resulting from the subtle interaction of many genes. Although numerous sequencing projects have involved candidate genes, only a few coding mutations explaining a low percentage of cases have been described. Such apparent failure to identify aetiological coding sequence variations might have been due to the inherent molecular complexity of mammalian reproduction and to the difficulty of simultaneously analysing large genomic regions by Sanger sequencing. The purpose of this review is to present the molecular and cellular effects caused by non-synonymous mutations which have been formally associated, by functional tests, with the aetiology of hypergonadotropic non-syndromic POF. Considerations have also been included regarding the polygenic nature of reproduction and POF, as well as future approaches for identifying novel aetiological genes based on next generation sequencing (NGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Laissue
- Unidad de Genética, Grupo GENIUROS, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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9
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Hussain S, Amar A, Najeeb MN, Khaliq S. Two novel mutations in theNR5A1gene as a cause of disorders of sex development in a Pakistani cohort of 46,XY patients. Andrologia 2015; 48:509-17. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Health Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| | - A. Amar
- Department Human Genetics & Molecular Biology; University of Health Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
| | - M. N. Najeeb
- Department of Biochemistry; Quaid-e-Azam Medical Collage; Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - S. Khaliq
- Department Human Genetics & Molecular Biology; University of Health Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
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10
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Werner R, Merz H, Birnbaum W, Marshall L, Schröder T, Reiz B, Kavran JM, Bäumer T, Capetian P, Hiort O. 46,XY Gonadal Dysgenesis due to a Homozygous Mutation in Desert Hedgehog (DHH) Identified by Exome Sequencing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E1022-9. [PMID: 25927242 PMCID: PMC4490300 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) comprise a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions. Mutations in a variety of genes can affect gonadal development or androgen biosynthesis/action and thereby influence the development of the internal and external genital organs. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify the genetic cause in two 46,XY sisters of a consanguineous family with DSD and gonadal tumor formation. METHODS We used a next-generation sequencing approach by exome sequencing. Electrophysiological and high-resolution ultrasound examination of peripheral nerves as well as histopathological examination of the gonads were performed. RESULTS We identified a novel homozygous R124Q mutation in the desert hedgehog gene (DHH), which alters a conserved residue among the three mammalian Hedgehog ligands sonic hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, and desert hedgehog. No other relevant mutations in DSD-related genes were encountered. The gonads of one patient showed partial gonadal dysgenesis with loss of Leydig cells in tubular areas with seminoma in situ and a hyperplasia of Leydig cell-like cells expressing CYP17A1 in more dysgenetic parts of the gonad. In addition, both patients suffer from a polyneuropathy. High-resolution ultrasound revealed a structural change of peripheral nerve structure that fits well to a minifascicle formation of peripheral nerves. CONCLUSION Mutations in DHH play a role in 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis and are associated with seminoma formation and a neuropathy with minifascicle formation. Gonadal dysgenesis in these cases may be due to impairment of Sertoli cell-Leydig cell interaction during gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Werner
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Hartmut Merz
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Wiebke Birnbaum
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Louise Marshall
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Tatjana Schröder
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Benedikt Reiz
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jennifer M Kavran
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Philipp Capetian
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (R.W., W.B., L.M., O.H.), Departments of Pathology (H.M.), Gynecology (T.S.), Neurology and Institute of Neurogenetics (P.C.), and Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neurogenetics (T.B.), Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics (B.R.), University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (J.M.K.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Hu ZY, Tang LD, Zhang HY, Niu JY, Lou M. Clinicopathological significance of steroidogenic factor-1 expression in ovarian cancer versus ovarian sex cord stromal tumor. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1429-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lewis SR, Hedman CJ, Ziegler T, Ricke WA, Jorgensen JS. Steroidogenic factor 1 promotes aggressive growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells by stimulating steroid synthesis and cell proliferation. Endocrinology 2014; 155:358-69. [PMID: 24265454 PMCID: PMC3891934 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of prostate cancer on androgens provides a targeted means of treating advanced disease. Unfortunately, androgen deprivation therapies eventually become ineffective, leading to deadly castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). One of many factors implicated in the transition to CRPC is the onset of de novo steroidogenesis. Although reactivation of steroid receptors likely plays a pivotal role in aggressive CRPC, little is understood regarding the mechanisms whereby prostate cancer cells initiate and maintain steroidogenesis. We hypothesize that steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1, NR5A1, AD4BP), a key regulator of steroidogenesis in normal endocrine tissues, is expressed in CRPC where it stimulates aberrant steroidogenesis and fuels aggressive growth. Notably, SF1 is not expressed in normal prostate tissue. Our results indicated that SF1 was absent in benign cells but present in aggressive prostate cancer cell lines. Introduction of ectopic SF1 expression in benign human prostate epithelial cells (BPH-1) stimulated increased steroidogenic enzyme expression, steroid synthesis, and cell proliferation. In contrast, data from an aggressive human prostate cancer cell line (BCaPT10) demonstrated that SF1 was required for steroid-mediated cell growth because BCaPT10 cell growth was diminished by abiraterone treatment and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of SF1 (shSF1). SF1-depleted cells also exhibited defective centrosome homeostasis. Finally, whereas xenograft experiments in castrated hosts with BCaPT10 control transplants grew large, invasive tumors, BCaPT10-shSF1 knockdown transplants failed to grow. Therefore, we conclude that SF1 stimulates steroid accumulation and controls centrosome homeostasis to mediate aggressive prostate cancer cell growth within a castrate environment. These findings present a new molecular mechanism and therapeutic target for deadly CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biosciences (S.R.L., J.S.J.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (J.S.J., W.A.R.), Madison, Wisconsin 53792, Environmental Health Division (C.J.H.), Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (C.J.H., T.Z.) Madison, Wisconsin 53715; Institute of Clinical and Translational Research (J.S.J., C.J.H., T.Z., W.A.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705; and Department of Urology (W.A.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
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Fabbri HC, de Andrade JGR, Soardi FC, de Calais FL, Petroli RJ, Maciel-Guerra AT, Guerra-Júnior G, de Mello MP. The novel p.Cys65Tyr mutation in NR5A1 gene in three 46,XY siblings with normal testosterone levels and their mother with primary ovarian insufficiency. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:7. [PMID: 24405868 PMCID: PMC3900668 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Disorders of sex development (DSD) is the term used for congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic sex is atypical. Nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 1 gene (NR5A1) encodes steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1), a transcription factor that is involved in gonadal development and regulates adrenal steroidogenesis. Mutations in the NR5A1 gene may lead to different 46,XX or 46,XY DSD phenotypes with or without adrenal failure. We report a Brazilian family with a novel NR5A1 mutation causing ambiguous genitalia in 46,XY affected individuals without Müllerian derivatives and apparently normal Leydig function after birth and at puberty, respectively. Their mother, who is also heterozygous for the mutation, presents evidence of primary ovarian insufficiency. Case presentation Three siblings with 46,XY DSD, ambiguous genitalia and normal testosterone production were included in the study. Molecular analyses for AR, SRD5A2 genes did not reveal any mutation. However, NR5A2 sequence analysis indicated that all three siblings were heterozygous for the p.Cys65Tyr mutation which was inherited from their mother. In silico analysis was carried out to elucidate the role of the amino acid change on the protein function. After the mutation was identified, all sibs and the mother had been reevaluated. Basal hormone concentrations were normal except that ACTH levels were slightly elevated. After 1 mcg ACTH stimulation test, only the older sib showed subnormal cortisol response. Conclusion The p.Cys65Tyr mutation located within the second zinc finger of DNA binding domain was considered deleterious upon analysis with predictive algorithms. The identification of heterozygous individuals with this novel mutation may bring additional knowledge on structural modifications that may influence NR5A1 DNA-binding ability, and may also contribute to genotype-phenotype correlations in DSD. The slightly elevated ACTH basal levels in all three patients with 46,XY DSD and the subnormal cortisol response after 1 mcg ACTH stimulation in the older sib indicate that a long-term follow-up for adrenal function is important for these patients. Our data reinforce that NR5A1 analysis must also be performed in 46,XY DSD patients with normal testosterone levels without AR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maricilda Palandi de Mello
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Cândido Rondon 400, 13083-875, Campinas, SP Brasil.
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