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Kong L, Wang H, Yan N, Xu C, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Guo X, Lu J, Hu S. Effect of antipsychotics and mood stabilisers on metabolism in bipolar disorder: a network meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 71:102581. [PMID: 38618207 PMCID: PMC11015341 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antipsychotics and mood stabilisers are gathering attention for the disturbance of metabolism. This network meta-analysis aims to evaluate and rank the metabolic effects of the commonly used antipsychotics and mood stabilisers in treating bipolar disorder (BD). Methods Registries including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Ovid, and Google Scholar were searched before February 15th, 2024, for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) applying antipsychotics or mood stabilisers for BD treatment. The observed outcomes were twelve metabolic indicators. The data were extracted by two reviewers independently, and confirmed by another four reviewers and a corresponding author. The above six reviewers all participated in data analyses. Data extraction was based on PRISMA guidelines, and quality assessment was conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook. Use a random effects model for data pooling. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42023466669. Findings Together, 5421 records were identified, and 41 publications with 11,678 complete-trial participants were confirmed eligible. After eliminating possible sensitivity, risperidone ranked 1st in elevating fasting serum glucose (SUCRA = 90.7%) and serum insulin (SUCRA = 96.6%). Lurasidone was most likely to elevate HbA1c (SUCRA = 82.1%). Olanzapine ranked 1st in elevating serum TC (SUCRA = 93.3%), TG (SUCRA = 89.6%), and LDL (SUCRA = 94.7%). Lamotrigine ranked 1st in reducing HDL (SUCRA = 82.6%). Amisulpride ranked 1st in elevating body weight (SUCRA = 100.0%). For subgroup analyses, quetiapine is more likely to affect indicators of glucose metabolism among male adult patients with bipolar mania, while long-term lurasidone tended to affect glucose metabolism among female patients with bipolar depression. Among patients under 18, divalproex tended to affect glucose metabolism, with lithium affecting lipid metabolism. In addition, most observed antipsychotics performed higher response and remission rates than placebo, and displayed a similar dropout rate with placebo, while no between-group significance of rate was observed among mood stabilisers. Interpretation Our findings suggest that overall, antipsychotics are effective in treating BD, while they are also more likely to disturb metabolism than mood stabilisers. Attention should be paid to individual applicability in clinical practice. The results put forward evidence-based information and clinical inspiration for drug compatibility and further research of the BD mechanism. Funding The National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC2506200), and the Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory (No. JNL-2023001B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhuo Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Huaizhi Wang
- School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Shanghai Jing ‘an District Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chenyue Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Hangzhou Medical College, School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiaonan Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Psychiatry, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Centre for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- MOE Frontier Science Centre for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Psychiatry, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Centre for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- MOE Frontier Science Centre for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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Rijal S, Jang SH, Park SJ, Han SK. Lithium Enhances the GABAergic Synaptic Activities on the Hypothalamic Preoptic Area (hPOA) Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3908. [PMID: 33918982 PMCID: PMC8069239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li+) salt is widely used as a therapeutic agent for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. Despite its therapeutic effects on neurological and psychiatric disorders, it can also disturb the neuroendocrine axis in patients under lithium therapy. The hypothalamic area contains GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons and their receptors, which regulate various hypothalamic functions such as the release of neurohormones, control circadian activities. At the neuronal level, several neurotransmitter systems are modulated by lithium exposure. However, the effect of Li+ on hypothalamic neuron excitability and the precise action mechanism involved in such an effect have not been fully understood yet. Therefore, Li+ action on hypothalamic neurons was investigated using a whole-cell patch-clamp technique. In hypothalamic neurons, Li+ increased the GABAergic synaptic activities via action potential independent presynaptic mechanisms. Next, concentration-dependent replacement of Na+ by Li+ in artificial cerebrospinal fluid increased frequencies of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents without altering their amplitudes. Li+ perfusion induced inward currents in the majority of hypothalamic neurons independent of amino-acids receptor activation. These results suggests that Li+ treatment can directly affect the hypothalamic region of the brain and regulate the release of various neurohormones involved in synchronizing the neuroendocrine axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seong Kyu Han
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (S.R.); (S.H.J.); (S.J.P.)
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Habib A, Shytle RD, Sawmiller D, Koilraj S, Munna SA, Rongo D, Hou H, Borlongan CV, Currier G, Tan J. Comparing the effect of the novel ionic cocrystal of lithium salicylate proline (LISPRO) with lithium carbonate and lithium salicylate on memory and behavior in female APPswe/PS1dE9 Alzheimer's mice. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1066-1080. [PMID: 31102295 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive decline of cognition and associated neuropsychiatric signs including weight loss, anxiety, depression, agitation, and aggression, which is particularly pronounced in the female gender. Previously, we have shown that a novel ionic co-crystal of lithium salicylate proline (LISPRO) is an improved lithium formulation compared to the carbonate or salicylate form of lithium in terms of safety and efficacy in reducing AD pathology in Alzheimer's mice. The current study is designed to compare the prophylactic effects of LISPRO, lithium carbonate (LC), and lithium salicylate (LS) on cognitive and noncognitive impairments in female transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mice. Female APPswe/PS1dE9 mice at 4 months of age were orally treated with low-dose LISPRO, LS, or LC for 9 months at 2.25 mmol lithium/kg/day followed by determination of body weight, growth of internal organs, and cognitive and noncognitive behavior. No significant differences in body or internal organ weight, anxiety or locomotor activity were found between lithium treated and untreated APPswe/PS1dE9 cohorts. LISPRO, LC, and LS prevented spatial cognitive decline, as determined by Morris water maze and depression as determined by tail suspension test. In addition, LISPRO treatment was superior in preventing associative memory decline determined by contextual fear conditioning and reducing irritability determined by touch escape test in comparison with LC and LS. In conclusion, low-dose LISPRO, LC, and LS treatment prevent spatial cognitive decline and depression-like behavior, while LISPRO prevented hippocampal-dependent associative memory decline and irritability in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Habib
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - R Douglas Shytle
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Darrell Sawmiller
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Selina Koilraj
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sadia Afrin Munna
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - David Rongo
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Huayan Hou
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Glenn Currier
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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García-Maldonado G, Castro-García RDJ. Endocrinological Disorders Related to the Medical Use of Lithium. A Narrative Review. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2019; 48:35-43. [PMID: 30651171 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prescribing of Lithium is common in psychiatric clinical practice. The aim of this study was to identify the most common endocrine side effects associated with this drug and to clarify the pathophysiological basis. A systematic review was conducted in Psycinfo, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus. A computerised search for information was performed using a PICO (patient, intervention, comparative, outcomes) strategy. The main neuroendocrine alterations were reported in kidneys, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreas, and the communication pathways between the pituitary and adrenal glands. The pathophysiological mechanisms are diverse, and include the inhibition of the thyroid adenylate cyclase sensitive to the thyroid stimulant hormone (TSH) sensitive adenylate cyclase, which causes hypothyroidism. It also reduces the expression of aquaporin type 2, which is associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and the loss of the ionic balance of calcium that induces hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia. Other considerations are related to alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a decrease in the production of catecholamines. Finally, another side-effect is the glycaemic dysregulation caused by the insulin resistance. Periodical clinical and para-clinical evaluations are necessary. The author proposes an evaluation scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo García-Maldonado
- Hospital Psiquiátrico de Tampico, Secretaría de Salud, Tamaulipas, México; Facultad de Medicina Dr. Alberto Romo Caballero, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas, México.
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Nederlof M, Heerdink ER, Egberts ACG, Wilting I, Stoker LJ, Hoekstra R, Kupka RW. Monitoring of patients treated with lithium for bipolar disorder: an international survey. Int J Bipolar Disord 2018; 6:12. [PMID: 29654479 PMCID: PMC6161983 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-018-0120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate monitoring of patients using lithium is needed for optimal dosing and for early identification of patients with (potential) ADEs. The objective was to internationally assess how health care professionals monitor patients treated with lithium for bipolar disorder. Methods Using networks of various professional organizations, an anonymous online survey was conducted among health care professionals prescribing lithium. Target lithium serum levels and frequency of monitoring was assessed together with monitoring of physical and laboratory parameters. Reasons to and not to monitor and use of guidelines and institutional protocols, and local monitoring systems were investigated. Results The survey was completed by 117 health care professionals incorporating responses from twenty-four countries. All prescribers reported to monitor lithium serum levels on a regular basis, with varying target ranges. Almost all (> 97%) monitored thyroid and renal function before start and during maintenance treatment. Reported monitoring of other laboratory and physical parameters was variable. The majority of respondents (74%) used guidelines or institutional protocols for monitoring. In general, the prescriber was responsible for monitoring, had to request every monitoring parameter separately and only a minority of patients was automatically invited. Conclusions Lithium serum levels, renal and thyroid function were monitored by (almost) all physicians. However, there was considerable variation in other monitoring parameters. Our results help to understand why prescribers of lithium monitor patients and what their main reasons are not to monitor patients using lithium. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40345-018-0120-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nederlof
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Brocacef Ziekenhuisfarmacie, 3600 AB, Maarssen, The Netherlands
| | - E R Heerdink
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Research Group Innovation of Pharmaceutical Care, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A C G Egberts
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I Wilting
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L J Stoker
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Hoekstra
- Antes, Delta Psychiatric Center, 3709 DZ, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R W Kupka
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, A.J. Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sethy RR, Sinha VK. Effect of lithium on thyroid function in adolescents with mood disorder. Asian J Psychiatr 2016; 24:41-45. [PMID: 27931904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to determine thyroid gland volume and the frequency of thyroid dysfunction by using ultrasonography and laboratory parameters (TSH, T3, and T4) in long term lithium treated adolescent patients with mood disorder. METHODOLOGY In a cross-sectional study, we performed ultrasonography and thyroid function test in 30 adolescent patients on long-term lithium treatment for mood disorder. Patients with adequate serum lithium levels for one year or more were taken for the study. Ultrasonography examinations of thyroid gland and thyroid function test were performed in these patients. Patients who were on other mood stabilizers were taken up as controls. RESULT The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and ultrasonographically measured thyroid volume were significantly higher in patients receiving lithium in comparison to patients with other mood stabilizers. A significant positive correlation was found between total thyroid volume and TSH levels. CONCLUSION Adolescent mood disorder patients on long term lithium therapy have increased thyroid volume and isolated increases in serum TSH levels compared to those on other mood stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Ranjan Sethy
- Department of Psychiatry, IMS & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar Sinha
- Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central institute of psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi, India
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Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Updates Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-5758-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Multisystemic Side Effects of an Indispensable Old Drug: A Case Report of Chronic Lithium Use (A Patient with Multiple Side Effects of Lithium). Case Rep Med 2015; 2015:473931. [PMID: 26604931 PMCID: PMC4641201 DOI: 10.1155/2015/473931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Presented here is a case of long-term lithium use, with multiple emerging lithium-associated side effects. An 82-year-old woman was brought into the emergency department because of loss of consciousness. According to the physical examination and laboratory analyses, patient was diagnosed with lithium-associated hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), symptomatic sinus bradycardia, and thyroid dysfunction. In the literature, there is a limited number of case reports with lithium induced multiple clinical conditions. Multiple clinical manifestations due to the side effects of chronic lithium use might be seen. Health care professionals should keep in mind that lithium-related side effects might trigger or exacerbate each other. To avoid toxicity, close follow-up and clinical supervision are important for the early diagnosis and treatment of these side effects, due to the narrow therapeutic index and obscure clinical signs and symptoms of toxicity.
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Oliveira TCD, Campos Neto IAD, Aguiar-Oliveira MHD, Pereira FDA. Evaluation of parathyroid function and mineral metabolism in psychiatric patients using lithium salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 58:619-24. [PMID: 25211444 DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000002983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate parathyroid function and mineral metabolism in psychiatric patients users of lithium salts. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured the serum levels of calcium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), urea, creatinine, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and lithium of 35 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder in use of lithium carbonate (LC) for at least one year (Lithium Group - LG) and 35 healthy subjects (Control Group - CG). RESULTS The LG and CG were matched by sex and age. There was only statistic difference in relation to the levels of PTH and ionized calcium, with p < 0.004 and p < 0.03, respectively. Secondary form of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) was found in eight (22.8%) LG patients and in none of the CG. There was no correlation between lithemia, usage time and dosage of LC. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that lithium may create an imbalance in the parathyroid axis, characterized by elevated levels of PTH.
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Kiełczykowska M, Kocot J, Kurzepa J, Lewandowska A, Żelazowska R, Musik I. Could selenium administration alleviate the disturbances of blood parameters caused by lithium administration in rats? Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:359-64. [PMID: 24676629 PMCID: PMC4012153 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is widely used in medicine, but its administration can cause numerous side effects. The present study aimed at the evaluation of the possible application of selenium, an essential and antioxidant element, as a protective agent against lithium toxicity. The experiment was performed on four groups of Wistar rats: I (control)-treated with saline, II (Li)-treated with lithium (Li2CO3), III (Se)-treated with selenium (Na2SeO3) and IV (Li + Se)-treated with lithium and selenium (Li2CO3 and Na2SeO3) in the form of water solutions by stomach tube for 6 weeks. The following biochemical parameters were measured: concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, glucose, total protein and albumin and activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum as well as whole blood superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Morphological parameters such as red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, platelets, white blood cells, neutrophils as well as lymphocytes were determined. Lithium significantly increased serum calcium and glucose (2.65 ± 0.17 vs. 2.43 ± 0.11; 162 ± 31 vs. 121 ± 14, respectively), whereas magnesium and albumin were decreased (1.05 ± 0.08 vs. 1.21 ± 0.15; 3.85. ± 0.12 vs. 4.02 ± 0.08, respectively). Selenium given with lithium restored these parameters to values similar to those observed in the control (Ca-2.49 ± 0.08, glucose-113 ± 26, Mg-1.28 ± 0.09, albumin-4.07 ± 0.11). Se alone or co-administered with Li significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase and glutathione peroxidase. The obtained outcomes let us suggest that the continuation of research on the application of selenium as an adjuvant in lithium therapy seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kiełczykowska
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kocot
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lewandowska
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Żelazowska
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Irena Musik
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Lozano R. Lithium and phosphorilation cell reactions. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA E METABOLOGIA 2013; 57:571-572. [PMID: 24232825 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302013000700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Kibirige D, Luzinda K, Ssekitoleko R. Spectrum of lithium induced thyroid abnormalities: a current perspective. Thyroid Res 2013; 6:3. [PMID: 23391071 PMCID: PMC3568739 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Lithium is an integral drug used in the management of acute mania, unipolar and bipolar depression and prophylaxis of bipolar disorders. Thyroid abnormalities associated with treatment with lithium have been widely reported in medical literature to date. These include goitre, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. This current review explores the varied thyroid abnormalities frequently encountered among patients on lithium therapy and their management, since lithium is still a fundamental and widely drug used in psychiatry and Internal Medicine. METHODS PubMed database and Google scholar were used to search for relevant English language articles relating to lithium therapy and thyroid abnormalities up to December 2012. The search terms used were lithium treatment, thyroid abnormalities, thyroid dysfunction, goitre, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, autoimmune thyroiditis, lithium toxicity, treatment of affective disorders and depression and side effects of antipsychotic drugs. Reference lists of the identified articles were further used to identify other studies. RESULTS Lithium affects normal thyroid functioning through multiple mechanisms. At the cellular level, it decreases thyroid hormone synthesis and release. It also decreases peripheral deiodination of tetraiodothyronine (T4) or thyroxine by decreasing the activity of type I 5' de-iodinase enzyme. Hypothyroidism and goitre (clinically and/ultrasonographically detected) are the most prevalent thyroid abnormalities among patients on long term lithium therapy. Lithium induced hyperthyroidism is very infrequent. Lithium increases the propensity to thyroid autoimmunity in susceptible individuals due to its effect of augmenting the activity of B lymphocytes and reducing the ratio of circulating suppressor to cytotoxic T cells. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid function tests (serum thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroid hormones-T4 and triiodothyronine [T3] concentrations and thyroid auto-antibodies) and assessment of thyroid size clinically and by thyroid ultrasonography ought to be performed among patients initiating lithium therapy at baseline and later annually. More frequent assessment of thyroid function status and size during the course of therapy is recommended among middle aged females (≥50 years), patients with a family history of thyroid disease and those positive for thyroid auto-antibodies (anti-thyroid peroxidase and TSH receptor antibodies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Kibirige
- Department of Medicine, Uganda Martyrs Hospital Lubaga, Kampala, Uganda.
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