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Ali S, Mehri F, Nasiri R, Limam I, Fakhri Y. Fluoride in Raw Rice (Oryza sativa): a Global Systematic Review and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4324-4333. [PMID: 38103108 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the essential staple foods highly consumed globally, with nearly 40% to 45% of the global population estimated to consume rice. Therefore, consumable rice should have low levels of harmful elements. This study investigates fluoride (F¯) content in raw rice (uncooked rice) and evaluates Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment (PHRA) through Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) due to the consumption of F¯ enriched rice. The literature review reveals that limited studies have been conducted on the investigation of F¯ in raw rice. The fluoride (F¯) concentration in raw rice varies across the studied countries, indicating the need for additional studies to facilitate a more accurate comparison. The F¯ content in raw rice varied among the studied countries, making it difficult to definitively state that the concentration of F¯ in one country is higher. However, the concentration of F¯ in raw rice in India is notably elevated. This study also highlighted the importance of investigating the F¯ content in raw rice. The study will be highly helpful for policymakers to formulate guidelines for water used for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Ali
- Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- CAWTM, MRIIRS, Sector 43, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rasul Nasiri
- Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Intissar Limam
- Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis, Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet, and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Sawangjang B, Takizawa S. Re-evaluating fluoride intake from food and drinking water: Effect of boiling and fluoride adsorption on food. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130162. [PMID: 36257112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although drinking water is the main source of fluoride intake, recent studies reported that fluoride intake from foods could also be high, depending on cooking methods. In this study, we quantified the fluoride accumulation in foods soaked or boiled in fluoride-containing water and assessed the fluoride intake in different age groups from food and drinking water. We observed that, in the case of rice soaked in fluoride-containing water, more fluoride was accumulated in the rice than previously estimated. Fluoride interferes with the iodine staining process of rice, indicating fluoride adsorption. Fluoride accumulation in rice and vegetables increased when the soaking temperature was raised to 100 °C due to the gelatinization of rice grains and softening of vegetables. Ingesting foods boiled in fluoride-containing water increased the fluoride intake per body weight of infants more significantly than that in children and adults due to their low body weight. These results indicate that soaking and boiling foods in fluoride-containing water significantly increases fluoride intake compared to previous estimations. Therefore, it is necessary to re-evaluate the fluoride intake from food and drinking water considering the methods used for cooking food in each country and region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyapa Sawangjang
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Takizawa
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Yadav KK, Kumar S, Pham QB, Gupta N, Rezania S, Kamyab H, Yadav S, Vymazal J, Kumar V, Tri DQ, Talaiekhozani A, Prasad S, Reece LM, Singh N, Maurya PK, Cho J. Fluoride contamination, health problems and remediation methods in Asian groundwater: A comprehensive review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109362. [PMID: 31254856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In low concentration, fluoride is considered a necessary compound for human health. Exposure to high concentrations of fluoride is the reason for a serious disease called fluorosis. Fluorosis is categorized as Skeletal and Dental fluorosis. Several Asian countries, such as India, face contamination of water resources with fluoride. In this study, a comprehensive overview on fluoride contamination in Asian water resources has been presented. Since water contamination with fluoride in India is higher than other Asian countries, a separate section was dedicated to review published articles on fluoride contamination in this country. The status of health effects in Asian countries was another topic that was reviewed in this study. The effects of fluoride on human organs/systems such as urinary, renal, endocrine, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, brain, and reproductive systems were another topic that was reviewed in this study. Different methods to remove fluoride from water such as reverse osmosis, electrocoagulation, nanofiltration, adsorption, ion-exchange and precipitation/coagulation were introduced in this study. Although several studies have been carried out on contamination of water resources with fluoride, the situation of water contamination with fluoride and newly developed technology to remove fluoride from water in Asian countries has not been reviewed. Therefore, this review is focused on these issues: 1) The status of fluoride contamination in Asian countries, 2) health effects of fluoride contamination in drinking water in Asia, and 3) the existing current technologies for defluoridation in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi, 284128, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Quoc Bao Pham
- Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Neha Gupta
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi, 284128, India
| | - Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Shalini Yadav
- Department of Civil Engineering Rabindranath Tagore University Raisen, Madhya Prades, India
| | - Jan Vymazal
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi, 284128, India
| | - Doan Quang Tri
- Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | | | - Shiv Prasad
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Lisa M Reece
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Neeraja Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Maurya
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangari Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
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Aimée NR, van Wijk AJ, Varjão MM, Paes AB, Lourenço J, Mestrinho HD, Carvalho JC. Changes in Adolescents' Oral Health Status: Responsiveness of the Child Perception Questionnaire11-14. Caries Res 2019; 54:15-23. [PMID: 31362297 DOI: 10.1159/000501587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in oral health status following treatment should be assessed clinically as well as by patients' reported outcomes. This study investigated changes on oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of adolescents enrolled in a comprehensive oral health care program for caries and gingival conditions. The sensitivity of the Child Perception Questionnaire11-14 (CPQ11-14) to detect clinical changes, that is, its responsiveness, was assessed. A total of 618 10-15-year adolescents answered the questionnaire before treatment and 560 at follow-up after 1 year. In the follow-up, 2 additional global transition judgment questions were asked. The adolescents were clinically and radiographically examined. At the baseline, 374 adolescents needed only nonoperative treatment, whereas 274 needed non- and operative treatments. After 1 year, the adolescents were regrouped according to the fulfillment of their treatment needs in Group 1 (n = 363) needing/receiving nonoperative treatment only; Group 2 (n = 98) needing/receiving both non- and operative treatments; Group 3 (n = 99) receiving nonoperative treatment only, while needing also operative treatment. The CPQ11-14 total mean change scores by the global transition judgment on self-perceived oral health status indicated significant differences (p < 0.001, ANOVA; internal responsiveness). The effect of the program for the treatment groups was significant (p = 0.014, ANCOVA; external responsiveness). The effect size for the change scores was of moderate magnitude. In conclusion, an overall improvement of adolescents' OHRQoL was observed following 1-year oral health care program for caries and gingival conditions. The CPQ11-14 was internally and externally sensitive to detect substantial clinical changes. The CPQ11-14 seems appropriate for measuring long-term changes on adolescents' OHRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Aimée
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Arjen J van Wijk
- Department of Social Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magmara M Varjão
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana B Paes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Lima CV, Tenuta LMA, Cury JA. Fluoride Increase in Saliva and Dental Biofilm due to a Meal Prepared with Fluoridated Water or Salt: A Crossover Clinical Study. Caries Res 2018; 53:41-48. [PMID: 29879711 DOI: 10.1159/000489132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about fluoride delivery to oral fluids from foods cooked with fluoridated water and salt is scarce, and no study has evaluated fluoride concentrations in saliva or biofilm during meal consumption. In this randomized double-blind crossover study, 12 volunteers ingested meals (rice, beans, meat, and legumes) prepared with nonfluoridated water and salt (control group), fluoridated water (0.70 mg F/L; water group), and fluoridated salt (183.7 mg F/kg; salt group). Whole saliva was collected before meal ingestion, during mastication, and up to 2 h after meal ingestion. Dental biofilm was collected before and immediately after meal ingestion. Fluoride concentrations in saliva and dental biofilm were determined by an ion-specific electrode. The mean (±standard deviation; n = 4) fluoride concentrations in meals prepared for the control, water, and salt groups were 0.039 ± 0.01, 0.43 ± 0.04, and 1.71 ± 0.32 μg F/g, respectively. The three groups had significantly different fluoride concentrations in saliva collected during mastication (p < 0.0001) and after meal ingestion (p < 0.04; salt > water > control). The fluoride concentration in saliva returned to baseline 30 min after meal ingestion in the water group but remained high for up to 2 h in the salt group (p = 0.002). The fluoride concentration in biofilm fluid differed only between the salt and control groups (p = 0.008). The mastication of foods cooked with fluoridated water and salt increases fluoride concentrations in oral fluids and may contribute to the local effect of these community-based fluoride interventions on caries control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina V Lima
- Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Livia M A Tenuta
- Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jaime A Cury
- Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba,
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Kazi TG, Brahman KD, Afridi HI, Shah F, Arain MB. Effects of high fluoride content in livestock drinking water on milk samples of different cattle in endemic area of Pakistan: risk assessment for children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12909-12914. [PMID: 29478165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride in trace quantity is beneficial for human beings, serving to strengthen the apatite matrix of skeletal tissues and teeth, whereas high intake causes adverse impacts. In the present study, the effect of fluoride-contaminated drinking water of livestock on the milk samples of different cattle, belonging to a fluoride-endemic area (Tharparkar, Pakistan), was studied. In milk samples of different cattle (cows, camels, sheep, and goats), free and bound fluoride forms and its total (free (F-) + bound (F-)) contents were measured by ion-selective electrode. The concentration of fluoride in drinking water of livestock was also analyzed, as found in the range of 11.8-33.5 mg/L. The concentration of total fluoride in the milk samples of sheep, goats, cows, and camels were observed in the range of 1.72-2.43, 1.40-2.03, 0.835-1.41, and 0.425-0.897 mg/L, respectively. The resulted data indicated that the concentration of fluoride was higher in the milk samples of smaller cattle (sheep and goat), as compared to cow and camel. The fluoride in milk samples of all cattle appeared dominantly in free form. The percentage values of bound fluoride in the milk samples of sheep, goats, and cows were found to be 6.76, 11.6, and 19.7% in total, respectively, while in camel milk, the percentage was below the detection limit. The estimated daily intake of fluoride contents on consuming different types of milk by children age ranged 1.0 to 3.0 years was evaluated. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Kapil Dev Brahman
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Shah
- Comastic Institute of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Ozbek N, Akman S. Solid sampling determination of total fluorine in baby food samples by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 211:180-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dental caries, fluorosis, oral health determinants, and quality of life in adolescents. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1811-1820. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zohoori FV, Maguire A. Development of a Database of the Fluoride Content of Selected Drinks and Foods in the UK. Caries Res 2016; 50:331-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000445981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to monitor systemic fluoride (F) intake from foods, drinks and inadvertent toothpaste ingestion in order to minimise the risk of dental fluorosis while maximising caries prevention. In the UK, an F database containing the F content of commercially available foods and drinks was compiled from 518 products analysed using an acid-diffusion method and F-ion-selective electrode. The individual products analysed ranged from <0.01 µg F/100 g for butter/margarine (miscellaneous foods group) to 1,054.20 µg F/100 g for canned sardines (fish group). These findings, along with the wide range of F contents found within the food groups, highlight the need for comprehensive F content labelling of food and drink products.
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Lima CV, Cury JA, Vale GC, Lima MD, Moura LDFA, de Moura MS. Total Fluoride Intake by Children from a Tropical Brazilian City. Caries Res 2015; 49:640-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000442029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main sources of fluoride intake by children are fluoridated water and toothpaste. Little has been studied regarding fluoride intake from these sources in regions with tropical climates and high temperatures throughout the year. This study aimed to determine the amount of fluoride ingested from diet and tooth brushing by children who live in a city with a tropical climate. Sixty-seven children from Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, took part in this study. The city's water supply was optimally fluoridated. The duplicate-diet method was used to determine the fluoride intake from diet. The intake of fluoride from dentifrice was determined by subtracting the amount of fluoride placed on the toothbrush and that recovered after brushing. The concentration of fluoride was measured using an ion-specific electrode and is expressed as milligrams/kilogram of body weight/day. The mean (±SD) total amount was 0.071 ± 0.036 mg F/kg body weight/day, and the relative contributions of diet and toothpaste were 0.025 ± 0.010 and 0.046 ± 0.035, respectively. The factors associated with fluoride intake from toothpaste were: use of children's toothpaste (p = 0.003), use of large amounts of toothpaste (p < 0.001), and a high frequency of tooth brushing (p = 0.003). Sixty-four percent of children had an intake of less than 0.07 mg F/kg body weight/day, which is considered the upper limit for an aesthetically tolerable fluorosis risk. The results suggest that the amount of fluoride ingested by most children who live in a Brazilian city with a tropical climate is considered safe in terms of the risk of dental fluorosis.
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Rocha RA, Rojas D, Clemente MJ, Ruiz A, Devesa V, Vélez D. Quantification of fluoride in food by microwave acid digestion and fluoride ion-selective electrode. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10708-10713. [PMID: 24127658 DOI: 10.1021/jf403728r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To quantify fluoride in food it is necessary to extract the fluoride from the matrix. Dry ashing (alkali fusion) and facilitated diffusion are the methods most commonly used, but their application requires lengthy treatments. The present study proposes the use of a microwave oven and 7 mol/L nitric acid for simple, rapid digestion of foods for fluoride analysis. The analyte is subsequently quantified by fluoride ion-selective electrode. The various steps of the method were optimized and an in-house validation was performed. The limit of quantification (0.130 mg/kg), trueness (92%), recovery (84-101%), and precision (1-8%) were determined. These analytical characteristics are satisfactory and show the suitability of the method for analysis of fluoride in foods of various kinds. The method's ease of application and the use of equipment normally found in food analysis laboratories may help to further increase research on fluoride concentrations in foods consumed by the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- René A Rocha
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC) , Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
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McGrady MG, Ellwood RP, Srisilapanan P, Korwanich N, Worthington HV, Pretty IA. Dental fluorosis in populations from Chiang Mai, Thailand with different fluoride exposures - paper 1: assessing fluorosis risk, predictors of fluorosis and the potential role of food preparation. BMC Oral Health 2012; 12:16. [PMID: 22720834 PMCID: PMC3478176 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the severity of dental fluorosis in selected populations in Chiang Mai, Thailand with different exposures to fluoride and to explore possible risk indicators for dental fluorosis. Methods Subjects were male and female lifetime residents aged 8–13 years. For each child the fluoride content of drinking and cooking water samples were assessed. Digital images were taken of the maxillary central incisors for later blind scoring for TF index (10% repeat scores). Interview data explored previous cooking and drinking water use, exposure to fluoride, infant feeding patterns and oral hygiene practices. Results Data from 560 subjects were available for analysis (298 M, 262 F). A weighted kappa of 0.80 was obtained for repeat photographic scores. The prevalence of fluorosis (TF 3+) for subjects consuming drinking and cooking water with a fluoride concentration of <0.9 ppm was 10.2%. For subjects consuming drinking and cooking water >0.9 ppm F the prevalence of fluorosis (TF 3+) rose to 37.3%. Drinking and cooking water at age 3, water used for infant formula and water used for preparing infant food all demonstrated an increase in fluorosis severity with increase in water fluoride level (p < 0.001). The probability estimate for the presentation of aesthetically significant fluorosis was 0.53 for exposure to high fluoride drinking (≥0.9 ppm) and cooking water (≥1.6 ppm). Conclusions The consumption of drinking water with fluoride content >0.9 ppm and use of cooking water with fluoride content >1.6 ppm were associated with an increased risk of aesthetically significant dental fluorosis. Fluoride levels in the current drinking and cooking water sources were strongly correlated with fluorosis severity. Further work is needed to explore fluorosis risk in relation to total fluoride intake from all sources including food preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G McGrady
- School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, England, UK.
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Effect of discontinuation of fluoride intake from water and toothpaste on urinary excretion in young children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2132-41. [PMID: 21776221 PMCID: PMC3138016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8062132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As there is no homeostatic mechanism for maintaining circulating fluoride (F) in the human body, the concentration may decrease and increase again when intake is interrupted and re-started. The present study prospectively evaluated this process in children exposed to F intake from water and toothpaste, using F in urine as a biomarker. Eleven children from Ibiá, Brazil (with sub-optimally fluoridated water supply) aged two to four years who regularly used fluoridated toothpaste (1,100 ppm F) took part in the study. Twenty-four-hour urine was collected at baseline (Day 0, F exposure from water and toothpaste) as well as after the interruption of fluoride intake from water and dentifrice (Days 1 to 28) (F interruption) and after fluoride intake from these sources had been re-established (Days 29 to 34) (F re-exposure). Urinary volume was measured, fluoride concentration was determined and the amount of fluoride excreted was calculated and expressed in mg F/day. Urinary fluoride excretion (UFE) during the periods of fluoride exposure, interruption and re-exposure was analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Mean UFE was 0.25 mg F/day (SD: 0.15) at baseline, dropped to a mean of 0.14 mg F/day during F interruption (SD: 0.07; range: 0.11 to 0.17 mg F/day) and rose to 0.21 (SD: 0.09) and 0.19 (SD: 0.08) following F re-exposure. The difference between baseline UFE and the period of F interruption was statistically significant (p<0.05), while the difference between baseline and the period of F re-exposure was non-significant (p>0.05). The findings suggest that circulating F in the body of young children rapidly decreases in the first 24 hours and again increases very fast after discontinuation and re-exposure of F from water and toothpaste.
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Martinez-Mier EA, Kelly SA, Eckert GJ, Jackson RD. Comparison of a dietary survey and the duplicate plate method for determining dietary fluoride ingested by young children: a pilot study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2009; 19:99-107. [PMID: 19207734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2008.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigators have attempted to establish the diet's contribution to the total body burden of fluoride in response to a reported trend towards an increase in fluoride intake. AIM The aim of this study was to compare the suitability of two methods to collect dietary data for fluoride intake assessment. DESIGN Assessments were made in 12 children using the duplicate plate and dietary diary methods following a randomized cross-over design. Foods and beverages were analysed for fluoride, and total fluoride intake per day was calculated. Results from each method were compared. RESULTS Mean beverage fluoride intake was estimated at 316 +/- 120 and 422 +/- 195 microg/day utilizing the diary and duplicate plate methods, respectively. Mean food fluoride intake was estimated at 188 +/- 48 microg/day using the diary, whereas it was 130 +/- 41 microg using the duplicate plate method. Total fluoride intake was 504 +/- 138 and 552 +/- 192 microg/day utilizing the diary and duplicate methods. Large variations in daily fluoride intake from both beverages and food were observed between and within children. CONCLUSIONS Both methods had inherent shortcomings and sources of error. The duplicate method was more labour intensive and costly; however, the diary method required a large number of assumptions. A combination of both methods seems to be most suitable to obtain reliable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Angeles Martinez-Mier
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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