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Shleeva MO, Kaprelyants AS. Hypobiosis of Mycobacteria: Biochemical Aspects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:S52-S74. [PMID: 37069114 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Under suboptimal growth conditions, bacteria can transit to the dormant forms characterized by a significantly reduced metabolic activity, resistance to various stress factors, and absence of cell proliferation. Traditionally, the dormant state is associated with the formation of highly differentiated cysts and spores. However, non-spore-forming bacteria can transfer to the dormant-like hypobiotic state with the generation of less differentiated cyst-like forms (which are different from spores). This review focuses on morphological and biochemical changes occurred during formation of dormant forms of mycobacteria in particular pathogenic M. tuberculosis (Mtb) caused latent forms of tuberculosis. These forms are characterized by the low metabolic activity, the absence of cell division, resistance to some antibiotics, marked morphological changes, and loss of ability to grow on standard solid media ("non-culturable" state). Being produced in vitro, dormant Mtb retained ability to maintain latent infection in mice. After a long period of dormancy, mycobacteria retain a number of stable proteins with a potential enzymatic activity which could participate in maintaining of low-level metabolic activity in period of dormancy. Indeed, the metabolomic analysis showed significant levels of metabolites in the dormant cells even after a long period of dormancy, which may be indicative of residual metabolism in dormant mycobacteria. Special role may play intracellularly accumulated trehalose in dormant mycobacteria. Trehalose appears to stabilize dormant cells, as evidenced by the direct correlation between the trehalose content and cell viability during the long-term dormancy. In addition, trehalose can be considered as a reserve energy substrate consumed during reactivation of dormant mycobacteria due to the ATP-dependent conversion of trehalase from the latent to the active state. Another feature of dormant mycobacteria is a high representation of proteins participating in the enzymatic defense against stress factors and of low-molecular-weight compounds protecting cells in the absence of replication. Dormant mycobacteria contain a large number of hydrolyzing enzymes, which, on the one hand, ensure inactivation of biomolecules damaged by stress. On the other hand, the products of these enzymatic reactions can be used for the maintenance of energy state and vital activity of bacterial cells during their long-term survival in the dormant state, i.e., for creating a situation that we propose to refer to as the "catabolic survival". In general, dormant non-replicating mycobacterial cells can be described as morphologically altered forms that contain principal macromolecules and are stabilized and protected from the damaging factors by an arsenal of proteins and low-molecular-weight compounds. Because of the presumable occurrence of metabolic reactions in such cells, this form of survival should be referred to as hypobiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita O Shleeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Arseny S Kaprelyants
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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Ali MR, Bacchu MS, Setu MAA, Akter S, Hasan MN, Chowdhury FT, Rahman MM, Ahommed MS, Khan MZH. Development of an advanced DNA biosensor for pathogenic Vibrio cholerae detection in real sample. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 188:113338. [PMID: 34030094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the epidemics of emerging microbial diseases worldwide, the accurate and rapid quantification of pathogenic bacteria is extremely critical. In this work, a highly sensitive DNA-based electrochemical biosensor has been developed to detect Vibrio cholerae using gold nanocube and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with DNA carrier matrix. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) experiments were performed to interrogate the proposed sensor at each stage of preparation. The biosensor has demonstrated high sensitivity with a wide linear response range to target DNA from 10-8 to 10-14 (R2= 0.992) and 10-14 to 10-27 molL-1 (R2= 0.993) with a limit of detection (LOD) value of 7.41 × 10-30 molL-1 (S/N = 5). The biosensor also exhibits a selective detection behavior in bacterial cultures that belong to the same and distant genera. Moreover, the proposed sensor can be used for six consecutive DNA assays with a repeatability relative standard deviations (RSD) value of 5% (n = 5). Besides, the DNA biosensor shows excellent recovery for detecting V. cholerae in poultry feces, indicating that the designed biosensor could become a powerful tool for pathogenic microorganisms screening in clinical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ali
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh; Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - M S Bacchu
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh; Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - M A A Setu
- Dept. of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - S Akter
- Dept. of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - M N Hasan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh; Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - F T Chowdhury
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 7205, Bangladesh
| | - M M Rahman
- Dept. of General Educational Development (GED), Daffodil International University, Mirpur Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - M S Ahommed
- Dept. of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - M Z H Khan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh; Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.
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Gao R, Liao X, Zhao X, Liu D, Ding T. The diagnostic tools for viable but nonculturable pathogens in the food industry: Current status and future prospects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2146-2175. [PMID: 33484068 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) microorganisms have been recognized as pathogenic contaminants in foods and environments. The failure of VBNC cells to form the visible colonies hinders the ability to use conventional media for their detection. Efficient and rapid detection of pathogens in the VBNC state is a prerequisite to ensure the food safety and public health. Despite their nonculturability, VBNC cells have distinct characteristics, such as morphology, metabolism, chemical composition, and gene and protein expression, that have been used as the basis for the development of abundant diagnostic tools. This review covers the current status and advances in various approaches for examining microorganisms in the VBNC state, including but not limited to the methodological aspects, advantages, and drawbacks of each technique. Existing methods, such as direct viable count, SYTO/PI dual staining, and propidium monoazide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as some techniques with potential to be applied in the future, such as digital PCR, enhanced-surface Raman spectroscopy, and impedance-based techniques, are summarized in depth. Finally, future prospects for the one-step detection of VBNC bacteria are proposed and discussed. We believe that this review can provide more optional methods for researchers and promote the development of rapid, accurate detecting methods, and for inspectors, the diagnostic tools can provide data to undertake risk analysis of VBNC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xihong Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Immunodiagnostic of Vibrio cholerae O1 using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor. Int Microbiol 2020; 24:115-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-020-00148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ramamurthy T, Das B, Chakraborty S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Sack DA. Diagnostic techniques for rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O1/O139. Vaccine 2019; 38 Suppl 1:A73-A82. [PMID: 31427135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cholera caused by the toxigenic Vibrio cholerae is still a major public health problem in many countries. This disease is mainly due to poor sanitation, hygiene and consumption of unsafe water. Several recent epidemics of cholera showed its increasing intensity, duration and severity of the illness. This indicates an urgent need for effective management and preventive measures in controlling the outbreaks and epidemics. In preventing and spread of epidemic cholera, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are useful in screening suspected stool specimens, water/food samples. Several RDTs developed recently are considered as investigative tools in confirming cholera cases, as the culture techniques are difficult to establish and/or maintain. The usefulness of RDTs will be more at the point-of-care facilities as it helps to make appropriate decisions in the management of outbreaks or epidemiological surveillance by the public health authorities. Apart from RDTs, several other tests are available for the direct detection of either V. cholerae or its cholera toxin. Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state of V. cholerae poses a great challenge in developing RDTs. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of current knowledge about RDT and other techniques with reference to their status and future potentials in detecting cholera/V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Xu T, Cao H, Zhu W, Wang M, Du Y, Yin Z, Chen M, Liu Y, Yang B, Liu B. RNA-seq-based monitoring of gene expression changes of viable but non-culturable state of Vibrio cholerae induced by cold seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 10:594-604. [PMID: 30058121 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments and causes the acute diarrheal disease cholera. Entry into a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state is a survival strategy by which V. cholerae withstands natural stresses and is important for the transition between the aquatic and host environments during the V. cholerae life cycle. In this study, the formation of VBNC V. cholerae induced by cold seawater exposure was investigated using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The analysis revealed that the expression of 1420 genes was changed on VBNC state formation. In the VBNC cells, genes related to biofilm formation, chitin utilization and stress responses were upregulated, whereas those related to cell division, morphology and ribosomal activity were mainly downregulated. The concurrent acquisition of a carbon source and the arrest of cell division in cells with low metabolic activity help bacteria increase their resistance to unfavourable environments. Moreover, two transcriptional regulators, SlmA and MetJ, were found to play roles in both VBNC formation and intestinal colonization, suggesting that some genes may function in both processes. This acquired knowledge will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance and may help control future cholera infections and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Du
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiu Yin
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Lab of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutao Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Repubilc of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Mousavi SM, Zeinoddini M, Azizi A, Saeedinia A, Monazah A. Molecular Detection of Zonula Occludens Toxin (zot) Genes in Vibrio Cholerae O1 using PCR. RESEARCH IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/rmm.5.3.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Gunar OV, Sakhno NG, Roshchina MV. Characteristics of Assessments of the Sterility of Various Groups of Solid Drug Formulations for Parenteral Administration. Pharm Chem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Senoh M, Hamabata T, Takeda Y. A factor converting viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae to a culturable state in eukaryotic cells is a human catalase. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:589-96. [PMID: 25974870 PMCID: PMC4554454 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous work, we demonstrated that viable but nonculturable (VBNC) Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 were converted to culturable by coculture with eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, we isolated a factor converting VBNC V. cholerae to culturable (FCVC) from a eukaryotic cell line, HT-29. In this study, we purified FCVC by successive column chromatographies comprising UNO Q-6 anion exchange, Bio-Scale CHT2-1 hydroxyapatite, and Superdex 200 10/300 GL. Homogeneity of the purified FCVC was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE. Nano-LC MS/MS analysis showed that the purified FCVC was a human catalase. An experiment of RNAi knockdown of catalase mRNA from HT-29 cells and treatment of the purified FCVC with a catalase inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole confirmed that the FCVC was a catalase. A possible role of the catalase in converting a VBNC V. cholerae to a culturable state in the human intestine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Senoh
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama UniversityKolkata, India
- Correspondence Mitsutoshi Senoh, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan. Tel: +81-42-561-0771; Fax: +81-42-561-7173; E-mail:
| | - Takashi Hamabata
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and MedicineShinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takeda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama UniversityKolkata, India
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Ramamurthy T, Ghosh A, Pazhani GP, Shinoda S. Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Public Health 2014; 2:103. [PMID: 25133139 PMCID: PMC4116801 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Under stress conditions, many species of bacteria enter into starvation mode of metabolism or a physiologically viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Several human pathogenic bacteria have been reported to enter into the VBNC state under these conditions. The pathogenic VBNC bacteria cannot be grown using conventional culture media, although they continue to retain their viability and express their virulence. Though there have been debates on the VBNC concept in the past, several molecular studies have shown that not only can the VBNC state be induced under in vitro conditions but also that resuscitation from this state is possible under appropriate conditions. The most notable advance in resuscitating VBNC bacteria is the discovery of resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf), which is a bacterial cytokines found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. VBNC state is a survival strategy adopted by the bacteria, which has important implication in several fields, including environmental monitoring, food technology, and infectious disease management; and hence it is important to investigate the association of bacterial pathogens under VBNC state and the water/foodborne outbreaks. In this review, we describe various aspects of VBNC bacteria, which include their proteomic and genetic profiles under the VBNC state, conditions of resuscitation, methods of detection, antibiotic resistance, and observations on Rpf.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) , Kolkata , India
| | - Gururaja P Pazhani
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) , Kolkata , India
| | - Sumio Shinoda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, NICED , Kolkata , India
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Senoh M, Ghosh-Banerjee J, Mizuno T, Shinoda S, Miyoshi SI, Hamabata T, Nair GB, Takeda Y. Isolation of viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 from environmental water samples in Kolkata, India, in a culturable state. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:239-46. [PMID: 24574069 PMCID: PMC3996571 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that viable but nonculturable (VBNC) Vibrio cholerae was converted into a culturable state by coculture with several eukaryotic cell lines including HT-29 cells. In this study, we found that a factor converting VBNC V. cholerae into a culturable state (FCVC) existed in cell extracts of eukaryotic cells. FCVC was nondialyzable, proteinase K-sensitive, and stable to heating at <60°C for 5 min. We prepared thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) plates with FCVC (F-TCBS plates). After confirming that VBNC V. cholerae O1 and O139 formed typical yellow colonies on F-TCBS plates, we tried to isolate cholera toxin gene-positive VBNC V. cholerae from environmental water samples collected in urban slum areas of Kolkata, India and succeeded in isolating V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains harboring a gene for the cholera toxin. The possible importance of VBNC V. cholerae O1 as a source of cholera outbreaks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Senoh
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama UniversityKolkata, India
| | | | - Tamaki Mizuno
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama UniversityKolkata, India
| | - Sumio Shinoda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama UniversityKolkata, India
| | - Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama UniversityOkayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Hamabata
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and MedicineShinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G Balakrish Nair
- Translational Health Science and Technology InstituteHaryana, India
| | - Yoshifumi Takeda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama UniversityKolkata, India
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Akoachere JFTK, Masalla TN, Njom HA. Multi-drug resistant toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 is persistent in water sources in New Bell-Douala, Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:366. [PMID: 23919373 PMCID: PMC3750389 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera has been endemic in Douala, since 1971 when it was first recorded in Cameroon. Outbreaks have often started in slum areas of the city including New Bell. Despite the devastating nature of outbreaks, always resulting in high mortality and morbidity, a paucity of information exists on the reservoirs of the causative agent, V. cholerae, and factors maintaining its persistence. This has complicated disease prevention, resulting in frequent outbreaks of cholera. We investigated water sources in New Bell for contamination with V. cholerae O1 with pathogenic potential, to highlight their role in disease transmission. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates and the environmental factors maintaining its persistence were investigated. METHOD Water samples from various sources (taps, dug wells, streams) were analyzed for contamination with V. cholerae O1 using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion method. Pathogenic potential of isolates was determined by analyzing for genes for cholera toxin (ctx), toxin co-regulated pilus (tcpA), and zonula occludens toxin (zot) by PCR. Physico-chemical characteristics of water (pH, temperature and salinity) were investigated using standard methods. The Spearman's Rank correlation was used to analyze the relationship between physico-chemical factors and the occurrence of V. cholerae O1. Differences were considered significant at P≤0.05. RESULTS Twenty-five V. cholerae O1 strains were isolated from stream and well samples in both dry and rainy seasons. Twenty-three (92%) isolates were multidrug resistant. All isolates had genes for at least one virulence factor. Cholera toxin gene was detected in 7 isolates. Of the 15 isolates positive for tcpA gene, two had Classical type tcpA while 13 had tcpA El Tor. All tcpA Classical positive isolates were positive for ctx gene. Isolates were grouped into nine genotypes based on the genes analyzed. pH and salinity significantly correlated with isolation of V. cholerae O1. CONCLUSION Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 with pathogenic potential is present in some wells and streams in study area. pH and salinity are among the factors maintaining the persistence of the organism. Findings indicate an urgent need for potable water supply in study area and in addition, regular disinfection of water from contaminated sources to prevent outbreak of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane-Francis Tatah Kihla Akoachere
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Thomas Njinuwoh Masalla
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Henry Akum Njom
- Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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Espiñeira M, Atanassova M, Vieites JM, Santaclara FJ. Validation of a method for the detection of five species, serogroups, biotypes and virulence factors of Vibrio by multiplex PCR in fish and seafood. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:122-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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