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Nogueira RA, Lira MGS, Santos SIP, Mondêgo-Oliveira R, Andrade FHED, Sousa EMD, Barbosa DS, Abreu-Silva AL, Carvalho RC. Intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in a region of northeastern Brazil: a situation analysis after the discontinuance of a zoonosis control program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e020320. [PMID: 33909834 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In São Luís, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, the notification of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases intensified in 1982, showing endemic and epidemic patterns. In this city, the Center for Zoonoses Control (CZC) was an organization in charge of the control and prevention of the disease. However, technical and political reasons have led to a significant decline in the periodicity of its activities. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the epidemiological scenario of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) and the prevalence of the disease in dogs after the cessation of the CZC activities, covering the period of 2007 to 2016. The seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis was determined based on clinical and serological profiles. HVL cases were notified using data provided by the Municipal Health Department of São Luís. A seropositivity rate of 45.8% (p = 0.0001) was found among dogs, 54% (p = 0.374) of which were asymptomatic. As for human cases, there were 415 notifications, with an increase in the incidence of the zoonosis observed during the aforementioned period. Thus, it can be inferred that after the control and surveillance activities were curtailed, there was an increase in the number of seropositive animals in circulation, acting as reservoirs of infection for dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranielly Araujo Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Maria Gabriela Sampaio Lira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Sarah Ingrid Pinto Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Renata Mondêgo-Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia (Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Fábio Henrique Evangelista de Andrade
- Laboratório de Anatomopatologia, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | | | - David Soeiro Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Rafael Cardoso Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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Barrios SPG, Pereira LE, Nazário Monaco NZ, Graciolli G, Casaril AE, Infran JDOM, de Oliveira EF, Fernandes WDS, Paranhos Filho AC, de Oliveira AG. Synanthropy and diversity of Phlebotominae in an area of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in the South Pantanal floodplain, Midwest Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215741. [PMID: 31086366 PMCID: PMC6516641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomines have been recorded from a wide variety of habitats, and some of these vector species have shown preference for human environments, with high levels of adaptation. This study evaluated the degree of preference of these vectors for urban, rural, and forested environments (synanthropic behavior), as well as the diversity of these species, in three areas (forested, rural, and urban, exhibiting different degrees of anthropogenic changes) in a region of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Corumbá county, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Using light traps, sand fly specimens were collected from the three environments simultaneously, from May 2015 to April 2017, totaling 7 213 sand flies of 14 species in eight genera. Nuorteva's synanthropy index was determined for the species Lutzomyia cruzi, Brumptomyia brumpti, Micropygomyia peresi, Lu. forattinii, Martinsmyia oliveirai and Evandromyia corumbaensis. Lutzomyia cruzi, the vector of Leishmania infantum in Corumbá, was the most abundant vector species, recorded from all three areas and sampling plots, on all 24 months investigated. This species exhibited the highest synanthropic index (+75.09), indicating a strong preference for urban environments. Brumptomyia brumpti, Micropygomyia peresi, Lu. forattinii, and Martinsmyia oliveirai showed preference, albeit not strong, for urban environments. Overall, males were more abundant than females (W = 490; p < 0.0001). High density, high synanthropic index, and sustained indoor presence were found for Mi. peresi in the rural area. Monitoring changes in the ecological behavior of sand flies is of vital importance, as these changes may indicate an increased likelihood of leishmaniasis emergence or reemergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellem Petilim Gomes Barrios
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Luciana Escalante Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Gustavo Graciolli
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Aline Etelvina Casaril
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Everton Falcão de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Instituto Integrado de Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Wagner de Souza Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Antônio Conceição Paranhos Filho
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Machado TDO, Minuzzi-Souza TTC, Ferreira TDS, Freire LP, Timbó RV, Vital TE, Nitz N, Silva MN, Santos ADS, Sales NMC, Obara MT, Andrade AJD, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. The role of gallery forests in maintaining Phlebotominae populations: potential Leishmania spp. vectors in the Brazilian savanna. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:681-691. [PMID: 28953996 PMCID: PMC5607517 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on synanthropic phlebotomines and their natural infection by Leishmania is necessary for the identification of potential areas for leishmaniasis occurrence. OBJECTIVE To analyse the occurrence of Phlebotominae in gallery forests and household units (HUs) in the city of Palmas and to determine the rate of natural infection by trypanosomatids. METHODS Gallery forests and adjacent household areas were sampled on July (dry season) and November (rainy season) in 2014. The total sampling effort was 960 HP light traps and eight Shannon traps. Trypanosomatids were detected in Phlebotominae females through the amplification of the SSU rDNA region, and the positive samples were used in ITS1-PCR. Trypanosomatid species were identified using sequencing. FINDINGS A total of 1,527 sand flies representing 30 species were captured in which 949 (28 spp.) and 578 (22 spp.) were registered in July and November, respectively. In July, more specimens were captured in the gallery forests than in the HUs, and Nyssomyia whitmani was particularly frequent. In November, most of the specimens were found in the HUs, and again, Ny. whitmani was the predominant species. Lutzomyia longipalpis was commonly found in domestic areas, while Bichromomyia flaviscutellata was most frequent in gallery forests. Molecular analysis of 154 pools of females (752 specimens) identified Leishmania amazonensis, L. infantum, and Crithidia fasciculata in Ny. whitmani, as well as L. amazonensis in Lu. longipalpis, Trypanosoma sp. and L. amazonensis in Pintomyia christenseni, and L. amazonensis in both Psathyromyia hermanlenti and Evandromyia walkeri. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These results show the importance of gallery forests in maintaining Phlebotominae populations in the dry month, as well as their frequent occurrence in household units in the rainy month. This is the first study to identify Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Crithidia species in Phlebotominae collected in Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tâmara Dias Oliveira Machado
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins, Coordenação de Ciências Matemáticas e Naturais, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - Thaís Tâmara Castro Minuzzi-Souza
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Tauana de Sousa Ferreira
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Luciana Pereira Freire
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Renata Velôzo Timbó
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Tamires Emanuele Vital
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Mariana Neiva Silva
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Alcinei de Souza Santos
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins, Coordenação de Ciências Matemáticas e Naturais, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - Nathyla Morgana Cunha Sales
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins, Coordenação de Ciências Matemáticas e Naturais, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | | | - Andrey José de Andrade
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Ursine RL, Dias JVL, Morais HA, Pires HHR. Human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in an emerging focus in Araçuaí, Minas Gerais: spatial distribution and socio-environmental factors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:505-11. [PMID: 27384080 PMCID: PMC4981116 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the spatial distribution of human (2007-2013) and canine (2013) visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the city of Araçuaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and identify the socio-environmental factors related to their occurrence. The spatial distribution of human and canine cases was analysed by kernel density estimation (KDE) and the K function. The KDE values were analysed for correlation between human and canine LV and for normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Socio-environmental aspects of household structures and surroundings were evaluated. The spatial distribution of human and canine VL cases exhibited a significant aggregated pattern in distances greater than 350 and 75 m, respectively. The higher occurrence of human and canine infection occurred in the central area of the city. A positive correlation between the densities of human and canine cases was observed, as well as a negative correlation between NDVI and densities of human and canine cases. Socio-environmental analysis revealed that the large amount of animals, organic material from trees and deficiencies in environmental sanitation are possibly contributing to the continuation of the transmission cycle of Leishmania infantum in Araçuaí. These results can contribute to the planning by competent agencies to reduce the incidence of infection in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Luiz Ursine
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Saúde Coletiva, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - João Victor Leite Dias
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Saúde Coletiva, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Harriman Aley Morais
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Saúde Coletiva, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Herton Helder Rocha Pires
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Saúde Coletiva, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
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5
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Silva RC, Richini-Pereira VB, Kikuti M, Marson PM, Langoni H. Detection of Leishmania (L.) infantum in stray dogs by molecular techniques with sensitive species-specific primers. Vet Q 2016; 37:23-30. [PMID: 27774854 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1252073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a worldwide parasitic zoonosis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum around the world. Canids are the definitive hosts and sand flies the intermediate hosts. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that a new species-specific primers (Lch14:Lch15, targeting a multiple alignment for L. infantum kDNA minicircle) is an efficient diagnostic tool for L. infantum. METHODS The presence of L. infantum DNA was assessed in blood samples of 69 stray dogs using the conventional PCR (cPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Additional 50 lymph nodes and 50 bone marrow samples (positive and negative samples for parasitological tests) from dogs from endemic and nonendemic areas for CVL were also used. RESULTS L. infantum strains, and all positive lymph node and bone marrow samples for parasitological test gave positive results for cPCR and qPCR, presenting analytical sensitivity of ∼100 parasite mL-1. For the blood samples, 40/69 (58%; CI 95%; 46%-69%) resulted positive for L. infantum in both tests. All positive samples were confirmed by sequencing. CONCLUSION This study showed the importance of the specific detection of L. infantum based on species-specific primers by molecular techniques, highlighting the application as a confirmation method in epidemiological studies and to adopt the best control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo C Silva
- a Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , MS , USA
| | | | - Mariana Kikuti
- c Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Pâmela M Marson
- d Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Helio Langoni
- d Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu , Brazil
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Araujo AC, Costa AP, Silva IWG, Matos NNVG, Dantas ACS, Ferreira F, Marcili A, Horta MC. Epidemiological aspects and risk factors for infection by Leishmania infantum chagasi in dogs from municipality of Petrolina, Northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2016; 3-4:41-48. [PMID: 31014498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease of great concern for public health because of its high incidence and lethality. Here, we performed a serologic study of domestic dogs in the municipality of Petrolina in northeastern Brazil to evaluate the possible risk factors associated with canine seropositivity for Leishmania infantum chagasi. Blood samples from 1245 dogs in urban and rural areas were collected and examined by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The dogs were subjected to physical examination and classified according to their clinical manifestations. A questionnaire was administered to the owners to detect potential risk factors for infection with Leishmania spp. using logistic regression models. Of the 1245 dogs evaluated, 11.2% (140/1245) were seropositive in both tests (CI 95%: 9.5% to 13.1%). Approximately 60.7% of the reactive dogs were clinically suspect, with lymphadenomegaly, cutaneous ulcerations, onychogryphosis, pale mucous membranes and alopecia being the most obvious symptoms of infection. The seroprevalences in urban and rural areas were 5.4% (CI 95%: 4% to 7.1%) and 23.6% (CI 95%: 19.5% to 28.1%), respectively. The possible risk factors for the presence of anti L. infantum chagasi antibodies were the presence of a green area close to the home of the animal (OR=3.63; p<0.001), a mongrel breed (OR=2.11; p=0.025) and male gender (OR=1.51, p=0.034). The seroprevalence of L. infantum chagasi in the canine population is distributed in a heterogeneous manner, with a higher prevalence in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina C Araujo
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho C1, s/n, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Andrea P Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivo W G Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho C1, s/n, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Nara N V G Matos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho C1, s/n, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Anne C S Dantas
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho C1, s/n, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arlei Marcili
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio C Horta
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia BR 407, Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho C1, s/n, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
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da Costa AP, Costa FB, Soares HS, Ramirez DG, de Carvalho Araújo A, da Silva Ferreira JIG, Tonhosolo R, Dias RA, Gennari SM, Marcili A. Environmental Factors and Ecosystems Associated with Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:765-74. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Pereira da Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Francisco Borges Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Herbert Sousa Soares
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Diego Garcia Ramirez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Juliana Isabel Giuli da Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Tonhosolo
- Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Dias
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Solange Maria Gennari
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Arlei Marcili
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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8
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de Paiva-Cavalcanti M, de Morais RCS, Pessoa-E-Silva R, Trajano-Silva LAM, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque SDC, Tavares DDHC, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, Silva RDFE, Pereira VRA. Leishmaniases diagnosis: an update on the use of immunological and molecular tools. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:31. [PMID: 26097678 PMCID: PMC4474361 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are caused by obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. They cause a spectrum of diseases, most notably visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), and mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis, which affect millions of people around the world, each year. Despite scientific advances, leishmaniases cases are expanding, constituting an important public health problem. Immunological and molecular diagnostic tools have been increasingly applied for the early detection of these parasitic infections, since the existence of limitations in clinical and parasitological examinations may provide false results, thus interfering in epidemiological research and diseases control. Although there is a great diversity of available immunological assays, important common deficiencies persist, which explains the current exploration of the molecular biology in research fields, especially the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its variants, such as real-time quantitative PCR. However, in the last years, significant results have also been reached inside of immunological context (especially by Flow Cytometry), for humans and dogs, demonstrated by research works of the New and Old worlds. In spite of their potential to clarify and minimize the present global situation of the diseases, the implementation of molecular or immunological innovative reference assays for VL and CL at health services is still a challenge due to several reasons, including lack of standardization among laboratories and structural concerns. In this article we bring classical and current information about technological advances for the immunological and molecular leishmaniases diagnosis, their features, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena de Paiva-Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Rayana Carla Silva de Morais
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Rômulo Pessoa-E-Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil ; Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), St. Capitão Pedro Rodrigues, 105, 55920-000 São José, Garanhuns, PE Brazil
| | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
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de Andrade ARO, da Silva BAK, Cristaldo G, de Andrade SMO, Filho ACP, Ribeiro A, da Cunha Santos MF, Andreotti R. Spatial distribution and environmental factors associated to phlebotomine fauna in a border area of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:260. [PMID: 24898032 PMCID: PMC4055399 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mato Grosso do Sul has been undergoing a process of urbanization which results in loss of native vegetation. This withdrawal makes vectors of man and domestic animals closer, causing changes in the epidemiology of diseases such as American Visceral Leishmaniasis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phlebotomine fauna and environmental issues related to the transmission of AVL in Ponta Porã, Mato Grosso do Sul, between 2009 and 2010. METHODS Vegetation of the urban area was evaluated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). RESULTS The results showed that the phlebotomine fauna of the city consists of five species, especially Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912), the vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Predominance of males was observed. The insects were captured in greater quantity in the intradomicile. Lu. longipalpis was the most frequent and abundant species, present throughout the year, with a peak population after the rainy season. Vectors can be found in high amounts in forest and disturbed environments. CONCLUSIONS The finding of Lu. longipalpis in regions with little vegetation and humidity suggests that the species is adapted to different sorts of environmental conditions, demonstrating its close association with man and the environment it inhabits. The tourist feature of Ponta Porã reinforces its epidemiological importance as a vulnerable city. The geographical location, bordering Paraguay through dry border, makes possible the existence of a corridor of vectors and infected dogs between the two countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rachel Oliveira de Andrade
- Post Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitary Diseases, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Baldomero Antonio Kato da Silva
- Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Reis Velloso, Av. São Sebastião 2819, Bairro São Benedito, CEP 64202-020 Parnaíba, Piauí, Brasil
| | - Geucira Cristaldo
- Human Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Sonia Maria Oliveira de Andrade
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development of the Central West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Antonio Conceição Paranhos Filho
- Geotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Alisson Ribeiro
- Geotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Mirella Ferreira da Cunha Santos
- Post Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitary Diseases, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Renato Andreotti
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Campo Grande, BR 262 km 4 - Caixa Postal 154, CEP 79002-970 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul Brasil
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