Geographical distribution of Biomphalaria snails in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Schistosomiasis in the Middle Paranapanema river region, state of São Paulo, Brazil: Does it matter today for public health?

INTRODUCTION

The Middle Paranapanema watershed is known for the transmission of schistosomiasis, and there have been autochthonous cases since 1952. This study aimed to describe this disease in space and time and evaluate its current importance as a public health problem.

METHODS

Thematic maps showing the risk areas for transmission of schistosomiasis, using scan statistics, and flow maps were created in the period 1978-2016. Incidence was calculated, and the existence of spatial dependence between autochthonous and imported cases was evaluated using Ripley's K12-function. Species of snails were identified in high-risk clusters.

RESULTS

A total of 1,511 autochthonous cases were reported in eight of the 25 municipalities in the study area, of which 92.8% occurred in Ourinhos. A total of 2,189 imported cases were reported (27% in Ourinhos and 20% in Assis), mainly originating in the states of Paraná and Minas Gerais. Clusters of autochthonous and imported cases with higher risk were identified in Ourinhos, Assis and Ipaussu. However, over the years, the cases began to occur in low density in Ourinhos and no longer in other municipalities in the region. The cluster detected in the period 2007-2016 in Ourinhos still has risk for the transmission of schistosomiasis. K12-function analysis indicated positive spatial dependence between autochthonous and imported cases.

CONCLUSIONS

The study showed that, currently, schistosomiasis as a public health problem in Middle Paranapanema is restricted to Ourinhos. This fact may be related to the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata at a specific point and low coverage of basic sanitation.

Changes in hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Echinostoma paraensei and exposed to glyphosate-based herbicide

The immune system of snails is highly sensitive to pollutants, which can suppress its immune response. We investigated the effects of exposure to the glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup® Original on the snail Biomphalaria glabrata infected by the platyhelminth Echinostoma paraensei by evaluating changes in the snail's internal defense system. Four cohorts were studied: control group, infected snails, snails treated with Roundup®, and snails infected and treated with Roundup®. The hemocyte viability was assessed, morphological differentiation of cells was observed and flow cytometry was performed to determine the morphology, viability and the lectin expression profiles. The frequencies of dead hemocytes were lower in the infected group and higher in both pesticide treated groups. Three cell types were identified: blast-like cells, hyalinocytes and granulocytes. The highest number of all types of hemocytes, as well as the highest number of dead cells, were observed in the infected, pesticide-treated group. The association between infection and herbicide exposure greatly increased the frequency of dead hemocytes, suggesting that this condition impairs the internal defense system of B. glabrata making the snails more vulnerable to parasitic infections.

Use of indicator kriging to investigate schistosomiasis in minas gerais state, Brazil

Geographic Information Systems (GISs) are composed of useful tools to map and to model the spatial distribution of events that have geographic importance as schistosomiasis. This paper is a review of the use the indicator kriging, implemented on the Georeferenced Information Processing System (SPRING) to make inferences about the prevalence of schistosomiasis and the presence of the species of Biomphalaria, intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, in areas without this information, in the Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The results were two maps. The first one was a map of Biomphalaria species, and the second was a new map of estimated prevalence of schistosomiasis. The obtained results showed that the indicator kriging can be used to better allocate resources for study and control of schistosomiasis in areas with transmission or the possibility of disease transmission.

Malacological survey of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

INTRODUCTION

The increasing practice of ecotourism and rural tourism in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, highlights the importance of studies concerning the occurrence of potential intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. This study aimed to identify species of Biomphalaria snails in municipalities along the Estrada Real, an important Brazilian tourism project.

METHODS

The specimens were collected in different water collections of 36 municipalities along the Estrada Real in the southeast of the State of Minas Gerais. Biomphalaria species were characterized using both morphological and molecular approaches. The research was conducted between August 2005 and September 2009 and all the sites visited were georeferenced using GPS.

RESULTS

Six Biomphalaria species were found in 30 of the 36 municipalities studied: glabrata, tenagophila, straminea, peregrina, occidentalis and schrammi. The first three species of Biomphalaria, recognized as intermediate hosts of S. mansoni, were present in 33.3%, 47.2% and 8.3% of the municipalities studied, respectively. The mollusks were found in different types of water collections and no infection by S. mansoni was detected. The highest occurrence of Biomphalaria concentration was verified in the area covered by the Caminho Novo route (Diamantina/MG to Rio de Janeiro/RJ).

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the occurrence of schistosomiasis in the State of Minas Gerais and the socioeconomic repercussions involved in the Estrada Real Project, this work focuses on the vulnerability of water collections due to the presence of Biomphalaria mollusks and emphasizes the need for epidemiological surveillance and sanitary and educational measures integrated with the local community and tourism sectors.

Biomphalaria spp. (Preston, 1910) snails in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Zona da Mata Mineira mesoregion, ate of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study focuses on the geographic distribution of the snail of the genus Biomphalaria and evaluates its infectivity by Schistosoma mansoni in 5264 specimens collected in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Of the 31 locations studied, 6 were reservoirs, 11 rudimentary holding ponds, 7 irrigation ditches, 5 lakes, 1 ornamental pond, and 1 waterfall. Intermediate hosts were found only in the rudimentary ponds and ditches, which were 100% positive. Using morphological and molecular analysis techniques, B. tenagophila, B. peregrina, and B. straminea were identified. This is the first report of B. stramínea in the municipality, and evaluation of its infective potential revealed susceptibility of 25.4%. Although we did not find specimens of Biomphalaria infected by S. mansoni, the data obtained indicate the presence of intermediate hosts, especially in the irrigation ditches in Juiz de Fora, and their proximity to contaminated areas.

Malacofauna límnica da área de influência do lago da usina hidrelétrica de Serra da Mesa, Goiás, Brasil.: I. Estudo qualitativo

A esquistossomose é uma importante doença endêmica associada a mudanças ambientais causadas por grandes projetos econômicos, tais como a construção de usinas hidrelétricas. A dificuldade de se prever o surgimento de focos de esquistossomose associados com estes empreendimentos e a existência de condições peculiares em cada tipo de projeto requerem estudos em cada uma dessas áreas, de forma a serem implementadas medidas preventivas adequadas. O número crescente de barragens no país é preocupante pois, além de criarem condições propícias ao desenvolvimento dos moluscos vetores, aumentam a população local e o turismo. Nessas áreas, a Organização Mundial de Saúde e a Fundação Nacional de Saúde recomendam ações preventivas contra a instalação de focos de esquistossomose, dentre elas, o monitoramento das populações de moluscos. Neste trabalho são apresentados dados obtidos por nossa equipe na área da Usina Hidrelétrica de Serra da Mesa (UHSM), Goiás, onde levantamentos qualitativos e quantitativos da malacofauna límnica foram realizados de 1997 a 2004, com o principal objetivo de investigar a ocorrência e a distribuição das espécies de interesse médico e veterinário. Vinte e oito espécies, pertencentes a nove diferentes famílias foram encontradas. Além de documentar novas ocorrências no Estado, é também apresentada a distribuição de duas espécies de importância médica, Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) e Lymnaea columella Say, 1817, bem como de duas espécies exóticas, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) e Melanoides tuberculatus (Müller, 1774).

Esquistossomose mansoni em duas mesorregiões do Estado de Alagoas

No Brasil, índices elevados da esquistossomose mansônica correspondem, na grande maioria dos casos, à presença da espécie Biomphalaria glabrata, principal transmissora do Schistosoma mansoni, nas localidades endêmicas. Foi realizado estudo em 40 municípios endêmicos do Estado de Alagoas, com o objetivo de verificar a existência da espécie e sua importância na manutenção da esquistossomose nesse Estado. Desses municípios, 28 são pertencentes à mesorregião do leste Alagoano e 12 à mesorregião do Agreste Alagoano. Os moluscos procederam de diversos tipos de criadouros: riachos, córregos, valas, açudes, brejos e poços. As coletas foram realizadas no período de fevereiro de 1996 a dezembro de 1998. Para a identificação de Biomphalaria glabrata, foi efetuado o exame anatômico das partes moles, após remoção das conchas. A detecção de cercárias do Schistosoma mansoni foi realizada através da técnica de esmagamento, calculando-se o percentual de infecção. Em 32 (80%) dos municípios estudados foi encontrada Biomphalaria glabrata, seis deles apresentando moluscos infectados com cercárias do parasita. Penedo apresentou a maior (6,6%) taxa de infecção, seguindo-se Ibateguara (5,6%). Taxas menores foram observadas em Chã Preta (2,7%), em Murici (2,5%), Porto Real do Colégio (0,1%) e Igreja Nova (0,1%). O inquérito copro-parasitológico efetuado pela Fundação Nacional de Saúde em 1997, 1998/1999 e 2000, confirmou a importância da endemia nessas regiões do Estado.

Distribution and Schistosoma mansoni infection of Biomphalaria glabrata in different habitats in a rural area in the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil: environmental and epidemiological aspects

This paper examines the distribution and infection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Schistosoma mansoni in all aquatic snail habitats in a rural area in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in relation to physico/biotic and behavioral factors. Snail and environmental surveys were carried out semi-annually between July 2001 and November 2002 at 106 sites. Collected snails were examined in the laboratory for infection. B. glabrata densities were highest in overflow ponds, irrigation ponds, springs, canals and wells, and lowest in fishponds and water tanks. Snail densities were higher during the hot, rainy season except for streams and canals and were statistically associated with the presence of fish, pollution, and vegetation density. Tilapia fish and an unidentified Diptera larva were found to be predators of B. glabrata but ducks were not. Twenty-four of the 25 infected snails were collected in 2001(1.4% infection rate) and only one in 2002, after mass chemotherapy. The occurrence of B. glabrata in all 11 snail habitats both at and away from water contact sites studied indicates widespread risk of human infection in the study area. In spite of the strong association between B. glabrata and tilapia in fishponds we do not recommend its use in schistosomiasis control for ecological reasons and its relative inefficiency in streams and dams.

First report on the presence of Biomphalaria straminea in the municipality of Jaboticatubas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This is the first report on occurrence of Biomphalaria straminea in the district of São José de Almeida (municipality of Jaboticatubas) State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The presence of B. glabrata and B. tenagophila had already been reported in this area. Such municipality is part of the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte and comprises 60% of the Tourist Complex of Serra do Cipó. Since the 1950s throughout the 1990s, a schistosomiasis prevalence ranging from 15 to 40% has been observed. Although no B. straminea specimen has been found naturally infected in the region, descendants of these snails collected in the area, showed to be experimentally susceptible to Schistosoma mansoni infection reaching rates from 14.6 to 28.6%. Even not being found naturally infected, in the State of Minas Gerais, the possibility that the species B. straminea may keep endemicity foci of schistosomiasis should be regarded, as in the Northeastern region of Brazil where the high density of this planorbid and the social-economic and sanitary conditions enable to the transmission.