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Samant M, Sahu U, Pandey SC, Khare P. Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624009. [PMID: 33680991 PMCID: PMC7930837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly produced by helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, have received great attention that could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of human VL. Cytokines play a key role in forming the host immune response and in managing the formation of protective and non-protective immunities during infection. Furthermore, immune response mediated through different cytokines varies from different host or animal models. Various cytokines viz. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α play an important role during protection, while some other cytokines viz. IL-10, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, and others are associated with disease progression. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of cytokine response and their interaction with various immune cells is very crucial to determine appropriate immunotherapies for VL. Here, we have discussed the role of cytokines involved in VL disease progression or host protection in different animal models and humans that will determine the clinical outcome of VL and open the path for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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2
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André S, Rodrigues V, Picard M, Silvestre R, Estaquier J. Non-human primates and Leishmania immunity. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100038. [PMID: 33604562 PMCID: PMC7885871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of infectious diseases, non-human primates (NHP) provide the best animal models of human diseases due to the close phylogenetic relationship and the similar physiology and anatomical systems. Herein, we summarized the contribution of NHP models for understanding the immunity to leishmaniases, which are a group of diseases caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and classified as one of the neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia André
- INSERM-U1124, Paris University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM-U1124, Paris University, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Laval University, QC, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Santos RL, de Oliveira AR. Leishmaniasis in non-human primates: Clinical and pathological manifestations and potential as reservoirs. J Med Primatol 2019; 49:34-39. [PMID: 31595524 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the domestic dog is the most important reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis in urban areas, there have been an increasing number of reports of naturally occurring leishmaniasis in non-human primates. Reported cases affecting neotropical and Old World non-human primates as well as their potential role as reservoirs were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ayisa Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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4
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Route map for the discovery and pre-clinical development of new drugs and treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2019; 11:106-117. [PMID: 31320296 PMCID: PMC6904839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been significant advances in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and several novel compounds are currently in pre-clinical and clinical development for this manifestation of leishmaniasis, there have been limited advances in drug research and development (R & D) for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Here we review the need for new treatments for CL, describe in vitro and in vivo assays, models and approaches taken over the past decade to establish a pathway for the discovery, and pre-clinical development of new drugs for CL. These recent advances include novel mouse models of infection using bioluminescent Leishmania, the introduction of PK/PD approaches to skin infection, and defined pre-clinical candidate profiles.
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Loría-Cervera EN, Andrade-Narváez FJ. Animal models for the study of leishmaniasis immunology. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:1-11. [PMID: 24553602 PMCID: PMC4085833 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a major public health problem worldwide and is
classified as Category I by the TDR/WHO, mainly due to the absence of control. Many
experimental models like rodents, dogs and monkeys have been developed, each with
specific features, in order to characterize the immune response to
Leishmania species, but none reproduces the pathology observed in
human disease. Conflicting data may arise in part because different parasite strains
or species are being examined, different tissue targets (mice footpad, ear, or base
of tail) are being infected, and different numbers (“low” 1×102 and “high”
1×106) of metacyclic promastigotes have been inoculated. Recently, new
approaches have been proposed to provide more meaningful data regarding the host
response and pathogenesis that parallels human disease. The use of sand fly saliva
and low numbers of parasites in experimental infections has led to mimic natural
transmission and find new molecules and immune mechanisms which should be considered
when designing vaccines and control strategies. Moreover, the use of wild rodents as
experimental models has been proposed as a good alternative for studying the
host-pathogen relationships and for testing candidate vaccines. To date, using
natural reservoirs to study Leishmania infection has been
challenging because immunologic reagents for use in wild rodents are lacking. This
review discusses the principal immunological findings against
Leishmania infection in different animal models highlighting the
importance of using experimental conditions similar to natural transmission and
reservoir species as experimental models to study the immunopathology of the
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", MéridaYucatán, México, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Fernando José Andrade-Narváez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", MéridaYucatán, México, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán, México
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6
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Coutinho-Abreu IV, Mukbel R, Hanafi HA, Fawaz EY, El-Hossary SS, Wadsworth M, Stayback G, Pitts DA, Abo-Shehada M, Hoel DF, Kamhawi S, Ramalho-Ortigão M, McDowell MA. Expression plasticity of Phlebotomus papatasi salivary gland genes in distinct ecotopes through the sand fly season. BMC Ecol 2011; 11:24. [PMID: 21985688 PMCID: PMC3209445 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sand fly saliva can drive the outcome of Leishmania infection in animal models, and salivary components have been postulated as vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis. In the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi, natural sugar-sources modulate the activity of proteins involved in meal digestion, and possibly influence vectorial capacity. However, only a handful of studies have assessed the variability of salivary components in sand flies, focusing on the effects of environmental factors in natural habitats. In order to better understand such interactions, we compared the expression profiles of nine P. papatasi salivary gland genes of specimens inhabiting different ecological habitats in Egypt and Jordan and throughout the sand fly season in each habitat. RESULTS The majority of investigated genes were up-regulated in specimens from Swaymeh late in the season, when the availability of sugar sources is reduced due to water deprivation. On the other hand, these genes were not up-regulated in specimens collected from Aswan, an irrigated area less susceptible to drought effects. CONCLUSION Expression plasticity of genes involved with vectorial capacity in disease vectors may play an important epidemiological role in the establishment of diseases in natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliano V Coutinho-Abreu
- The Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Grimaldi G. The utility of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and other non-human primate models for preclinical testing of Leishmania candidate vaccines. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 103:629-44. [PMID: 19057811 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000700002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis causes significant morbidity and mortality, constituting an important global health problem for which there are few effective drugs. Given the urgent need to identify a safe and effective Leishmania vaccine to help prevent the two million new cases of human leishmaniasis worldwide each year, all reasonable efforts to achieve this goal should be made. This includes the use of animal models that are as close to leishmanial infection in humans as is practical and feasible. Old world monkey species (macaques, baboons, mandrills etc.) have the closest evolutionary relatedness to humans among the approachable animal models. The Asian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are quite susceptible to leishmanial infection, develop a human-like disease, exhibit antibodies to Leishmania and parasite-specific T-cell mediated immune responses both in vivo and in vitro, and can be protected effectively by vaccination. Results from macaque vaccine studies could also prove useful in guiding the design of human vaccine trials. This review summarizes our current knowledge on this topic and proposes potential approaches that may result in the more effective use of the macaque model to maximize its potential to help the development of an effective vaccine for human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Grimaldi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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8
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Launois P, Tacchini-Cottier F, Kieny MP. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: progress towards a vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1277-87. [PMID: 18844599 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.8.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases due to the protozoan parasite Leishmania . Since no prevention method is available and as current therapy is costly, often poorly tolerated and not always efficacious, the development of alternative therapies, including vaccines, constitutes the priority in the fight of Leishmania infection. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of vaccines against leishmaniasis, with emphasis on the cutaneous form. Indeed, the fact that recovery from leishmaniasis is associated with immunity against new infection provides a rational basis for the development of vaccination strategy against infection with Leishmania . Evidence from animal studies demonstrate that protection can be achieved following infection with live-attenuated Leishmania as well as through immunization with purified proteins or DNA vaccines. In addition, recent results have shown that immunization against the saliva of the insect vector could have synergistic effects with conventional vaccination. Finally, vaccination using dendritic cells was recently demonstrated as a possible tool for Leishmania vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Launois
- WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses, 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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9
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Souza-Lemos C, de-Campos SN, Teva A, Côrte-Real S, Fonseca EC, Porrozzi R, Grimaldi Jr G. Dynamics of immune granuloma formation in aLeishmania braziliensis-induced self-limiting cutaneous infection in the primateMacaca mulatta. J Pathol 2008; 216:375-86. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rodriguez-Tovar LE, Markham RJF, Speare DJ, Sheppard J. Cellular immunity in salmonids infected with the microsporidial parasite Loma salmonae or exposed to non-viable spores. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:72-83. [PMID: 16934335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Following a per os challenge of naive rainbow trout with live spores of Loma salmonae, head kidney mononuclear cells (MNC) in culture were able to proliferate in response to crude soluble parasite extract or intact dead spores. A significant response was seen by week 2 post-exposure and a maximum response developed by week 6 or 8, respectively. During this initial challenge, spore filled cysts developed on the gills of challenged fish, and the cysts ruptured by week 12 as is typical for microsporidial gill disease of salmonids (MGDS). Two weeks following this, fish were re-challenged with live spores, and in these fish an enhanced in vitro proliferative response of MNC was immediately apparent, and spore filled cysts did not develop. In contrast, when naive trout were given dead spores by intraperitoneal injection, the most pronounced proliferative responses of MNC developed earlier (week 2 PE) and the response was greater when cells were incubated in vitro with dead spores rather than with crude soluble extract. When these fish were re-challenged per os with live spores, a heightened proliferation in MNC was observed 4 weeks after this exposure and the fish likewise resisted development of xenomas. In fish infected orally or injected intraperitoneally with spores, a marked increase in the response to the mitogen concanavalin A was seen for 22 weeks post-exposure when compared to controls not receiving any spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rodriguez-Tovar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
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11
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Porrozzi R, Pereira MS, Teva A, Volpini AC, Pinto MA, Marchevsky RS, Barbosa AA, Grimaldi G. Leishmania infantum-induced primary and challenge infections in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): a primate model for visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:926-37. [PMID: 16455120 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was experimentally induced in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) by intravenously inoculating 2 x 10(7)amastigotes/kg of body weight of Leishmania infantum. The macaques developed a systemic disease showing characteristic features of human VL such as fever, diarrhoea, body weight loss, anaemia, hypergammaglobulinaemia and transient lymphocytosis, as well as lymph node, liver and/or spleen enlargement. Nine weeks after infection, one primate showed pronounced weight loss, became moribund and was euthanized. The necropsy findings included granulomas composed of parasite-containing macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. The remaining macaques had a sustained course of infection but developed a mild-to-moderate illness that subsequently showed evidence of self-cure. Of note, pathological findings included a typical cell-mediated immunity-induced granulomatous reaction that had an effect on the control of parasite replication. All infected monkeys responded with increased production of anti-Leishmania-specific IgG antibodies. Despite the fact that clinical resistance to L. infantum was not consistently associated with a parasite-specific cell-mediated immune response, drug-cured macaques from the primary infection acquired immunity to homologous re-infection. These findings point to the feasibility of using the L. infantum macaque model for pre-clinical evaluation of novel chemotherapeutics or vaccine candidates for human VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Porrozzi
- Departamento de Imunologia, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Soliman MFM. The persistence, dissemination, and visceralization tendency of Leishmania major in Syrian hamsters. Acta Trop 2006; 97:146-50. [PMID: 16256061 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
I monitored the persistence, dissemination, and the possible visceralization tendency of Leishmania major, the causative parasite of cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa and the Middle East in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Hamsters were inoculated subcutaneously in the hind footpad, with 1 x 10(6)L. major metacyclic promastigotes and were sacrificed at months 1, 3, 6 and 10 post-infection (pi). Skin lesions, blood, spleens, livers and kidneys were screened by both Giemsa-stained smears and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of L. major amastigotes. A few weeks pi, 61.7% of the inoculated hamsters developed a cutaneous lesion only at the inoculation site, while 38.3% of them developed non-self-healed lesions at sites distant from the inoculation site. PCR identified all the positive stained smears as well as false-negative ones, indicating that PCR was more sensitive than stained smears. The results confirmed the dissemination and persistence of L. major amastigotes in all tissues examined, except the kidneys, for a period extending to 10 months, only in those hamsters suffering from disseminated cutaneous lesions. Parasite DNA was detected in the bloods starting from the first month pi and starting from month 3 pi in the spleens and livers. Some, but not all, the animals with disseminated infections proved to be positive for parasite DNA in their organs. Persistence of the L. major amastigotes in the tissues differed from those of other species causing visceral diseases. These findings demonstrate a possible visceralization tendency for L. major previously recorded for L. tropica and L. mexicana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha F M Soliman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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Flynn B, Wang V, Sacks DL, Seder RA, Verthelyi D. Prevention and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in primates by using synthetic type D/A oligodeoxynucleotides expressing CpG motifs. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4948-54. [PMID: 16041009 PMCID: PMC1201230 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4948-4954.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs mimic microbial DNA and are recognized by toll-like receptor 9 on immune cells. The resulting response limits the early spread of infectious organisms and promotes the development of adaptive immunity. In this regard, CpG ODN show promise as immunoprotective agents and as vaccine adjuvants. Previous studies of nonhuman primates showed that administration of CpG ODN type D (also known as type A) at the site of infection 3 days before and after a challenge with Leishmania major enhanced host resistance and reduced the lesion's severity. In this study, we show that systemic administration of D/A ODN limits the size of lesions following an intradermal infection with L. major. Importantly, the reduced morbidity was not associated with a reduction in long-term immunity, as such treated macaques were still protected following a secondary challenge. Finally, administration of D/A ODN to macaques that had established cutaneous lesions reduced the severity of the lesions, suggesting a potential role for CpG ODN in L. major treatment. Together, these findings support the development of clinical studies to assess the use of CpG ODN types D/A as immunoprotective and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Flynn
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Review, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., USA
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Teva A, Porrozzi R, Oliveira-Neto MP, Grimaldi GJ. Responses of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Cutaneous Infection toN-Methylglucamine Antimoniate in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Model. J Parasitol 2005; 91:976-8. [PMID: 17089782 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3486rn.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The antileishmanial efficacy of the reference drug N-methylglucamine antimoniate (Glucantime) was evaluated in groups of rhesus monkeys with acute and chronic Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis cutaneous infection. The therapeutic responses in experimental animals to either a low dose (5 mg/kg body wt/day for 28 days) or a routine dose (20 mg/kg/day for 28 days) of pentavalent antimony were similar to those reported in the human disease. Primates were cured of their lesions after treatment, but with cryptic parasitism and/or relapse. The rhesus model of L. (V.) braziliensis cutaneous leishmaniasis therefore provides an additional resource for preclinical trials with newer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Teva
- Department of Immunology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
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15
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Simões-Mattos L, Mattos MRF, Teixeira MJ, Oliveira-Lima JW, Bevilaqua CML, Prata-Júnior RC, Holanda CM, Rondon FCM, Bastos KMS, Coêlho ZCB, Coêlho ICB, Barral A, Pompeu MML. The susceptibility of domestic cats (Felis catus) to experimental infection with Leishmania braziliensis. Vet Parasitol 2004; 127:199-208. [PMID: 15710520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, several cases of feline leishmaniasis (FL) with cutaneous and visceral forms have been reported around the world. Nonetheless, the real susceptibility of cats to infection with Leishmania spp. and the outcome of leishmaniasis in these animals are poorly understood. Experimental studies on feline models will contribute to the knowledge of natural FL. Thus, in order to determine the susceptibility of domestic cats (Felis catus) to experimental infection with Leishmania braziliensis, 13 stray cats were infected with 10(7) promastigotes by the intradermal route in the ear and nose simultaneously and followed up for 72 weeks. Soon after infection, the earliest indication of a lesion was a papule on the ear at 2 weeks post-infection (w.p.i.). The emergence of satellite papules around the primary lesion was observed about 4 w.p.i. Two weeks later these papules coalesced and formed a huge and irregular nodule. Thereafter, there was lesion dissemination to the external and marginal surface of the ipsilateral ear, and later to the contralateral ear. At 10 w.p.i., some nodules became ulcerated. Nose lesions presented a similar evolution. At both sites, the largest lesion sizes occurred at 10 w.p.i. and started to decrease 15 days later. Ear and nose nodules healed at 32 and 40 w.p.i., respectively. Specific L. braziliensis IgG antibody titers (optical density> or = 0.01 as positive result) were detected as early as 2 w.p.i. (0.09 +/- 0.02) in only three animals (23%), and all cats had positive titers at 20 w.p.i. (0.34 +/- 0.06). Only three animals (38%) continued to show positive serology at 72 w.p.i. (0.08 +/- 0.02). Up to that time, none of the cats had lesion recurrence. In a feline model of cutaneous leishmaniasis, it seems that there is no correlation between active lesions and positive serology. The implications of these data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Simões-Mattos
- Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), Ceará, CEP 60.740-000, Brazil.
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16
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Teva A, Porrozzi R, Cupolillo E, Pirmez C, Oliveira-Neto MP, Grimaldi G. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis-induced chronic granulomatous cutaneous lesions affecting the nasal mucosa in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) model. Parasitology 2004; 127:437-47. [PMID: 14653533 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182003004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present studies on infections with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in rhesus macaques were made to characterize the evolution of different parasite strains and the immune responses they elicited in this experimental host. A standardized inoculum of promastigotes was injected intradermally either above the eyelid or on the forearm of each monkey. Sixteen infected monkeys developed longstanding infections which lasted until the end of the observation period (33 months). The time required for lesion development was very variable, not only for the isolates showing molecular differences but also for individual animals in groups infected with the same parasite strain. The inocula produced lesions of variable severity, ranging from localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with a tendency to spontaneous healing to non-healing disease. One infected animal developed persistent metastatic skin and mucosal lesions. Anti-Leishmania antibodies and parasite-specific T-cell responses were induced by the experimental infections. As the granulomatous inflammatory response found at the lesions in L. (V.) braziliensis-infected M. mulatta was similar to that in patients with CL, this primate model could be useful for studying the pathophysiology and immunoregulatory events associated with disease evolution, as well as for the evaluation of new drugs or candidate vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Genetic Variation
- Genotype
- Granuloma/immunology
- Granuloma/parasitology
- Granuloma/pathology
- Histocytochemistry
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/parasitology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Leishmania braziliensis/genetics
- Leishmania braziliensis/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/pathology
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Nasal Mucosa/parasitology
- Nasal Mucosa/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- A Teva
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
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17
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Freidag BL, Mendez S, Cheever AW, Kenney RT, Flynn B, Sacks DL, Seder RA. Immunological and pathological evaluation of rhesus macaques infected with Leishmania major. Exp Parasitol 2003; 103:160-8. [PMID: 12880593 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4894(03)00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a parasitic infection causing ulcerating skin lesions, is an important disease worldwide and urgently requires a vaccine. Animal models that closely mimic human disease are essential for designing preventive vaccines against Leishmania major. We have evaluated both biologic and immunologic parameters of cutaneous L. major infection in nonhuman primates. Naïve rhesus macaques or monkeys previously exposed to L. major were infected with varying doses of L. major metacyclic promastigotes, and lesion size was assessed over a 10-week period. Monkeys previously infected with L. major had much smaller lesions that resolved faster compared with those of naïve monkeys in response to the two higher doses of infection. Moreover, eight of nine naïve monkeys had parasites detected in their lesions during the course of the infection. In addition, the cellular infiltrate within the lesions was qualitatively and quantitatively different in naïve versus previously infected monkeys. Finally, an ELIspot assay determined that the magnitude and kinetics of responses differed between previously infected and naïve monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Freidag
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Amaral VF, Teva A, Oliveira-Neto MP, Silva AJ, Pereira MS, Cupolillo E, Porrozzi R, Coutinho SG, Pirmez C, Beverley SM, Grimaldi G. Study of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of attenuated and killed Leishmania (Leishmania) major vaccines in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) model of the human disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:1041-8. [PMID: 12471434 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000700019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have compared the efficacy of two Leishmania (Leishmania) major vaccines, one genetically attenuated (DHFR-TS deficient organisms), the other inactivated [autoclaved promastigotes (ALM) with bacillus Calmete-Guérin (BCG)], in protecting rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) against infection with virulent L. (L.) major. Positive antigen-specific recall proliferative response was observed in vaccinees (79% in attenuated parasite-vaccinated monkeys, versus 75% in ALM-plus-BCG-vaccinated animals), although none of these animals exhibited either augmented in vitro gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production or positive delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to the leishmanin skin test prior to the challenge. Following challenge, there were significant differences in blastogenic responses (p < 0.05) between attenuated-vaccinated monkeys and naïve controls. In both vaccinated groups very low levels of antibody were found before challenge, which increased after infective challenge. Protective immunity did not follow vaccination, in that monkeys exhibited skin lesion at the site of challenge in all the groups. The most striking result was the lack of pathogenicity of the attenuated parasite, which persisted in infected animals for up to three months, but were incapable of causing disease under the conditions employed. We concluded that both vaccine protocols used in this study are safe in primates, but require further improvement for vaccine application.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Macaca mulatta
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/adverse effects
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Amaral
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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