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Bacelar PAA, Santos JPD, Calegar DA, Silva DDAE, Leal DN, Evangelista BBC, Reis ERCD, Mallet JRDS, Carvalho-Costa FA, Jaeger LH, Monteiro KJL. A molecular and morphological study of Ascaris suum in a human-pig contact scenario in northeastern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e005623. [PMID: 37851714 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess morphologic and genetic data on ascariasis in swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) and humans in low-resource rural and periurban communities in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Our cross-sectional survey included 100 fecal samples obtained from swine and 682 samples from humans. Fifteen pigs were necropsied. Human and porcine fecal samples were examined to identify Ascaris eggs. Parasites obtained in the swine necropsies were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mitochondrial gene encoding the cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) enzyme was partially amplified and sequenced for molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic analyses. The overall prevalence of Ascaris eggs in the swine fecal samples was 16/100 (16%). No Ascaris eggs were identified in the human fecal samples. SEM of six worms recovered from pigs demonstrated morphological characteristics of A. suum. Cox1 sequences were compatible with A. suum reference sequences. Original and reference (GenBank) nucleotide sequences were organized into clusters that did not segregate the parasites by host species or and region. The largest haplogroups were dominated by haplotypes H01, H02 and H31. In the communities studied, there was no epidemiological evidence of the zoonotic transmission of ascariasis at the human-swine interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyanna Araújo Alves Bacelar
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Pereira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Deiviane Aparecida Calegar
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Denilson de Araújo E Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Daniella Nobre Leal
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Brenda Bulsara Costa Evangelista
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | | | - Jacenir Reis Dos Santos Mallet
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
- Laboratório de Vigilância Entomológica em Díptera e Hemíptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lauren Hubert Jaeger
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Kerla Joeline Lima Monteiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
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Kaur R, Arora N, Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Singh N, Show SK, Kumar P, Mishra A, Prasad A. Immunoinformatics driven construction of multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Ascaris lumbricoides using its entire immunogenic epitopes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1637-1649. [PMID: 34448645 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1974298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ascaris lumbricoides infects 80 million people per year, causing malnutrition, stunted growth of children etc., but there is no vaccine available against it. We aimed to design a multimeric-subunit vaccine using comprehensive immunoinformatic approach. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The T and B cell epitopes were shortlisted on antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity from proteome data and joined with appropriate linkers. The physical characteristics of vaccine candidate was calculated and docking/molecular dynamic simulation performed to validate its robustness. The multimeric protein was codon optimized and in-silico cloned in pET28b. RESULTS From the 23,604 proteins of Ascaris, we filtered based on epitope prediction, localization, antigenicity, and allergenicity. Prepared a vaccine of 534 amino acid long, 56.31 kD weight and pI 4.52. Physiochemical features showed it is soluble, highly antigenic and non-allergenic. Its tertiary structure was forecasted, certified, and refined. The immunoinformatic simulation studies showed it to be potent T and B cell stimulator. CONCLUSIONS We identified highly antigenic peptides of Ascaris from its proteome with good potential to induce innate as well as humoral immune response. These peptides were used to design a chimeric vaccine against Ascariasis infection, which can be used for prophylactic purpose but needs experimental and clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Suraj Singh Rawat
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Anand Kumar Keshri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Neha Singh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Show
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Thailand
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
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Zhou C, Chen J, Niu H, Ouyang S, Wu X. Study on the population evolution of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum based on whole genome resequencing. Vet Parasitol 2020; 279:109062. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Betson M, Alonte AJI, Ancog RC, Aquino AMO, Belizario VY, Bordado AMD, Clark J, Corales MCG, Dacuma MG, Divina BP, Dixon MA, Gourley SA, Jimenez JRD, Jones BP, Manalo SMP, Prada JM, van Vliet AHM, Whatley KCL, Paller VGV. Zoonotic transmission of intestinal helminths in southeast Asia: Implications for control and elimination. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 108:47-131. [PMID: 32291086 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths are extremely widespread and highly prevalent infections of humans, particularly in rural and poor urban areas of low and middle-income countries. These parasites have chronic and often insidious effects on human health and child development including abdominal problems, anaemia, stunting and wasting. Certain animals play a fundamental role in the transmission of many intestinal helminths to humans. However, the contribution of zoonotic transmission to the overall burden of human intestinal helminth infection and the relative importance of different animal reservoirs remains incomplete. Moreover, control programmes and transmission models for intestinal helminths often do not consider the role of zoonotic reservoirs of infection. Such reservoirs will become increasingly important as control is scaled up and there is a move towards interruption and even elimination of parasite transmission. With a focus on southeast Asia, and the Philippines in particular, this review summarises the major zoonotic intestinal helminths, risk factors for infection and highlights knowledge gaps related to their epidemiology and transmission. Various methodologies are discussed, including parasite genomics, mathematical modelling and socio-economic analysis, that could be employed to improve understanding of intestinal helminth spread, reservoir attribution and the burden associated with infection, as well as assess effectiveness of interventions. For sustainable control and ultimately elimination of intestinal helminths, there is a need to move beyond scheduled mass deworming and to consider animal and environmental reservoirs. A One Health approach to control of intestinal helminths is proposed, integrating interventions targeting humans, animals and the environment, including improved access to water, hygiene and sanitation. This will require coordination and collaboration across different sectors to achieve best health outcomes for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Betson
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Rico C Ancog
- University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Clark
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Billy P Divina
- University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Ben P Jones
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Nejsum P, Hawash MBF, Betson M, Stothard JR, Gasser RB, Andersen LO. Ascaris phylogeny based on multiple whole mtDNA genomes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 48:4-9. [PMID: 27939588 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are two parasitic nematodes infecting humans and pigs, respectively. There has been considerable debate as to whether Ascaris in the two hosts should be considered a single or two separate species. Previous studies identified at least three major clusters (A, B and C) of human and pig Ascaris based on partial cox1 sequences. In the present study, we selected major haplotypes from these different clusters to characterize their whole mitochondrial genomes for phylogenetic analysis. We also undertook coalescent simulations to investigate the evolutionary history of the different Ascaris haplotypes. The topology of the phylogenetic tree based on complete mitochondrial genomic sequences was found to be similar to partial cox1 sequencing, but the support at internal nodes was higher in the former. Coalescent simulations suggested the presence of at least two divergence events: the first one occurring early in the Neolithic period which resulted in a differentiated population of Ascaris in pigs (cluster C), the second occurring more recently (~900 generations ago), resulting in clusters A and B which might have been spread worldwide by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mohamed B F Hawash
- Department of Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Martha Betson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - J Russell Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lee O Andersen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jesudoss Chelladurai J, Murphy K, Snobl T, Bader C, West C, Thompson K, Brewer MT. Molecular Epidemiology of Ascaris Infection Among Pigs in Iowa. J Infect Dis 2016; 215:131-138. [PMID: 28077590 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascaris is a large roundworm parasite that infects humans and pigs throughout the world. Molecular markers have been used to study parasite transmission in Ascaris-endemic and -nonendemic regions of the world. In the United States, ascariasis still persists in commercial swine and has been designated a neglected disease of poverty in humans. However, relatively few data are available for evaluation of zoonotic transmission. In the present study, we obtained adult worms from abattoirs and characterized each worm on the basis of the gene encoding nuclear internal transcribed sequence (ITS) and mitochondrial cox1 Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of ITS revealed swine, human, and hybrid genotypes. cox1 sequences were compared to all complete sequences available in GenBank, and haplotype analysis demonstrated 92 haplotypes worldwide. Sequences from the parasites in this study represented 10 haplotypes, including 6 new haplotypes that have not been previously described. Our results indicate that anthropozoonotic transmission has occurred in the past, resulting in the presence of human genotypes in pigs and supporting further investigation of zoonotic Ascaris transmission in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaitlyn Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Tymbrie Snobl
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Christopher Bader
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Cody West
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Kylie Thompson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Matthew T Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
This chapter aims to provide some key points for researchers interested in the study of ancient gastrointestinal parasites. These few pages are dedicated to my colleague and friend, Prof. Adauto Araújo (1951-2015), who participated in the writing of this chapter. His huge efforts in paleoparasitology contributed to the development and promotion of the discipline during more than 30 years.
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Tenora F, Baruš V, Prokeš M. Discussion to several tapeworm species from the families Hymenolepididae, Anoplocephalidae and Davaineidae parasitizing rodents and man. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun200452010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Parasitic diversity found in coprolites of camelids during the Holocene. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2459-64. [PMID: 25859925 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of parasitic infections to which fauna was exposed in the past provides information on the geographical origin of some parasites, on the possible dispersal routes and for archaeological fauna on the potential zoonotic risk that human and animal populations could be exposed. The aim of the present study was to examine the gastrointestinal parasite present in camelid coprolites collected from the archaeological site Cerro Casa de Piedra, cave 7 (CCP7), Patagonia, Argentina. Coprolites were collected from different stratified sequences dating from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition to the late Holocene. Paleoparasitological examination revealed the presence of eggs of Trichostrongylidae attributed to Lamanema chavezi or Nematodirus lamae, eggs of three unidentified capillariids, Strongylus-type eggs and oocysts of Eimeria macusaniensis. These parasites affected camelids living in the studied area since the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, about 10,000 years ago. Gastrointestinal parasite fauna of patagonian camelids did not vary significatively from Pleistocene-Holocene transition to late Holocene, although environmental conditions fluctuated greatly throughout this period, as indicative of the strength and the stability of these associations over time. In this study, the zoonotic and biogeography importance of parasites of camelids are also discussed.
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Tenora F. Taxonomic status of several sibling species - parasites in man and in other vertebrates. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun200755050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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11
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Myšková E, Ditrich O, Sak B, Kváč M, Cymbalak T. Detection of Ancient DNA ofEncephalitozoon intestinalis(Microsporidia) in Archaeological Material. J Parasitol 2014; 100:356-9. [DOI: 10.1645/13-232.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Dutto M, Petrosillo N. Hybrid ascaris suum/lumbricoides (ascarididae) infestation in a pig farmer: a rare case of zoonotic ascariasis. Cent Eur J Public Health 2014; 21:224-6. [PMID: 24592729 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of the 42-year-old pig farmer from the province of Cuneo in Northwest Italy who was infected by the soil-transmitted nematode Ascaris sp. In November 2010 the patient found one worm in his stool, subsequently identified as female specimen of Ascaris sp. After a first anthelmintic treatment, another worm was found in his stool, that was later identified as male Ascaris sp. Blood tests prescribed by the patient's family physician, as suggested by a parasitologist, found nothing abnormal. A chest x-ray was negative for Loeffler's syndrome and an ultrasound of the abdomen was normal with no evidence of hepatic problems. The nematode collected from the patient was genetically characterized using the ribosomal nuclear marker ITS. The PCR-RFLP analysis showed a hybrid genotype, intermediate between A. suum/lumbricoides. It was subsequently ascertained that some pigs on the patient's farm had A. suum infection; no other family member was infected. A cross-infestation from the pigs as source was the likely way of transmission. This conclusion is further warranted by the fact, that the patient is a confirmed nail-biter, a habit which facilitates oral-fecal transmission of parasites and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Dutto
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit, ASL CN1, Saluzzo, Italy.
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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Betson M, Nejsum P, Bendall RP, Deb RM, Stothard JR. Molecular epidemiology of ascariasis: a global perspective on the transmission dynamics of Ascaris in people and pigs. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:932-41. [PMID: 24688073 PMCID: PMC4136802 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides infects 0.8 billion people worldwide, and Ascaris suum infects innumerable pigs across the globe. The extent of natural cross-transmission of Ascaris between pig and human hosts in different geographical settings is unknown, warranting investigation. Methods. Adult Ascaris organisms were obtained from humans and pigs in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Barcodes were assigned to 536 parasites on the basis of sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene. Genotyping of 410 worms was also conducted using a panel of microsatellite markers. Phylogenetic, population genetic, and Bayesian assignment methods were used for analysis. Results. There was marked genetic segregation between worms originating from human hosts and those originating from pig hosts. However, human Ascaris infections in Europe were of pig origin, and there was evidence of cross-transmission between humans and pigs in Africa. Significant genetic differentiation exists between parasite populations from different countries, villages, and hosts. Conclusions. In conducting an analysis of variation within Ascaris populations from pig and human hosts across the globe, we demonstrate that cross-transmission takes place in developing and developed countries, contingent upon epidemiological potential and local phylogeography. Our results provide novel insights into the transmission dynamics and speciation of Ascaris worms from humans and pigs that are of importance for control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Betson
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom Department of Parasitology, Pembroke Place, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rinki M Deb
- Department of Parasitology, Pembroke Place, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - J Russell Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Pembroke Place, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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Faulkner CT, Reinhard KJ. A retrospective examination of paleoparasitology and its establishment in the Journal of Parasitology. J Parasitol 2014; 100:253-9. [PMID: 24588553 DOI: 10.1645/13-485.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Volume 95 (2009) of the Journal of Parasitology represented a significant benchmark in the history of paleoparasitology when it received on the cover formal recognition as a topical area for publication. This retrospective examination chronicles the emergence of paleoparasitology, from its origins as an adjunct contribution to the study of prehistoric human populations to its modern expression as a sub-disciplinary interest. The aim of paleoparasitology is to elucidate the temporal and spatial dimensions of parasitism from the fossil record of human and non-human host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Faulkner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee 37752
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London D, Hruschka D. Helminths and human ancestral immune ecology: What is the evidence for high helminth loads among foragers? Am J Hum Biol 2014; 26:124-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas London
- Department of Anthropology; Adelphi University; Garden City New York 11530
| | - Daniel Hruschka
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona 85287
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Iñiguez AM, Leles D, Jaeger LH, Carvalho-Costa FA, Araújo A. Genetic characterisation and molecular epidemiology of Ascaris spp. from humans and pigs in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:604-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Assessing the zoonotic potential ofAscaris suumandTrichuris suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past. J Helminthol 2012; 86:148-55. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x12000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe two geohelminths,Ascaris lumbricoidesandTrichuris trichiura, infect more than a billion people worldwide but are only reported sporadically in the developed part of the world. In contrast, the closely related speciesA. suumandT. suisin pigs have a truly global distribution, with infected pigs found in most production systems. In areas where pigs and humans live in close proximity or where pig manure is used as fertilizer on vegetables for human consumption, there is a potential risk of cross-infections. We therefore review this relationship betweenAscarisandTrichurisin the human and pig host, with special focus on recent evidence concerning the zoonotic potential of these parasites, and identify some open questions for future research.
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Park YC, Kim W, Park JK. The complete mitochondrial genome of human parasitic roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 22:91-3. [PMID: 22040074 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2011.624608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The genome length of the Ascaris lumbricoides, human parasitic roundworm, is 14,281 bp with a nucleotide composition of 22.1% A, 49.8% T, 7.8% C, and 20.3% G. The genome consists of 12 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 1 control region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Chul Park
- Department of Forest Environment Protection, College of Forest and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
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Ascariasis in people and pigs: New inferences from DNA analysis of worm populations. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Leles D, Gardner SL, Reinhard K, Iñiguez A, Araujo A. Are Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum a single species? Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:42. [PMID: 22348306 PMCID: PMC3293767 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the original description and naming of Ascaris lumbricoides from humans by Linnaeus in 1758 and later of Ascaris suum from pigs by Goeze 1782, these species have been considered to be valid. Four hypotheses relative to the conspecificity or lack thereof (and thus origin of these species) are possible: 1) Ascaris lumbricoides (usually infecting humans) and Ascaris suum (recorded mostly from pigs) are both valid species, with the two species originating via a speciation event from a common ancestor sometime before the domestication of pigs by humans, or 2) Ascaris lumbricoides in humans is derived directly from the species A. suum found in pigs with A. suum then existing as a persistent ancestor after formation of A. lumbricoides, or 3) Ascaris suum is derived directly from A. lumbricoides with the persistent ancestor being A. lumbricoides and A. suum being the newly derived species, and finally, 4) Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are the same species, this hypothesis being supported by studies showing both low morphological and low genetic divergence at several genes. We present and discuss paleoparasitological and genetic evidence that complement new data to evaluate the origin and evolution of Ascaris spp. in humans and pigs, and the uniqueness of the species in both hosts. Finally, we conclude that Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are a single species and that the name A. lumbricoides Linnaeus 1758 has taxonomic priority; therefore A. suum Goeze 1782 should be considered a synonym of A. lumbricoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Leles
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, MIP-UFF, Rua Professor Hernani Melo 101, São Domingos, Niterói, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Scott L Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology W 529 Nebraska Hall University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514 USA
| | - Karl Reinhard
- School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, 6940 Van Dorn Street Ste 105, Lincoln, Nebraska 68506, USA
| | - Alena Iñiguez
- Intituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adauto Araujo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
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Oh CS, Seo M, Lim NJ, Lee SJ, Lee EJ, Lee SD, Shin DH. Paleoparasitological report on Ascaris aDNA from an ancient East Asian sample. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:225-8. [PMID: 20428686 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Ascaris DNA was extracted and sequenced from a medieval archaeological sample in Korea. While Ascaris eggs were confirmed to be of human origin by archaeological evidence, it was not possible to pinpoint the exact species due to close genetic relationships among them. Despite this shortcoming, this is the first Ascaris ancient DNA (aDNA) report from a medieval Asian country and thus will expand the scope of Ascaris aDNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seok Oh
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Leles D, Araújo A, Vicente ACP, Iñiguez AM. ITS1 intra-individual variability of Ascaris isolates from Brazil. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:93-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Shalaby HA, Abdel-Shafy S, Derbala AA. The role of dogs in transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides for humans. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1021-6. [PMID: 20162430 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dog's role as a definitive host for a number of zoonotic parasites has been widely studied and recognized as being a significant public health problem worldwide. This study aimed to report, for the first time, our investigation into the role of dogs as a biological transmitter for Ascaris lumbricoides, via necropsy of a sample of rural stray dogs in a developing community in Giza governorate, Egypt, where promiscuous defecation by human was common, and examination for A. lumbricoides worms as well as other ascaridiod nematodes of dogs. The recovered worms were identified in the laboratory after observing cephalic alae and egg morphology under a microscope, as well as scanning electron microscopy of their anterior ends. Of the 25 dogs examined, 14 were infected with Toxocara canis (56.0%), two with Toxascaris leonina (8.0%), and two with A. lumbricoides (8.0%). One dog was co-infected with T. canis and T. leonina. A. lumbricoides eggs were shown to be viable and 75-80% of eggs embryonated following 3 weeks of incubation at 28 degrees C. The present study suggested that dogs could act as reservoir hosts of A. lumbricoides and environmental contaminators that increase risk of infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Shalaby
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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24
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Blaszkowska J. Prenatal toxicity of Ascaris pepsin inhibitor in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 25:263-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Leles D, Araújo A, Ferreira LF, Vicente ACP, Iñiguez AM. Molecular paleoparasitological diagnosis of Ascaris sp. from coprolites: new scenery of ascariasis in pre-Colombian South America times. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:106-8. [PMID: 18327505 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008005000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleoparasitological studies using microscopy showed that Ascarisand Trichuris trichiura are the human intestinal parasites most found in archaeological sites. However, in pre-Columbian South American archaeological sites, Ascaris is rare. In this work we standardized a molecular methodology for Ascaris diagnosis directly from ancient DNA retrieved from coprolites. Using cythochrome b gene (142 bp) target, ancient DNA sequences were retrieved from South American samples, negative by microscopy. Moreover, the methodology applied was sensitive enough to detect ancient DNA extracted from 30 Ascaris eggs from an European coprolite. These results revealed a new scenery for the paleodistribution of Ascaris in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Leles
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brasil
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26
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da Rocha GC, Harter-Lailheugue S, Le Bailly M, Araújo A, Ferreira LF, da Serra-Freire NM, Bouchet F. Paleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from "Place d'Armes", Namur, Belgium. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101 Suppl 2:43-52. [PMID: 17308808 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006001000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human occupation for several centuries was recorded in the archaeological layers of "Place d'Armes", Namur, Belgium. Preventive archaeological excavations were carried out between 1996/1997 and seven historical strata were observed, from Gallo-Roman period up to Modern Times. Soil samples from cesspools, latrines, and structures-like were studied and revealed intestinal parasite eggs in the different archaeological contexts. Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Trichuris trichiura, T. suis. Taenia sp., Fasciola hepatica, Diphyllobothrium sp., Capillaria sp. and Oxyuris equi eggs were found. Paleoparasitology confirmed the use of structures as latrines or cesspit as firstly supposed by the archaeologists. Medieval latrines were not only used for rejection of human excrements. The finding of Ascaris sp. and Trichuris sp. eggs may point to human's or wild swine's feces. Gallo-Roman people used to eat wild boar. Therefore, both A. suum and T. suis, or A. lumbricoides and T. trichuris, may be present, considering a swine carcass recovered into a cesspit. Careful sediment analysis may reveal its origin, although parasites of domestic animals can be found together with those of human's. Taenia sp. eggs identified in latrine samples indicate ingestion of uncooked beef with cysticercoid larvae. F. hepatica eggs suggest the ingestion of raw contaminated vegetables and Diphyllobothrium sp. eggs indicate contaminated fresh-water fish consumption. Ascaris sp. and Trichuris sp. eggs indicate fecal-oral infection by human and/or animal excrements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Chaves da Rocha
- Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca- Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Terra MABL, Bello AR, Bastos OM, Amendoeira MRR, Coelho JMCDO, Ferreira LF, Araújo A. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA by polymerase chain reaction in experimentally desiccated tissues. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 99:185-8. [PMID: 15250473 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite toxoplasmosis being a common infection among human and other warm-blooded animals worldwide, there are no findings about Toxoplasma gondii evolutionary forms in ancient populations. The molecular techniques used for amplification of genetic material have allowed recovery of ancient DNA (aDNA) from parasites contained in mummified tissues. The application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to paleoparasitological toxoplasmosis research becomes a promising option, since it might allow diagnosis, acquisition of paleoepidemiological data, access to toxoplasmosis information related origin, evolution, and distribution among the ancient populations. Furthermore, it makes possible the analysis of parasite aDNA aiming at phylogenetic studies. To standardize and evaluate PCR applicability to toxoplasmosis paleodiagnostic, an experimental mummification protocol was tested using desiccated tissues from mice infected with the ME49 strain cysts, the chronic infection group (CIG), or infected with tachyzoites (RH strain), the acute infection group (AIG). Tissues were subjected to DNA extraction followed by PCR amplification of T. gondii B1 gene. PCR recovered T. gondii DNA in thigh muscle, encephalon, heart, and lung samples. AIG presented PCR positivity in encephalon, lungs, hearts, and livers. Based on this results, we propose this molecular approach for toxoplasmosis research in past populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Andreia Barge Loução Terra
- Laboratório de Paleoparasitologia, Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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