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Wang YJ, Yu SJ, Tsai JJ, Yu CH, Liao EC. Antagonism of Protease Activated Receptor-2 by GB88 Reduces Inflammation Triggered by Protease Allergen Tyr-p3. Front Immunol 2021; 12:557433. [PMID: 34566947 PMCID: PMC8456102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.557433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of allergic diseases induced by aeroallergens has increased in the past decades. Among inhalant allergens, mites remain the important causal agent of allergic diseases. Storage mites- Tyrophagus putrescentiae are found in stored products or domestic environments. Major allergen Tyr-p3 plays a significant role in triggering IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. However, its effects on pulmonary inflammation, internalization, and activation in human epithelium remain elusive. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are activated upon cleavage by proteases. A549 cells were used as an epithelial model to examine the PAR activation by Tyr-p3 and therapeutic potential of PAR-2 antagonist (GB88) in allergic responses. Enzymatic properties and allergen localization of Tyr-p3 were performed. The release of inflammatory mediators, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and cell junction disruptions were evaluated after Tyr-p3 challenge. Enzymatic properties determined by substrate digestion and protease inhibitors indicated that Tyr-p3 processes a trypsin-like serine protease activity. The PAR-2 mRNA levels were significantly increased by nTyr-p3 but inhibited by protease inhibitors or GB88. Protease allergen of nTyr-p3 significantly increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), chemokine (IL-8), and IL-1β in epithelial cells. nTyr-p3 markedly increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and MAP kinase. When cells were pretreated with GB88 then added nTyr-p3, the phosphorylated ERK1/2 did not inhibit by GB88. GB88 increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human epithelium cells. GB88 is able to block PAR-2-mediated calcium signaling which inhibits the nTyr-p3-induced Ca2+ release. Among the pharmacologic inhibitors, the most effective inhibitor of the nTyr-p3 in the induction of IL-8 or IL-1β levels was GB88 followed by SBTI, MAPK/ERK, ERK, and p38 inhibitors. Levels of inflammatory mediators, including GM-CSF, VEGF, COX-2, TSLP, and IL-33 were reduced by treatment of GB88 or SBTI. Further, GB88 treatment down-regulated the nTyr-p3-induced PAR-2 expression in allergic patients with asthma or rhinitis. Tight junction and adherens junction were disrupted in epithelial cells by nTyr-p3 exposure; however, this effect was avoided by GB88. Immunostaining with frozen sections of the mite body showed the presence of Tyr-p3 throughout the intestinal digestive system, especially in the hindgut around the excretion site. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Tyr-p3 from domestic mites leads to disruption of the airway epithelial barrier after inhalation. Proteolytic activity of Tyr-p3 causes the PAR-2 mRNA expression, thus leading to the release of numerous inflammatory mediators. Antagonism of PAR2 activity suggests GB88 as the therapeutic potential for anti-inflammation medicine, especially in allergy development triggered by protease allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jie Yu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ji Tsai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - En-Chih Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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2
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Kaji K, Kaji N, Hori M, Sakai K, Yonezawa T, Maeda S. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Canine Mammary Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:53-62. [PMID: 33054598 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820963087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by serine proteases. In humans, PAR2 is highly expressed in various cancers, including breast cancer, and is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. However, the expression and roles of PAR2 in canine mammary carcinoma remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of PAR2 in canine mammary carcinoma, the association between PAR2 expression and clinical characteristics, and the role of PAR2 in the metastatic phenotypes of tumor cells. Mammary carcinoma from 31 dogs and 10 normal mammary glands were included in this study, and used for immunohistochemical analysis of PAR2 expression. Normal mammary glands did not express PAR2. In contrast, mammary carcinomas showed PAR2 immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm, and its expression level varied between specimens from negative to strongly positive. The overall survival of dogs with high PAR2 expression was shorter than that of dogs with low PAR2 expression. Moreover, PAR2 expression level was associated with the presence of lymph node involvement, advanced clinical stage, and high histopathological grade. In vitro analyses revealed that a PAR2 agonist accelerated cell migration and invasion in a canine mammary carcinoma cell line. In addition, the PAR2 agonist induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and actin polymerization. These results suggest that PAR2 expression plays a role in tumor progression and clinical outcomes in canine mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosei Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Huang X, Ni B, Xi Y, Chu X, Zhang R, You H. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) antagonist AZ3451 as a novel therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12532-12545. [PMID: 31841119 PMCID: PMC6949101 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent joint disorder blamed for pain and disability in older individuals. It's commonly accepted that inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy and cellular senescence participate in the progress of OA. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a member of the G-protein coupled receptors, is involved in the regulation of various inflammation diseases. Previous studies have identified PAR2 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of OA. Here, we investigated the role of PAR2 antagonist AZ3451 in inflammation response, apoptosis, autophagy and cellular senescence during OA. We confirmed that PAR2 expression was significantly up-regulated in OA articular cartilage tissues as well as in interleukin 1β (IL-1β) stimulated chondrocytes. We demonstrated AZ3451 could prevent the IL-1β-induced inflammation response, cartilage degradation and premature senescence in chondrocytes. Further study showed that AZ3451 attenuated chondrocytes apoptosis by activating autophagy in vitro. The P38/MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways were involved in the protective effect of AZ3451. In vivo, we found that intra-articular injection of AZ3451 could ameliorate the surgery induced cartilage degradation in rat OA model. Our work provided a better understanding of the mechanism of PAR2 in OA, and indicated that PAR2 antagonist AZ3451 might serve as a promising strategy for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bowei Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiangyu Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hongbo You
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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4
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Oikonomopoulou K, Diamandis EP, Hollenberg MD, Chandran V. Proteinases and their receptors in inflammatory arthritis: an overview. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:170-180. [PMID: 29416136 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases are enzymes with established roles in physiological and pathological processes such as digestion and the homeostasis, destruction and repair of tissues. Over the past few years, the hormone-like properties of circulating proteinases have become increasingly appreciated. Some proteolytic enzymes trigger cell signalling via proteinase-activated receptors, a family of G protein-coupled receptors that have been implicated in inflammation and pain in inflammatory arthritis. Proteinases can also regulate ion flux owing to the cross-sensitization of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V members 1 and 4, which are associated with mechanosensing and pain. In this Review, the idea that proteinases have the potential to orchestrate inflammatory signals by interacting with receptors on cells within the synovial microenvironment of an inflamed joint is revisited in three arthritic diseases: osteoarthritis, spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unanswered questions are highlighted and the therapeutic potential of modulating this proteinase-receptor axis for the management of disease in patients with these types of arthritis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Rovai ES, Holzhausen M. The Role of Proteinase-Activated Receptors 1 and 2 in the Regulation of Periodontal Tissue Metabolism and Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:5193572. [PMID: 28503577 PMCID: PMC5414592 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5193572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors 1 (PAR1) and 2 (PAR2) are the most highly expressed members of the PAR family in the periodontium. These receptors regulate periodontal inflammatory and repair processes through their activation by endogenous and bacterial enzymes. PAR1 is expressed by the periodontal cells such as human gingival fibroblasts, gingival epithelial cells, periodontal ligament cells, osteoblasts, and monocytic cells and can be activated by thrombin, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-13, fibrin, and gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis. PAR2 is expressed by neutrophils, osteoblasts, oral epithelial cells, and human gingival fibroblasts, and its possible activators in the periodontium are gingipains, neutrophil proteinase 3, and mast cell tryptase. The mechanisms through which PARs can respond to periodontal enzymes and result in appropriate immune responses have until recently been poorly understood. This review discusses recent findings that are beginning to identify a cardinal role for PAR1 and PAR2 on periodontal tissue metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells
- Fibroblasts
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases
- Gingiva/cytology
- Gingiva/metabolism
- Humans
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism
- Mice
- Periodontitis/genetics
- Periodontitis/metabolism
- Periodontitis/physiopathology
- Periodontium/metabolism
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Receptor, PAR-1/agonists
- Receptor, PAR-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/agonists
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/genetics
- Receptors, Proteinase-Activated/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Rovai
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Park MK, Cho MK, Kang SA, Kim BY, Yu HS. The induction of the collagen capsule synthesis by Trichinella spiralis is closely related to protease-activated receptor 2. Vet Parasitol 2016; 230:56-61. [PMID: 27884442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The muscle-stage larvae of the parasite Trichinella spiralis have the ability to survive within host muscle tissue by virtue of the formation a nurse cell-parasite complex, which is surrounded by collagen. The formation of the complex is initiated by excretory-secretory (ES) proteins produced by the parasite. To determine the mechanisms underlying collagen capsule formation, we investigated the expression levels of several types of collagen genes and TGF-βI signaling-related genes (Smad2 and Smad3) in muscle cells. Synthesis of type I, IV, and VI collagen, which are major constituents of the collagen capsule, significantly increased during T. spiralis infection. In addition, we found that expression of the protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) gene was significantly increased during this period. Expression levels of the collagen genes and TGF-βI, Smad2, and Smad3 were induced by ES proteins and a PAR2 agonist, whereas their enhanced expression levels were reduced by a PAR2 antagonist and serine protease inhibitors. To evaluate the involvement of PAR2 during T. spiralis infection in vivo, we infected wild-type and PAR2 knockout (KO) mice with T. spiralis. Expression levels of type I, IV, and VI collagen genes and TGF-βI signaling-related genes (Smad2 and Smad3) were also decreased in the PAR2 KO mice. Phosphorylation of Smad2/3, which was increased by T. spiralis infection, was significantly diminished in the PAR2 KO mice. In conclusion, ES proteins containing serine protease most likely activate collagen synthesis via PAR2 and TGF-βI signaling, and this event could influence collagen capsule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Park
- Department of Parasitology School of Medicine, Pusan National University, and Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Cho
- Department of Parasitology School of Medicine, Pusan National University, and Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Ae Kang
- Department of Parasitology School of Medicine, Pusan National University, and Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Kim
- Department of Parasitology School of Medicine, Pusan National University, and Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology School of Medicine, Pusan National University, and Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Huang CB, Alimova Y, Ebersole JL. Macrophage polarization in response to oral commensals and pathogens. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw011. [PMID: 26884502 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have been identified in the periodontium. Data have phenotypically described these cells, demonstrated changes with progressing periodontal disease, and identified their ability to function in antigen-presentation critical for adaptive immune responses to individual oral bacterium. Recent evidence has emphasized an important role for the plasticity of macrophage phenotypes, not only in the resulting function of these cells in various tissues, but also clear differences in the stimulatory signals that result in M1 (classical activation, inflammatory) and M2 (alternative activation/deactivated, immunomodulatory) cells. This investigation hypothesized that the oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans induce M1-type cells, while oral commensal bacteria primarily elicit macrophage functions consistent with an M2 phenotype. However, we observed that the M1 output from P. gingivalis challenge, showed exaggerated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with a much lower production of chemokines related to T-cell recruitment. This contrasted with A. actinomycetemcomitans infection that increased both the pro-inflammatory cytokines and T-cell chemokines. Thus, it appears that P. gingivalis, as an oral pathogen, may have a unique capacity to alter the programming of the M1 macrophage resulting in a hyperinflammatory environment and minimizing the ability for T-cell immunomodulatory influx into the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chifu B Huang
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yelena Alimova
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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8
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Castro ML, Franco GCN, Branco-de-Almeida LS, Anbinder AL, Cogo-Müller K, Cortelli SC, Duarte S, Saxena D, Rosalen PL. Downregulation of Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2, Interleukin-17, and Other Proinflammatory Genes by Subantimicrobial Doxycycline Dose in a Rat Periodontitis Model. J Periodontol 2015; 87:203-10. [PMID: 26430924 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) has been used as an adjunct in periodontal treatment because of its matrix metalloproteinase inhibition properties. Although the benefits of SDD therapy, such as improvement in the parameters of periodontal probing depth and clinical attachment level, have been proven in multiple clinical studies, the comprehension of other biologic mechanisms of action on periodontitis remains poorly investigated. Therefore, this animal-model study evaluated the effects of SDD monotherapy on the expressions of the following key proinflammatory genes: proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-1β. METHODS Male Wistar rats were assigned randomly to the following: 1) control group: no ligature-induced periodontitis and no treatment; 2) ligature group: ligature-induced periodontitis and placebo treatment; and 3) ligature + doxycycline group: ligature-induced periodontitis and SDD treatment. After the experimental time, animals were sacrificed, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, and PAR2 in gingival tissue samples. Histologic analyses were performed on the furcation region and mesial gingiva of mandibular first molars to measure periodontal bone loss and collagen content. RESULTS SDD administration significantly downregulated PAR2, IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA expressions (P <0.05). In addition, SDD treatment was accompanied by lower rates of alveolar bone loss (P <0.05) and maintenance of the amount of gingival collagen fibers. CONCLUSION These findings reveal new perspectives regarding SDD efficacy because it can be partially related to proinflammatory gene expression modulation, even considering PAR2 and IL-17, which has not been investigated thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrella L Castro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson C N Franco
- Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ana L Anbinder
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology-São José dos Campos, Paulista State University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Cogo-Müller
- Department of Dentistry, Implantology Area, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila C Cortelli
- Nucleus of Periodontal Research, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Duarte
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Pedro L Rosalen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Dommisch H, Jepsen S. Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:96-110. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Tripathi T, Alizadeh H. Role of protease-activated receptors 2 (PAR2) in ocular infections and inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 26078987 DOI: 10.14800/rci.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to a unique family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are cleaved at an activation site within the N-terminal exodomain by a variety of proteinases, essentially of the serine (Ser) proteinase family. After cleavage, the new N-terminal sequence functions as a tethered ligand, which binds intramolecularly to activate the receptor and initiate signaling. Cell signals induced through the activation of PARs appear to play a significant role in innate and adoptive immune responses of the cornea, which is constantly exposed to proteinases under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. Activation of PARs interferes with all aspects of the corneal physiology such as barrier function, transports, innate and adoptive immune responses, and functions of corneal nerves. It is not known whether the proteinase released from the microorganism can activate PARs and triggers the inflammatory responses. The role of PAR2 expressed by the corneal epithelial cells and activation by serine protease released from microorganism is discussed here. Recent evidences suggest that activation of PAR2, by the serine proteinases, play an important role in innate and inflammatory responses of the corneal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivendra Tripathi
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
| | - Hassan Alizadeh
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
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11
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Zhang D, Li S, Hu L, Sheng L, Cao Z, Wu Y, Chen L. Protease-activated receptors expression in gingiva in periodontal health and disease. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:393-9. [PMID: 24509446 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of receptors which are implicated in mediating inflammation, pain and other functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of PARs in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis by differential expression analysis of PARs in the gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis patients compared with those of healthy control individuals. DESIGN Gingival tissue specimens were collected from chronic periodontitis patients (n=20) and control individuals (n=20). The expression of PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 was determined in these tissues by immunohistochemistry and differential expression between the two groups was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 were expressed in all gingival tissues. A significant overexpression of PAR-3 was detected in chronic periodontitis-affected tissues compared to healthy gingival tissues. However, expression of PAR-2 was decreased in periodontal lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that PAR-1, -2, -3 and -4 are expressed in both healthy and inflamed gingival tissues. Furthermore, PAR-2 and PAR-3 may contribute to the inflammatory responses associated with chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Zhang
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shenglai Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lingjing Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lieping Sheng
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Dental Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yanmin Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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12
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Li Q, Jie Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Guo H, Pan Z. Tryptase compromises corneal epithelial barrier function. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:183-7. [PMID: 23996353 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Li
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
| | - Ying Jie
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
| | - Cong Wang
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology; Chinese PLA 306 Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Beijing Ophthalmol and Vis Sci Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100730 China
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13
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Khalaf H, Demirel I, Bengtsson T. Suppression of inflammatory gene expression in T cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis is mediated by targeting MAPK signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:413-22. [PMID: 23892429 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing awareness of the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on host immune responses. Degradation of cytokines and chemokines by cysteine proteinases has previously been reported. However, the precise mechanisms by which P. gingivalis is able to alter intracellular signaling, and thus proliferation and inflammation, have not been described. We have previously reported suppression of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and degradation of IL-2 by proteinases from P. gingivalis. In the present study, we have analyzed the effects of P. gingivalis on Jurkat T-cell signal transduction and subsequent IL-2 and CXCL8 expression. We found that CXCL8, but not IL-2, gene expression levels were significantly suppressed by viable P. gingivalis. Analysis of intracellular signaling revealed an inhibitory effect of P. gingivalis on c-Jun and c-Fos, but not NFκB (p50 and p65), NFAT or STAT5 expression. This inhibitory effect was not due to suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (p38, erk and JNK) gene expression, but was rather due to prevention of protein kinase C (PKC) and p38 phosphorylation, as demonstrated by western blot analysis. Furthermore, SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression levels decreased following treatment of Jurkat T cells with viable P. gingivalis. The results indicate that P. gingivalis is able to suppress inflammatory gene expression by targeting the activity of MAPK pathways in T cells, which was confirmed by using specific inhibitors of NF-κB, PKC, ERK, p38 and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Khalaf
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Moon JS, Cheong NR, Yang SY, Kim IS, Chung HJ, Jeong YW, Park JC, Kim MS, Kim SH, Ko HM. Lipopolysaccharide-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in the periodontal ligament. J Periodontal Res 2013; 48:733-9. [PMID: 23488665 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-oxidizing enzyme with immune-inhibitory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of IDO by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacteria, in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human PDL cells and gingival fibroblasts (GFs) were prepared from explants of human PDLs and from gingival tissues of clinically healthy donors, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR, western blotting and the IDO enzyme assay were performed to determine the expression of IDO following LPS treatment of cells. LPS was injected into mice tail veins to evaluate the effects of LPS in vivo in the maxillary first molar. Immunofluorescence staining and histological analysis were followed to localize IDO in mouse PDL. RESULTS The level of expression of IDO mRNA in primary human PDL cells after LPS treatment was increased in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a peak 8 h after LPS treatment. The expression and activities of IDO protein were significantly increased in comparison with those of the control. In addition, the increased production of kynurenine in culture medium was observed 72 h after LPS treatment. In the immunofluorescence findings, stronger immunoreactivities were shown in PDL than in gingival tissues in the maxillae. In accordance with the immunofluorescence findings, LPS treatment induced a strong up-regulation of IDO mRNA in human PDL cells, whereas human GFs showed only a weak response to LPS. CONCLUSION These results clearly show that IDO was induced by LPS in primary human PDL cells, suggesting that PDL might be involved in the regulation of oral inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Moon
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd stage Brain Korea, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Fagundes JAG, Monoo LD, Euzébio Alves VT, Pannuti CM, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Holzhausen M. Porphyromonas Gingivalisis Associated With Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Upregulation in Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1596-601. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Park MK, Cho MK, Kang SA, Park HK, Kim YS, Kim KU, Ahn SC, Kim DH, Yu HS. Protease-activated receptor 2 is involved in Th2 responses against Trichinella spiralis infection. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 49:235-43. [PMID: 22072823 PMCID: PMC3210840 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to get a better understanding of the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in type 2 helper T (Th2) cell responses against Trichinella spiralis infection, we analyzed Th2 responses in T. spiralis-infected PAR2 knockout (KO) mice. The levels of the Th2 cell-secreted cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were markedly reduced in the PAR2 KO mice as compared to the wild type mice following infection with T. spiralis. The serum levels of parasite-specific IgE increased significantly in the wild type mice as the result of T. spiralis infection, but this level was not significantly increased in PAR2 KO mice. The expression level of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25, and eotaxin gene (the genes were recently known as Th2 response initiators) of mouse intestinal epithelial cells were increased as the result of treatment with T. spiralis excretory-secretory proteins. However, the expression of these chemokine genes was inhibited by protease inhibitor treatments. In conclusion, PAR2 might involve in Th2 responses against T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Park
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
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Anti-Inflammatory mechanisms of the proteinase-activated receptor 2-inhibiting peptide in human synovial cells. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:43. [PMID: 21682866 PMCID: PMC3135512 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease which affects the entire joint structure, including the synovial membrane. Disease progression was shown to involve inflammatory changes mediated by proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2. Previous studies demonstrated that PAR-2 messenger (m)RNA and protein levels increased in OA synovial cells, suggesting that PAR-2 is a potential therapeutic target of the disease. Methods We designed a PAR-2-inhibiting peptide (PAR2-IP) by changing an isoleucine residue in the PAR-2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP), SLIGKV, to alanine, generating the SLAGKV peptide. We used it to test PAR-2-mediated inflammatory responses, including the expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in human synovial cells. As a control, expressions of COX-2 and MMP-1 were induced by trypsin at both the mRNA and protein levels. Results The PAR2-AP increased the expression of COX-2 more dramatically than that of MMP-1. When we treated cells with the designed PAR2-IP, the trypsin-induced COX-2 level was completely inhibited at a moderate concentration of the PAR2-IP. With further examination of trypsin-induced NF-κB activation, we observed sufficient inhibitory effects of the PAR2-IP in synoviosarcoma cells and primary synovial cells from OA patients. Conclusions Our study suggests that the PAR2-IP inhibits trypsin-induced NF-κB activation, resulting in a reduction in inflammatory COX-2 expression in synovial cells. Application of PAR2-IP is suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy for OA.
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Guo Y, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Dichotomy of gingipains action as virulence factors: from cleaving substrates with the precision of a surgeon's knife to a meat chopper-like brutal degradation of proteins. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:15-44. [PMID: 20712631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Suen JY, Gardiner B, Grimmond S, Fairlie DP. Profiling gene expression induced by protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) activation in human kidney cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13809. [PMID: 21072196 PMCID: PMC2970545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-Activated Receptor-2 (PAR2) has been implicated through genetic knockout mice with cytokine regulation and arthritis development. Many studies have associated PAR2 with inflammatory conditions (arthritis, airways inflammation, IBD) and key events in tumor progression (angiogenesis, metastasis), but they have relied heavily on the use of single agonists to identify physiological roles for PAR2. However such probes are now known not to be highly selective for PAR2, and thus precisely what PAR2 does and what mechanisms of downstream regulation are truly affected remain obscure. Effects of PAR2 activation on gene expression in Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293), a commonly studied cell line in PAR2 research, were investigated here by comparing 19,000 human genes for intersecting up- or down-regulation by both trypsin (an endogenous protease that activates PAR2) and a PAR2 activating hexapeptide (2f-LIGRLO-NH(2)). Among 2,500 human genes regulated similarly by both agonists, there were clear associations between PAR2 activation and cellular metabolism (1,000 genes), the cell cycle, the MAPK pathway, HDAC and sirtuin enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and anti-complement function. PAR-2 activation up-regulated four genes more than 5 fold (DUSP6, WWOX, AREG, SERPINB2) and down-regulated another six genes more than 3 fold (TXNIP, RARG, ITGB4, CTSD, MSC and TM4SF15). Both PAR2 and PAR1 activation resulted in up-regulated expression of several genes (CD44, FOSL1, TNFRSF12A, RAB3A, COPEB, CORO1C, THBS1, SDC4) known to be important in cancer. This is the first widespread profiling of specific activation of PAR2 and provides a valuable platform for better understanding key mechanistic roles of PAR2 in human physiology. Results clearly support the development of both antagonists and agonists of human PAR2 as potential disease modifying therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Y. Suen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brooke Gardiner
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean Grimmond
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Rohani MG, DiJulio DH, An JY, Hacker BM, Dale BA, Chung WO. PAR1- and PAR2-induced innate immune markers are negatively regulated by PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in oral keratinocytes. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:53. [PMID: 21029417 PMCID: PMC2988058 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs), members of G-protein-coupled receptors, are activated by proteolytic activity of various proteases. Activation of PAR1 and PAR2 triggers innate immune responses in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs), but the signaling pathways downstream of PAR activation in HOKs have not been clearly defined. In this study, we aimed to determine if PAR1- and PAR2-mediated signaling differs in the induction of innate immune markers CXCL3, CXCL5 and CCL20 via ERK, p38 and PI3K/Akt. Results Our data show the induction of innate immunity by PAR1 requires both p38 and ERK MAP kinases, while PAR2 prominently signals via p38. However, inhibition of PI3K enhances expression of innate immune markers predominantly via suppressing p38 phosphorylation signaled by PAR activation. Conclusion Our data indicate that proteases mediating PAR1 and PAR2 activation differentially signal via MAP kinase cascades. In addition, the production of chemokines induced by PAR1 and PAR2 is suppressed by PI3K/Akt, thus keeping the innate immune responses of HOK in balance. The results of our study provide a novel insight into signaling pathways involved in PAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam G Rohani
- Department of Medicine/Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6524, USA
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21
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Barry GD, Suen JY, Le GT, Cotterell A, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. Novel Agonists and Antagonists for Human Protease Activated Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7428-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100984y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant D. Barry
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Giang T. Le
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Adam Cotterell
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
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Holzhausen M, Balejo RDP, Lara GM, Cortelli SC, Saad WA, Cortelli JR. Nafamostat mesilate, a potent tryptase inhibitor, modulates periodontitis in rats. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 15:967-73. [PMID: 20820824 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have demonstrated increased tryptase-like proteolytic activity in the crevicular fluid of patients with periodontal disease. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of tryptase inhibition with nafamostat mesilate (NM, 6-amino-2-naphtlyl p-guanidinobenzoate dimethansulfonate) on the development of experimental periodontitis in rats. Eighty (80) male Wistar rats were randomly separated into four groups: Control group, NM group (daily 0.1 mg/kg body weight of NM, i.p.), Ligature group (ligature placed at lower right first molars), and NM+Ligature group. The amount of alveolar bone loss (ABL) around the mesial root surface of the first mandibulary molar, as well as the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and total proteolytic activity [N-benzoyl-L: -arginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA) substrate] were determined at 7 and 14 days. NM led to significantly (p < 0.05) decreased ABL in animals subjected to ligature-induced periodontitis. Tryptase inhibition prevented the onset of significant ABL at 7 days of experiment (0.44 ± 0.16 and 0.60 ± 0.22, p > 0.05, NM+Ligature and Control, respectively) and significantly decreased the ABL at 14 days (0.97 ± 0.17 versus 1.82 ± 0.26, p < 0.001, NM+Ligature versus Ligature, respectively). In addition, NM significantly decreased MPO and total proteolytic activity at 14 days (p < 0.05). These data provided evidence that tryptase inhibition with NM attenuates gingival granulocyte infiltration and ABL in an experimental model of periodontitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Holzhausen M, Cortelli J, da Silva VA, Franco GN, Cortelli SC, Vergnolle N. Protease-activated Receptor-2 (par2) in Human Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2010; 89:948-53. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510373765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
No evidence for the role of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in human periodontal disease has been demonstrated so far. Thus, we sought to investigate the expression of PAR2 mRNA in chronic periodontitis, and to examine whether its expression is related to the presence of PAR2 potential activators. Microbiological and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from individuals with chronic periodontitis and control individuals, and the presence of neutrophil serine proteinase 3 (P3) and Porphyromonas gingivalis was evaluated. PAR2 mRNA expression was higher (p < 0.001) in those with chronic periodontitis compared with control individuals, and it was statistically decreased (p = 0.0006) after periodontal treatment. Furthermore, those with chronic periodontitis presented higher (p < 0.05) levels of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, total proteolytic activity, P. gingivalis prevalence, and P3mRNA expression compared with control individuals. We conclude that PAR2 mRNA expression and its potential activators are elevated in human chronic periodontitis, therefore suggesting that PAR2 may play a role in periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - J.R. Cortelli
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - V. Araújo da Silva
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - G.C. Nobre Franco
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - S. Cavalca Cortelli
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - N. Vergnolle
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000, France
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Bonifait L, de la Cruz Dominguez-Punaro M, Vaillancourt K, Bart C, Slater J, Frenette M, Gottschalk M, Grenier D. The cell envelope subtilisin-like proteinase is a virulence determinant for Streptococcus suis. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:42. [PMID: 20146817 PMCID: PMC2832634 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen and zoonotic agent that mainly causes septicemia, meningitis, and endocarditis. It has recently been suggested that proteinases produced by S. suis (serotype 2) are potential virulence determinants. In the present study, we screened a S. suis mutant library created by the insertion of Tn917 transposon in order to isolate a mutant deficient in a cell surface proteinase. We characterized the gene and assessed the proteinase for its potential as a virulence factor. Results Two mutants (G6G and M3G) possessing a single Tn917 insertion were isolated. The affected gene coded for a protein (SSU0757) that shared a high degree of identity with Streptococccus thermophilus PrtS (95.9%) and, to a lesser extent, with Streptococcus agalactiae CspA (49.5%), which are cell surface serine proteinases. The SSU0757 protein had a calculated molecular mass of 169.6 kDa and contained the catalytic triad characteristic of subtilisin family proteinases: motif I (Asp200), motif II (His239), and motif III (Ser568). SSU0757 also had the Gram-positive cell wall anchoring motif (Leu-Pro-X-Thr-Gly) at the carboxy-terminus, which was followed by a hydrophobic domain. All the S. suis isolates tested, which belonged to different serotypes, possessed the gene encoding the SSU0757 protein. The two mutants devoid of subtilisin-like proteinase activity had longer generation times and were more susceptible to killing by whole blood than the wild-type parent strain P1/7. The virulence of the G6G and M3G mutants was compared to the wild-type strain in the CD1 mouse model. Significant differences in mortality rates were noted between the P1/7 group and the M3G and G6G groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion In summary, we identified a gene coding for a cell surface subtilisin-like serine proteinase that is widely distributed in S. suis. Evidences were brought for the involvement of this proteinase in S. suis virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Bonifait
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Regulation of protease-activated receptor-2 expression in gingival fibroblasts and Jurkat T cells byPorphyromonas gingivalis. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:287-92. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Giacaman RA, Asrani AC, Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Cleavage of protease-activated receptors on an immortalized oral epithelial cell line by Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:3238-3246. [PMID: 19608609 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.029132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis activates protease-activated receptors (PARs) on oral keratinocytes, resulting in downstream signalling for an innate immune response. Activation depends on P. gingivalis gingipains, but could be confounded by lipopolysaccharide signalling through Toll-like receptors. We therefore hypothesized that P. gingivalis cleaves oral keratinocyte PARs in an Arg- (Rgp) or Lys- (Kgp) gingipain-specific manner to upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immortalized human oral keratinocytes (TERT-2) were incubated with wild-type P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) or strains from a panel of isogenic gingipain deletion mutants: Kgp-deficient (KDP 129); Rgp-deficient (KDP 133); or Kgp- and Rgp-deficient (KDP 136). After incubation with P. gingivalis, keratinocytes were probed with specific antibodies against the N-terminus of PAR-1 and PAR-2. Using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, receptor cleavage was marked by loss of specific antibody binding to the respective PARs. TERT-2 cells constitutively expressed high levels of PAR-1 and PAR-2, and lower levels of PAR-3. P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 cleaved PAR-1 and PAR-2 in a dose-dependent manner, while the receptors were unaffected by the protease-negative double mutant (KDP 136) at all m.o.i. tested. The single Kgp-negative mutant preferentially cleaved PAR-1, whereas the Rgp-negative mutant cleaved PAR-2. Wild-type or Kgp-negative mutant cleavage of PAR-1 upregulated expression of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha; the Rgp-negative mutant did not modulate these cytokines. Selective cleavage of PAR-1 on oral epithelial cells by P. gingivalis Rgp therefore upregulates expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Giacaman
- The Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anil C Asrani
- The Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Karen F Ross
- The Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- The Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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DALE CAMILA, VERGNOLLE NATHALIE. Protease Signaling to G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Implications for Inflammation and Pain. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 28:29-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10799890801941913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mite and Cockroach Allergens Activate Protease-Activated Receptor 2 and Delay Epidermal Permeability Barrier Recovery. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1930-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Shpacovitch V, Feld M, Bunnett NW, Steinhoff M. Protease-activated receptors: novel PARtners in innate immunity. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:541-50. [PMID: 17977790 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to a family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by serine proteases via proteolytic cleavage. PARs are expressed on epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes, indicating a role in controlling barrier function against external danger. During inflammation, microorganisms as well as host immune cells release various proteases activating PARs. Thus, PARs can be viewed as an integral component of the host antimicrobial alarm system. When stimulated, PARs regulate various functions of leukocytes in vivo and in vitro, revealing a novel pathway by which proteases affect innate immune responses. Understanding protease-immune interactions could lead to novel strategies for the treatment of infectious and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shpacovitch
- Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology of the Skin, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Yin L, Dale BA. Activation of protective responses in oral epithelial cells by Fusobacterium nucleatum and human beta-defensin-2. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:976-987. [PMID: 17577065 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral epithelia are constantly exposed to non-pathogenic (commensal) bacteria, but generally remain healthy and uninflamed. Fusobacterium nucleatum, an oral commensal bacterium, strongly induces human beta-defensin-2 (hBD2), an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptide, in gingival epithelial cells (GECs). hBD2 is also expressed in normal oral tissue leading to the hypothesis that oral epithelia are in an activated state with respect to innate immune responses under normal in vivo conditions. In order to test this hypothesis, global gene expression was evaluated in GECs in response to stimulation by an F. nucleatum cell wall (FnCW) preparation and to hBD2 peptide. FnCW treatment altered 829 genes, while hBD2 altered 209 genes (P<0.005, ANOVA). Many induced genes were associated with the gene ontology categories of immune responses and defence responses. Consistent with the hypothesis, similar responses were activated by commensal bacteria and hBD2. These responses included up-regulation of common antimicrobial effectors and chemokines, and down-regulation of proliferation markers. In addition, FnCW up-regulated multiple protease inhibitors, and suppressed NF-kappaB function and the ubiquitin/proteasome system. These global changes may protect the tissue from inflammatory damage. Both FnCW and hBD2 also up-regulated genes that may enhance the epithelial barrier. The findings suggest that both commensal bacteria and hBD2 activate protective responses of GECs and play an important role in immune modulation in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Beverly A Dale
- Departments of Periodontics, Biochemistry and Medicine/Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Dommisch H, Chung WO, Rohani MG, Williams D, Rangarajan M, Curtis MA, Dale BA. Protease-activated receptor 2 mediates human beta-defensin 2 and CC chemokine ligand 20 mRNA expression in response to proteases secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4326-33. [PMID: 17591792 PMCID: PMC1951157 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00455-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis secretes proteases such as Arg-gingipain B (RgpB) that activate protease-activated receptors (PARs). Human beta-defensins (hBDs) and the macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha/CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) produced by epithelial cells are antimicrobial peptides that provide cytokine function and play an important role in innate immunity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether specific members of the PAR family mediate the expression of these innate immunity markers in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) when exposed to P. gingivalis cell-free culture supernatant or purified RgpB. hBD-2 mRNA in GECs was induced in response to supernatant and purified RgpB from P. gingivalis (P = 0.02 and P = 0.016, respectively). This effect was abrogated by the protease inhibitor tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) (P < 0.05). In response to P. gingivalis supernatant and to purified RgpB, the hBD-2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in PAR-2 gene knockdown cells, whereas no change was detected in PAR-1 gene knockdown cells. CCL20 mRNA expression also increased in response to the supernatant of P. gingivalis, and this effect was blocked by the protease inhibitor, TLCK (P = 0.05 and P = 0.024, respectively), and was blocked in PAR-2 gene knockdown cells. Our data indicate that hBD-2 and CCL20 mRNA up-regulation by P. gingivalis supernatant and purified RgpB was mediated via PAR-2, but not via PAR-1, and that proteases play a role in the regulation of innate immune responses in GECs. GECs use PARs to recognize P. gingivalis and mediate cell responses involved in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Box 357132, Seattle, WA 98195-7132, USA.
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