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Beranek M, Torres C, Laurito M, Farías A, Contigiani M, Almirón W, Diaz A. Emergence of genotype III St. Louis encephalitis virus in the western United States potentially linked to a wetland in Argentina. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107088. [PMID: 38043673 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is endemic in the Americas and its transmission networks involve Culex mosquitoes and avian species. In 2015, a human encephalitis outbreak took place in Arizona and California, indicating the re-emergence of this pathogen in the US. Viral strains isolated in that outbreak belong to genotype III SLEV previously detected only in South America. In this study, genotype III SLEV was detected in mosquitoes collected in Mar Chiquita Lagoon (Córdoba, Argentina), an overwintering site for numerous migratory bird species. The genotype III SLEV sequence detected in this site shares the closest known ancestor with those introduced in Arizona in 2015. Our results highlight the potential significance of wetlands as key sites for arbovirus maintenance and emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Beranek
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Carolina Torres
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnica (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Magdalena Laurito
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, Chilecito, La Rioja 5360, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnica (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Adrián Farías
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Marta Contigiani
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Walter Almirón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnica (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Adrián Diaz
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J.M. Vanella," Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnica (CONICET), Argentina.
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Dolci MDC, Spina FA, Sallum MAM. Entomological Reference Collection: 85 years of contributions to public health. Rev Saude Publica 2023; 57:57. [PMID: 37878843 PMCID: PMC10519704 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Department of Hygiene of the Faculty of Medicine of São Paulo (FMUSP), organized with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, became the Institute of Hygiene, with the inaugural class taught by Samuel Darling in 1918. The history of Public Health Entomology is mixed with that of the Institute itself, which became the Faculty of Hygiene and Public Health in 1945. Still in the 1930s, Paulo César de Azevedo Antunes and John Lane organized Public Health Entomology within the Medical Parasitology area of the then Institute of Hygiene. During this period, the entomology laboratory came to be recognized for its research in the systematics of hematophagous insects, as well as in the ecology, biology and behavior of vectors. The Entomological Reference Collection (CER) originated naturally from the research of Paulo César Antunes and John Lane and is a national and international heritage covering primary and secondary types of insect species that are of interest to public health. Over the years, it has been consolidated with the efforts of Augusto Ayroza Galvão, Renato Corrêa, José Coutinho, Nelson Cerqueira, Ernesto Rabello, Oswaldo Forattini and others. In its over eighty years of activities, CER has enabled the training of several scientists able to act in programs of surveillance and control of endemic diseases associated with insect vectors throughout Latin America, in addition to training taxonomists focused on insects of interest in Public Health. Researchers from other Brazilian institutes and abroad joined the entomology laboratory because of its importance and the research developed in it. The growing scientific production made it possible for entomological studies developed at the Faculty of Public Health (FSP) to gain international visibility, contributing to the development of disease prevention and epidemic control actions in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Carvalho Dolci
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaDepartamento de EpidemiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Fabrício Auad Spina
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em EpidemiologiaSão PauloSPBrasil Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaDepartamento de EpidemiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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3
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Abstract
In the western United States, this virus may have been mediated via migrating infected birds from southern South America, where it reemerged most recently in 2002. We summarize and analyze historical and current data regarding the reemergence of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV; genus Flavivirus) in the Americas. Historically, SLEV caused encephalitis outbreaks in the United States; however, it was not considered a public health concern in the rest of the Americas. After the introduction of West Nile virus in 1999, activity of SLEV decreased considerably in the United States. During 2014–2015, SLEV caused a human outbreak in Arizona and caused isolated human cases in California in 2016 and 2017. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the emerging SLEV in the western United States is related to the epidemic strains isolated during a human encephalitis outbreak in Córdoba, Argentina, in 2005. Ecoepidemiologic studies suggest that the emergence of SLEV in Argentina was caused by the introduction of a more pathogenic strain and increasing populations of the eared dove (amplifying host).
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MESH Headings
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/history
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/physiology
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/history
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/transmission
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/virology
- Geography, Medical
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Phylogeny
- South America/epidemiology
- United States/epidemiology
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4
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Ferreira JE, Ferreira SC, Almeida-Neto C, Nishiya AS, Alencar CS, Gouveia GR, Caiaffa-Filho H, Gomes H, de Macedo Santos RT, Witkin SS, Mendrone-Junior A, Sabino EC. Molecular characterization of viruses associated with encephalitis in São Paulo, Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209993. [PMID: 30640927 PMCID: PMC6331147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of viral encephalitis due to arbovirus infection of the Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 500 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected between August 2012 and January 2013, from patients with symptoms of acute encephalitis were analyzed. Findings suggestive of viral encephalitis-elevations in cell concentration, glucose and total protein-were observed in 234 (46.8%) samples, designated as Group 1. The remaining 266 samples comprised Group 2. All samples were tested for Flaviviruses (dengue virus 1, 2, 3 and 4, yellow fever virus and West Nile virus), Alphavirus (NS5 region) and enterovirus by RT- PCR and for herpesviruses and enteroviruses using CLART-Entherpex. A presumptive viral etiological agent was detected in 26 samples (5.2%), 18 (8.0%) in Group 1 and 8 (3.0%) in Group 2. In Group 1 human herpesviruses were detected in 9 cases, enteroviruses in 7 cases, dengue viruses (DENV) in 2 CSFs and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) in one case. In Group 2 there were 3 CSFs positive for human herpesviruses, 2 for enteroviruses, 2 for DENV and 1 for SLEV. Detection of arboviruses, even though present in a minority of infected patients, identifies these viruses as a probable etiological agent of encephalitis. This is of special concern in regions where this class of viruses is endemic and has been linked to other recent epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerenice E. Ferreira
- LIM / 46—Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine—IMT, University of São Paulo Medical School USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pathology Center, Adolf Lutz Institute–IAL, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar Almeida-Neto
- Fundação Pró-Sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo–FPS/HSP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Disciplina de Ciências Médicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna S. Nishiya
- Fundação Pró-Sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo–FPS/HSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cecilia S. Alencar
- Central Laboratory Division—Hospital das Clínicas São Paulo–DLC-HCSP
- Clinical Laboratory and LIM 03–Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele R. Gouveia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo–FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helio Caiaffa-Filho
- Pathology Center, Adolf Lutz Institute–IAL, São Paulo, Brazil
- Central Laboratory Division—Hospital das Clínicas São Paulo–DLC-HCSP
| | - Helio Gomes
- Central Laboratory Division—Hospital das Clínicas São Paulo–DLC-HCSP
- Clinical Laboratory and LIM 03–Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Steven S. Witkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Ester C. Sabino
- LIM / 46—Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine—IMT, University of São Paulo Medical School USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Donalisio MR, Freitas ARR, Zuben APBV. Arboviruses emerging in Brazil: challenges for clinic and implications for public health. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:30. [PMID: 28423140 PMCID: PMC5396504 DOI: 10.1590/s1518-8787.2017051006889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses have been emerging in different parts of the world due to genetic changes in the virus, alteration of the host and vector population dynamics, or because of anthropogenic environmental factors. These viruses’ capacity for adaptation is notable, as well as the likelihood of their emergence and establishment in new geographic areas. In Brazilian epidemiologic scenario, the most common arboviruses are DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV, although others may spread in the country. Little is yet known of the impact of viral co-circulation, which would theoretically result in more intense viremia or other immunological alterations that could trigger autoimmune diseases, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. The impact on morbidity and mortality intensifies as extensive epidemics lead to a high number of affected individuals, severe cases, and implications for health services, mainly due to the absence of treatment, vaccines, and effective prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Donalisio
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - André Ricardo Ribas Freitas
- Programa Municipal de Controle de Arboviroses. Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde. Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina São Leopoldo Mandic. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Andrea Paula Bruno Von Zuben
- Programa Municipal de Controle de Arboviroses. Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde. Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
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6
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First genome sequence of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) isolated from a human in Brazil. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1189-95. [PMID: 25740285 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, is a causative agent of encephalitis in the Americas. In Brazil, sporadic cases of SLEV infection have been reported since 1953, but the first outbreak of SLEV in Brazil was identified only in 2007, concomitant with an outbreak of dengue virus (DENV) serotype 3. This finding, along with other reports, indicates that SLEV circulation in Brazil is largely unknown, and there may be epidemiological implications of the co-circulation of SLEV, DENV and other flaviviruses in Brazil. Here, we describe the first complete genome sequence of an SLEV strain isolated from a human patient in Brazil, strain BeH 355964. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the genotype of BeH 355964 using the full-length genome and envelope (E) gene sequences separately. Both analyses showed that BeH 355964 could be classified as genotype V. Although the number of single gene sequences available is greater (such as for the E gene), the phylogenetic tree based on the complete genome sequence was better supported and provided further information about the virus.
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Demari-Silva B, Suesdek L, Sallum MAM, Marrelli MT. Wing geometry of Culex coronator (Diptera: Culicidae) from South and Southeast Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:174. [PMID: 24721508 PMCID: PMC4113194 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronator Group encompasses Culex coronator Dyar & Knab, Culex camposi Dyar, Culex covagarciai Forattini, Culex ousqua Dyar, Culex usquatissimus Dyar, Culex usquatus Dyar and Culex yojoae Strickman. Culex coronator has the largest geographic distribution, occurring in North, Central and South America. Moreover, it is a potential vector-borne mosquito species because females have been found naturally infected with several arboviruses, i.e., Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus. Considering the epidemiological importance of Cx. coronator, we investigated the wing shape diversity of Cx. coronator from South and Southeast Brazil, a method to preliminarily estimate population diversity. METHODS Field-collected immature stages of seven populations from a large geographical area in Brazil were maintained in the laboratory to obtain both females and males linked with pupal and/or larval exuviae. For each individual female, 18 landmarks of left wings were marked and digitalized. After Procrustes superimposition, discriminant analysis of shape was employed to quantify wing shape variation among populations. The isometric estimator centroid size was calculated to assess the overall wing size and allometry. RESULTS Wing shape was polymorphic among populations of Cx. coronator. However, dissimilarities among populations were higher than those observed within each population, suggesting populational differentiation in Cx. coronator. Morphological distances between populations were not correlated to geographical distances, indicating that other factors may act on wing shape and thus, determining microevolutionary patterns in Cx. coronator. Despite the population differentiation, intrapopulational wing shape variability was equivalent among all seven populations. CONCLUSION The wing variability found in Cx. coronator populations brings to light a new biological problem to be investigated: the population genetics of Cx. coronator. Because of differences in the male genitalia, we also transferred Cx. yojoae to the Apicinus Subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Demari-Silva
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr, Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, Brazil, CEP 01246-904.
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8
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Rodrigues SG, Nunes MRT, Casseb SMM, Prazeres ASC, Rodrigues DSG, Silva MO, Cruz ACR, Tavares-Neto JC, Vasconcelos PFC. Molecular epidemiology of Saint Louis encephalitis virus in the Brazilian Amazon: genetic divergence and dispersal. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2420-7. [PMID: 20592112 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.019117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae), is an encephalitogenic arbovirus broadly distributed in the Americas. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length E gene sequences obtained for 30 Brazilian SLEV strains was performed using different methods including Bayesian and relaxed molecular clock approaches. A new genetic lineage was suggested, hereafter named genotype VIII, which co-circulates with the previously described genotype V in the Brazilian Amazon region. Genotypes II and III were restricted to São Paulo state (South-east Atlantic rainforest ecosystem). The analysis also suggested the emergence of an SLEV common ancestor between 1875 and 1973 (mean of 107 years ago), giving rise to two major genetic groups: genotype II, more prevalent in the North America, and a second group comprising the other genotypes (I and III-VIII), broadly dispersed throughout the Americas, suggesting that SLEV initially emerged in South America and spread to North America. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates the high genetic variability of SLEV and its geographical dispersion in Brazil and other New World countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli G Rodrigues
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
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9
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May FJ, Li L, Zhang S, Guzman H, Beasley DWC, Tesh RB, Higgs S, Raj P, Bueno R, Randle Y, Chandler L, Barrett ADT. Genetic variation of St. Louis encephalitis virus. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1901-1910. [PMID: 18632961 PMCID: PMC2696384 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/000190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) has been regularly isolated throughout the Americas since 1933. Previous phylogenetic studies involving 62 isolates have defined seven major lineages (I–VII), further divided into 14 clades. In this study, 28 strains isolated in Texas in 1991 and 2001–2003, and three older, previously unsequenced strains from Jamaica and California were sequenced over the envelope protein gene. The inclusion of these new sequences, and others published since 2001, has allowed better delineation of the previously published SLEV lineages, in particular the clades of lineage II. Phylogenetic analysis of 106 isolates identified 13 clades. All 1991 and 2001–2003 isolates from Nueces, Jefferson and Harris Counties (Texas Gulf Coast) group in clade IIB with other isolates from these counties isolated during the 1980s and 1990s. This lack of evidence for introduction of novel strains into the Texas Gulf Coast over a long period of time is consistent with overwintering of SLEV in this region. Two El Paso isolates, both from 2002, group in clade VA with recent Californian isolates from 1998–2001 and some South American strains with a broad temporal range. Overall, these data are consistent with multiple introductions of SLEV from South America into North America, and provide support for the hypothesis that in most situations, SLEV circulates within a locality, with occasional incursions from other areas. Finally, SLEV has much lower nucleotide (10.1 %) and amino acid variation (2.8 %) than other members of the Japanese encephalitis virus complex (maximum variation 24.6 % nucleotide and 11.8 % amino acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J May
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Li Li
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Shuliu Zhang
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - David W C Beasley
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Pushker Raj
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Rudy Bueno
- Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Mosquito Control Division, 3330 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Yvonne Randle
- Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Mosquito Control Division, 3330 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Laura Chandler
- Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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10
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Mondini A, Cardeal ILS, Lázaro E, Nunes SH, Moreira CC, Rahal P, Maia IL, Franco C, Góngora DVN, Góngora-Rubio F, Cabrera EMS, Figueiredo LTM, Guimarães da Fonseca F, Bronzoni RVM, Chiaravalloti-Neto F, Nogueira ML. Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:176-8. [PMID: 17370543 PMCID: PMC2725838 DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Mondini
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Izabela Lídia Soares Cardeal
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Eduardo Lázaro
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silva H. Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibele C. Moreira
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu L Maia
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Franco
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Delzi V. N. Góngora
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Góngora-Rubio
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Márcia Sotello Cabrera
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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