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Could Fungicides Lead to Azole Drug Resistance in a Cross-Resistance Manner among Environmental Cryptococcus Strains? CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-020-00373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Perini L, Mogrovejo DC, Tomazin R, Gostinčar C, Brill FHH, Gunde-Cimerman N. Phenotypes Associated with Pathogenicity: Their Expression in Arctic Fungal Isolates. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120600. [PMID: 31766661 PMCID: PMC6955883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 85% of the environments on Earth are permanently or seasonally colder than 5 °C. Among those, the poles constitute unique biomes, which harbor a broad variety of microbial life, including an abundance of fungi. Many fungi have an outstanding ability to withstand extreme conditions and play vital ecosystem roles of decomposers as well as obligate or facultative symbionts of many other organisms. Due to their dispersal capabilities, microorganisms from cryosphere samples can be distributed around the world. Such dispersal involves both species with undefined pathogenicity and potentially pathogenic strains. Here we describe the isolation of fungal species from pristine Arctic locations in Greenland and Svalbard and the testing of the expression of characteristics usually associated with pathogenic species, such as growth at 37 °C, hemolytic ability, and susceptibility to antifungal agents. A total of 320 fungal isolates were obtained, and 24 of the most abundant and representative species were further analyzed. Species known as emerging pathogens, like Aureobasidium melanogenum, Naganishia albida, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, were able to grow at 37 °C, showed beta-hemolytic activity, and were intrinsically resistant to commonly used antifungals such as azoles and echinocandins. Antifungal resistance screening revealed a low susceptibility to voriconazole in N. albida and Penicillium spp. and to fluconazole in Glaciozyma watsonii and Glaciozyma-related taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Perini
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.G.); (N.G.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Diana C. Mogrovejo
- MicroArctic Research Group, Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Stiegstück 34, 22339 Hamburg, Germany; (D.C.M.); (F.H.H.B.)
| | - Rok Tomazin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.G.); (N.G.-C.)
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Florian H. H. Brill
- MicroArctic Research Group, Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Stiegstück 34, 22339 Hamburg, Germany; (D.C.M.); (F.H.H.B.)
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.G.); (N.G.-C.)
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Does the use of antifungal agents in agriculture and food foster polyene resistance development? A reason for concern. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 13:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Alves GSB, Freire AKL, Bentes ADS, Pinheiro JFDS, de Souza JVB, Wanke B, Matsuura T, Jackisch-Matsuura AB. Molecular typing of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex isolates from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Mycoses 2016; 59:509-15. [PMID: 27005969 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the main causative agents of cryptococcosis, a systemic fungal disease that affects internal organs and skin, and which is acquired by inhalation of spores or encapsulated yeasts. It is currently known that the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex has a worldwide distribution, however, some molecular types seem to prevail in certain regions. Few environmental studies of Cryptococcus have been conducted in the Brazilian Amazon. This is the first ecological study of the pathogenic fungi C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex in the urban area of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. A total of 506 samples from pigeon droppings (n = 191), captive bird droppings (n = 60) and tree hollows (n = 255) were collected from June 2012 to January 2014 at schools and public buildings, squares, pet shops, households, the zoo and the bus station. Samples were plated on niger seed agar (NSA) medium supplemented with chloramphenicol and incubated at 25°C for 5 days. Dark-brown colonies were isolated and tested for thermotolerance at 37°C, cycloheximide resistance and growth on canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue agar. Molecular typing was done by PCR-RFLP. Susceptibility to the antifungal drugs amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole was tested using Etest(®) strips. In total, 13 positive samples were obtained: one tree hollow (C. gattiiVGII), nine pigeon droppings (C. neoformansVNI) and three captive bird droppings (C. neoformansVNI). The environmental cryptococcal isolates found in this study were of the same molecular types as those responsible for infections in Manaus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleica Soyan Barbosa Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Sociedade e Endemias na Amazônia - UFAM and CPqLMD/FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ana Karla Lima Freire
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA) and Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Amaury Dos Santos Bentes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA) and Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bodo Wanke
- Laboratório de Micologia do Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI)/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Takeshi Matsuura
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Arendrup M, Boekhout T, Akova M, Meis J, Cornely O, Lortholary O. ESCMID† and ECMM‡ joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasive yeast infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 Suppl 3:76-98. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ajesh K, Sreejith K. Cryptococcus laurentii biofilms: structure, development and antifungal drug resistance. Mycopathologia 2012; 174:409-19. [PMID: 22936102 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A great number of fungal infections are related to biofilm formation on inert or biological surfaces, which are recalcitrant to most treatments and cause human mortality. Cryptococcus laurentii has been diagnosed as the aetiological pathogen able to cause human infections mainly in immunosuppressed patients and the spectrum of clinical manifestations ranges from skin lesions to fungaemia. The effect of temperature, pH and surface preconditioning on C. laurentii biofilm formation was determined by 2, 3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of C. laurentii biofilms demonstrated surface topographies of profuse growth and dense colonization with extensive polymeric substances around the cells. In this study, we determined the activity of amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole against C. laurentii free-living cells and biofilms. The activity of antifungals tested was greater against free-living cells, but sessile cells fell into the resistant range for these antifungal agents. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), comprising the matrix of C. laurentii biofilms, were isolated by ultrasonication. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was performed with ethanol-precipitated and dried samples. Also, the multielement analysis of the EPS was performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ajesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Kannur, 670 661 Kerala, India
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Andrés Rodríguez D, Patricia Pinilla A. Infección asociada a catéter central por Cryptococcus laurentii en niño críticamente enfermo: a propósito de un caso y revisión del tema. INFECTIO 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(12)70059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Ferreira-Paim K, Andrade-Silva L, Mora DJ, Lages-Silva E, Pedrosa AL, da Silva PR, Andrade AA, Silva-Vergara ML. Antifungal susceptibility, enzymatic activity, PCR-fingerprinting and ITS sequencing of environmental Cryptococcus laurentii isolates from Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mycopathologia 2011; 174:41-52. [PMID: 22116628 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus laurentii has been classically considered a saprophytic species, although several cases of human infection have been already reported. This study aimed to evaluate the phospholipase, proteinase and hemolysins activity, the antifungal susceptibility profile, the genetic variability by M13 and (GACA)(4) fingerprinting and the internal transcribe spacer (ITS) sequencing of 38 C. laurentii isolates recovered from captive bird droppings and surrounding hospital areas. All of them exhibited phospholipase activity, while the hemolytic activity was evidenced in 34 (89.4%) isolates. None of them exhibited proteinase activity. Twenty-seven isolates (71.1%) presented susceptibility dose dependent to fluconazole. Most isolates (94.7%) were susceptible to voriconazole, while one (2.65%) was resistant to this drug. Twenty-one (55.3%) isolates showed reduced susceptibility to itraconazole while nine (23.7%) were resistant. Three (7.9%) and five (13.1%) isolates exhibited resistance to ketoconazole and amphotericin B, respectively. Most C. laurentii fingerprinting obtained with M13 and (GACA)(4) showed high heterogeneity. By using the two primers, seven (18.4%) isolates grouped as A (CL2, CL7, and CL8), B (CL35, CL38) and C (CL29, CL30) with 100% similarity. Different from most variable surrounding hospital isolates, all but one of the pet shops strains clustered with the two primers, although they had been recovered from different neighborhoods. All isolates were identified as C. laurentii phylogenetic group I by ITS sequencing. Thus, the presence of virulence factors, a decreased antifungal susceptibility and a heterogeneous molecular pattern of the C. laurentii isolates here described suggests this species can be a potential pathogen in the context of the immunocompromised population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennio Ferreira-Paim
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Triangulo Mineiro Federal University, Postal Code 118, Uberaba, MG, 38001-170, Brazil.
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Favalessa OC, Ribeiro LC, Tadano T, Fontes CJF, Dias FB, Coelho BPA, Hahn RC. [First description of phenotypic profile and in vitro drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus spp yeast isolated from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in State of Mato Grosso]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 42:661-5. [PMID: 20209351 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-seven isolates from 10 HIV-negative and 26 HIV-positive patients in Mato Grosso were evaluated. Direct examination, culturing and chemotyping of species were performed. Ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B were evaluated. Thirty-seven yeasts of Cryptococcus spp were identified, of which 26 were from HIV-positive patients (25 Cryptococcus neoformans and one Cryptococcus gattii) and 10 from HIV-negative patients (five Cryptococcus neoformans and five Cryptococcus gattii). The Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates from HIV-positive patients showed resistance (8% and 8.7%) and dose-dependent susceptibility (20% and 17.4%) to fluconazole and itraconazole, respectively. Among the Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from HIV-negative patients, there was dose-dependent susceptibility (40%) to fluconazole. Cryptococcus gattii isolates from HIV-negative patients were shown to be susceptible to all antifungal agents, except for one isolate of Cryptococcus gattii that showed dose-dependent susceptibility to fluconazole (20%). The Cryptococcus gattii isolate from an HIV-positive patient showed resistance to fluconazole (MIC > or = 256 (1/4)g/ml) and itraconazole (MIC = 3 (1/4)microg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Cometti Favalessa
- Laboratório de Investigação (Micologia), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT
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Bernal-Martinez L, Gomez-Lopez A, Castelli MV, Mesa-Arango AC, Zaragoza O, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca-Estrella M. Susceptibility profile of clinical isolates of non-Cryptococcus neoformans/non-Cryptococcus gattii Cryptococcusspecies and literature review. Med Mycol 2010; 48:90-6. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780902756073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Study, 1997 to 2007: 10.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of noncandidal yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:117-23. [PMID: 19005141 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01747-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluconazole in vitro susceptibility test results determined by the CLSI M44-A disk diffusion method for 11,240 isolates of noncandidal yeasts were collected from 134 study sites in 40 countries from June 1997 through December 2007. Data were collected for 8,717 yeast isolates tested with voriconazole from 2001 through 2007. A total of 22 different species/organism groups were isolated, of which Cryptococcus neoformans was the most common (31.2% of all isolates). Overall, Cryptococcus (32.9%), Saccharomyces (11.7%), Trichosporon (10.6%), and Rhodotorula (4.1%) were the most commonly identified genera. The overall percentages of isolates in each category (susceptible, susceptible dose dependent, and resistant) were 78.0%, 9.5%, and 12.5% and 92.7%, 2.3%, and 5.0% for fluconazole and voriconazole, respectively. Less than 30% of fluconazole-resistant isolates of Cryptococcus spp., Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Trichosporon beigelii/Trichosporon cutaneum, Rhodotorula spp., Rhodotorula rubra/Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and Rhodotorula glutinis remained susceptible to voriconazole. Emerging resistance to fluconazole was documented among isolates of C. neoformans from the Asia-Pacific, Africa/Middle East, and Latin American regions but not among isolates from Europe or North America. This survey documents the continuing broad spectrum of activity of voriconazole against opportunistic yeast pathogens but identifies several of the less common species with decreased azole susceptibility. These organisms may pose a future threat to optimal antifungal therapy and emphasize the importance of prompt and accurate species identification.
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Silva PRD, Rabelo RADS, Terra APS, Teixeira DNS. [Susceptibility to antifungal agents among Cryptococcus neoformans varieties isolated from patients at a university hospital]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41:158-62. [PMID: 18545836 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822008000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified Cryptococcus neoformans varieties isolated from 35 patients at teaching hospital of the Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro and evaluated the susceptibility to antifungal agents among these samples using the protocol M27-A2 from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The gattii variety was identified in 11.4% of the cases (n = 4). The minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml) of Cryptococcus neoformans neoformans isolates ranged from 0.062 to 2.000 (amphotericin B), 0.250 to 8.000 (fluconazole), 0.062 to 1.000 (itraconazole) and 0.125 to 1.000 (ketoconazole). The gattii variety presented a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 0.125 to 2.000 (amphotericin B), 0.250 to 16.00 (fluconazole), 0.062 to 1.000 (itraconazole) and 0.125 to 4.000 (ketoconazole). Two isolates resistant to itraconazole and two resistant to amphotericin B (one isolate of each variety per antifungal agent) were found. These data show the importance of determining the variety and minimum inhibitory concentration of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates, in order to monitor resistance development and enable better treatment for cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, M.G
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Siqueira ER, Ferreira JC, Pedroso RDS, Lavrador MAS, Candido RC. Dermatophyte susceptibilities to antifungal azole agents tested in vitro by broth macro and microdilution methods. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008; 50:1-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652008000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes to the azole antifungals itraconazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole was evaluated by broth macro and microdilution methods, according to recommendations of the CLSI, with some adaptations. Twenty nail and skin clinical isolates, four of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and 16 of T. rubrum were selected for the tests. Itraconazole minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) varied from < 0.03 to 0.25 µg/mL in the macrodilution and from < 0.03 to 0.5 µg/mL in the microdilution methods; for fluconazole, MICs were in the ranges of 0.5 to 64 µg/mL and 0.125 to 16 µg/mL by the macro and microdilution methods, respectively, and from < 0.03 to 0.5 µg/mL by both methods for ketoconazole. Levels of agreement between the two methods (± one dilution) were 70% for itraconazole, 45% for fluconazole and 85% for ketoconazole. It is concluded that the strains selected were inhibited by relatively low concentrations of the antifungals tested and that the two methodologies are in good agreement especially for itraconazole and ketoconazole.
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Khan ZU, Randhawa HS, Kowshik T, Chowdhary A, Chandy R. Antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates from decayed wood of trunk hollows of Ficus religiosa and Syzygium cumini trees in north-western India. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:312-6. [PMID: 17553813 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present antifungal susceptibility data on environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype A, n=117) and Cryptococcus gattii (serotype B, n=65) cultured from decayed wood of trunk hollows of Ficus religiosa and Syzygium cumini trees. METHODS Susceptibilities to amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole were determined by using Etest. The MICs were read after 48 h as per the guidelines provided by the manufacturer. RESULTS The MIC90s and susceptibility ranges for C. neoformans isolates were as follows: 0.094 (0.004-0.25) mg/L for amphotericin B, 4 (0.032-12) mg/L for fluconazole, 0.094 (0.004-0.75) mg/L for itraconazole, 0.064 (0.002-0.19) mg/L for ketoconazole, and 0.047 (0.006-0.125) mg/L for voriconazole, whereas for C. gattii isolates these were 0.125 (0.023-0.5) mg/L for amphotericin B, 8 (0.032-16) mg/L for fluconazole, 0.75 (0.006-2) mg/L for itraconazole, 0.125 (0.003-0.19) mg/L for ketoconazole, and 0.094 (0.004-0.125) mg/L for voriconazole. A comparison of the geometric means of MICs (mg/L) revealed that C. gattii was less susceptible than C. neoformans to amphotericin B (0.075 versus 0.051, P=0.0003), fluconazole (2.912 versus 2.316, P=0.003), itraconazole (0.198 versus 0.0344, P<0.0001), ketoconazole (0.072 versus 0.037, P<0.0001), and voriconazole (0.045 versus 0.023, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The antifungal susceptibility data obtained in this study indicate that the occurrence of primary resistance among environmental isolates of C. neoformans serotype A and C. gattii serotype B is rare, and serotype B isolates are less susceptible than serotype A isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia U Khan
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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