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Marinho CC, Grobério AC, Silva CTFD, Lima TLFD, Santos RCD, Araújo LGD, Reis VWD, Machado-Coelho GLL. Morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in a low endemic setting in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:805-811. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0009-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Olveda DU, Inobaya MT, McManus DP, Olveda RM, Vinluan ML, Ng SK, Harn DA, Li Y, Guevarra JR, Lam AK, Ross AG. Biennial versus annual treatment for schistosomiasis and its impact on liver morbidity. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 54:145-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Diagnosing schistosomiasis-induced liver morbidity: implications for global control. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 54:138-144. [PMID: 27816660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical morbidity due to schistosomiasis was evaluated in 565 patients, and the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test was assessed for the first time as a potential screening tool for disease. METHODS The prevalence and intensity of infection were determined by Kato-Katz thick smear stool examination at baseline and 2 years after curative treatment. The degree of hepatic fibrosis was assessed by ultrasound. Non-invasive serum biomarkers of hepatic fibrosis were also evaluated. RESULTS The baseline human prevalence and infection intensity were found to be moderately high at 34% and 123 eggs per gram, respectively. However, hepatic parenchymal fibrosis occurred in 50% of subjects, with grade II fibrosis in 19% and grade III in 6%. The ELF score and higher serum levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and hyaluronic acid (HA) correlated with the grade of liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrated that praziquantel treatment had a short-term impact on both the prevalence and intensity of infection, but less of an impact on established morbidity. Higher TIMP-1 and HA serum levels, and an ELF cut-off score of 8 were found to be correlated with the grade of liver fibrosis; these values may, therefore, assist physicians in identifying individuals at greater risk of disease.
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Sah VK, Wang L, Min X, Rizal R, Feng Z, Ke Z, Deng M, Li L, Li H. Human schistosomiasis: A diagnostic imaging focused review of a neglected disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrid.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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The WHO ultrasonography protocol for assessing hepatic morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni. Acceptance and evolution over 12 years. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3915-25. [PMID: 25260691 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to review the worldwide acceptance of the World Health Organization (WHO) ultrasound protocol for assessing hepatosplenic morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni since its publication in 2000. A PubMed literature research using the keywords "schistosomiasis and ultrasound," "schistosomiasis and ultrasonography," and "S. mansoni and ultrasound" from 2001 to 2012 was performed. Case reports, reviews, reports on abnormalities due to parasites other than S. mansoni, organ involvement other than the human liver, and reports where ultrasound method was not described were excluded. Six studies were retrieved from other Brazilian sources. Sixty studies on 37,424 patients from 15 countries were analyzed. The WHO protocol was applied with increasing frequency from 43.75% in the years 2001 to 2004 to 84.61% in 2009 to 2012. Results obtained using the pictorial image pattern approach of the protocol are reported in 38/41 studies, whereas measurements of portal branch walls were applied in 19/41 and results reported in 2/41 studies only. The practical usefulness of the pictorial approach of the WHO protocol is confirmed by its wide acceptance. This approach alone proved satisfactory in terms of reproducibility, assessment of evolution of pathology, and comparability between different settings. The measurements of portal branches, also part of the protocol, may be omitted without losing relevant information since results obtained by these measurements are nonspecific. This would save resources by reducing the time required for each examination. It is also more feasible for examiners who are not specialized in medical imaging. As with all protocols, incipient liver fibrosis is difficult to distinguish from normal ultrasound findings of the liver. The ability of this protocol to predict complications in severe cases should be further evaluated in a higher number of patients.
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Olveda DU, Olveda RM, McManus DP, Cai P, Chau TNP, Lam AK, Li Y, Harn DA, Vinluan ML, Ross AGP. The chronic enteropathogenic disease schistosomiasis. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 28:193-203. [PMID: 25250908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic enteropathogenic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. The disease afflicts approximately 240 million individuals globally, causing approximately 70 million disability-adjusted life years lost. Chronic infections with morbidity and mortality occur as a result of granuloma formation in the intestine, liver, or in the case of Schistosoma haematobium, the bladder. Various methods are utilized to diagnose and evaluate liver fibrosis due to schistosomiasis. Liver biopsy is still considered the gold standard, but it is invasive. Diagnostic imaging has proven to be an invaluable method in assessing hepatic morbidity in the hospital setting, but has practical limitations in the field. The potential of non-invasive biological markers, serum antibodies, cytokines, and circulating host microRNAs to diagnose hepatic fibrosis is presently undergoing evaluation. This review provides an update on the recent advances made with respect to gastrointestinal disease associated with chronic schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David U Olveda
- Department of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Donald P McManus
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thao N P Chau
- Department of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Department of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald A Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - Marilyn L Vinluan
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Allen G P Ross
- Department of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast, Australia.
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Olveda DU, Olveda RM, Lam AK, Chau TNP, Li Y, Gisparil AD, Ross AGP. Utility of Diagnostic Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Schistosomiasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3. [PMID: 25110719 PMCID: PMC4124748 DOI: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of schistosomiasis is made by demonstration of the parasite ova in stools, urine,and biopsy specimens from affected organs, or presence of antibodies to the different stages of the parasite or antigens circulating in body fluids by serologic techniques. DNA of schistosomes can now also be detected in serum and stool specimens by molecular technique.However, these tests are unable to determine the severity of target organ pathology and resultant complications. Accurate assessment of schistosome-induced morbidities is now made with the use of imaging techniques like ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). US has made major contributions in the diagnosis of hepatosplenic and urinary form of disease. This imaging method provides real time results, is portable (can be carried to the bed side and the field) and is lower in cost than other imaging techniques. Typical findings in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis by US include: hyperechoic fibrotic bands along the portal vessels (Symmer’s fibrosis), reduction in the size of the right lobe, hypertrophy of the left lobe, splenomegaly, and ascites. More advanced ultrasound equipment like the colour Doppler ultrasound can characterize portal vein perfusion, a procedure that is critical for the prediction of disease prognosis and for treatment options for complicated portal hypertension. Although CT and MRI are more expensive, are hospital based, and require highly additional specially-trained personnel, they provide more accurate description of the pathology, not only in hepatosplenic and urinary forms of schistosomiasis, but also in the diagnosis of ectopic forms of the disease,particularly involving thebrain and spinal cord. MRI demonstrates better tissue differentiation and lack of exposure to ionizing radiation compared with CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David U Olveda
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia
| | - Remigio M Olveda
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Philippines
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia
| | - Thao N P Chau
- Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Yuesheng Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | | | - Allen G P Ross
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia
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Pinto-Silva RA, Queiroz LCD, Azeredo LM, Silva LCDS, Lambertucci JR. Ultrasound in schistosomiasis mansoni. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:479-84. [PMID: 20721494 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed ultrasound features in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. The alterations that we observed in acute and hepatosplenic schistosomiasis are described. The advantages and disadvantages of using ultrasound patterns in the evaluation of liver fibrosis are discussed. Other diseases that are important in the differential diagnosis of schistosomal liver fibrosis are presented. Ultrasound is an effective and flexible diagnostic tool in the evaluation of a variety of diseases. It presents no harmful effects to patients, allowing non-invasive studies in hospitalized patients and in other facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Augusto Pinto-Silva
- Serviço de Radiologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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Pereira LF, Gazzaneo AL, Melo RMPAD, Tenório HC, Oliveira DSD, Alves MSC, Gama DC, Wyszomirska RMDAF. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of schistosomiasis mansoni patients in Brazilian endemic areas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:449-53. [PMID: 20721489 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000400016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 60% of the territory of Alagoas (AL) is considered endemic for the occurrence of schistosomiasis and the classification of clinical forms of the disease are not known. This paper aimed to evaluate an endemic schistosomiasis population in AL, taking into account the prevalence, classification of the clinical forms and the results of laboratory analyses. The sample consisted of residents in endemic areas. The participants were submitted to a stool examination by the Kato-Katz technique and the diagnosis was based on the reading of two microscopic slides for each sample. The patients whose examinations were positive for schistosomiasis mansoni were submitted to a clinical examination and blood collection. Based on this examination, 8.11% of the study population were positive for schistosomiasis. The medium parasite load was 79.1 +/- 174.3 eggs. The intestinal (90.57%) and hepatointestinal (9.43%) forms were found at statistically significant levels (p < 0.001). The results of the present study update information on schistosomiasis in the city of Rio Largo. These data, although referring only to three locations in that city, suggest a decrease either in the parasite load or in the severity of clinical forms.
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Voieta I, Queiroz LCD, Andrade LM, Silva LCS, Fontes VF, Barbosa Jr A, Resende V, Petroianu A, Andrade Z, Antunes CM, Lambertucci JR. Imaging techniques and histology in the evaluation of liver fibrosis in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil: a comparative study. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:414-21. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciene M Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Laboratórios Hermes Pardini, Brasil
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Marinho CC, Bretas T, Voieta I, Queiroz LCD, Ruiz-Guevara R, Teixeira AL, Antunes CM, Prata A, Lambertucci JR. Serum hyaluronan and collagen IV as non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis in patients from an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni: a field-based study in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:471-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Conceição MJ, Lenzi HL, Coura JR. Human study and experimental behavior of Schistosoma mansoni isolates from patients with different clinical forms of schistosomiasis. Acta Trop 2008; 108:98-103. [PMID: 18582844 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Twenty Schistosoma mansoni strains were isolated from three groups of patients (intestinal, hepatointestinal and hepatosplenic clinical forms) born and living in the town of Capitão Andrade, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Schistosomal isolate from each group was inoculated into three sets of mice with 25, 50 and 100 cercariae. The animals were killed 90 and 180 days after infection and submitted to extensive histopathological study of the liver, lung, intestine and spleen to determine qualitative and quantitative morphological characteristics, mainly of the granulomas. The histopathological changes caused the same patterns of infection in mice and were proportional to the inoculum and the time of infection, confirming the relevance of quantitative aspects in the determination of the disease. These data indicate three possibilities: (1) mouse model is not adequate to predict possible differences in the S. mansoni isolates obtained from patients; (2) field isolates are probably genetic polymorphic and undifferentiated; (3) schistosomiasis in human does not depend on parasite intrinsic factors, but on multivariable factors, such as intensity and duration of infection, time of infection, age and gender and other characteristics such as host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Conceição
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Post-Graduation, Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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