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Tadie A, Muche M, Liknaw T, Edmealem A. Nurses' attitude towards patient advocacy and its associated factor in East Gojjam Zone Public hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2023. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:561. [PMID: 39138438 PMCID: PMC11323593 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the most important but underappreciated roles of nurses is patient advocacy. To advocate for patients effectively, the nurses should have a favorable attitude towards patient advocacy. Despite this fact, the nurses' attitude towards patient advocacy was not known in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess nurses' attitude towards patient advocacy and its associated factors in East Gojjam Zone Public Hospitals, Northwest in 2023. METHODS Institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 385 nurses in East Gojjam Zone Public Hospitals from March 1 to April 30, 2023. Nurses were selected using simple random sampling techniques from 11 public hospitals. The data were collected in a self-administered way. Binary logistic regression was used for data analysis. All independent variables having a P value of < 0.25 in the bivariable logistic regression were fitted into a multivariable logistic regression. The AOR at a 95% confidence interval was used to identify the strength of the association, and a p value of 0.05 was used to declare it statistically significant at the final model. RESULT A total of 385 nurses participated in the study, for a 91% response rate. Among these, 49.9% of nurses had an unfavorable attitude. Being working in a primary hospital [AOR = 2.3; 95% CI: (1.4-3.8)], poor cooperation of nurses [AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: (1.1-2.8)], being unsatisfied with the job [AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: (1.1-2.7)], and poor perceived supervision of work [AOR = 6.2; 95% CI: (3.7-9.8)] were factors associated with nurses' attitudes towards patient advocacy. CONCLUSION The number of nurses who had an unfavorable attitude towards patient advocacy was high. Working in a primary hospital, poor cooperation with others, being dissatisfied with the job, and having an unfavorable perception towards the supervision of work were the factors associated with the unfavorable attitude of nurses towards patient advocacy. It is recommended that all hospitals better support the nurses to increase their job satisfaction and have good supervision of the nurses' activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abay Tadie
- Advanced Nurse Practitioner, Bichena Primary Hospital, Bichena, Ethiopia
| | - Mikiyas Muche
- Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tiliksew Liknaw
- Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Edmealem
- Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
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Shadi D, Jabraeili M, Hassankhani H, Alhani F, Bostanabad MA. Development and validation of a supportive programme for family caregivers of children suffering from cystic fibrosis: protocol for a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081560. [PMID: 38830739 PMCID: PMC11149150 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Families with children who have cystic fibrosis (CF) face a multitude of challenges. They require complex and time-consuming daily care, various forms of knowledge and intricate care responsibilities. One of the most critical challenges that Iranian families of children with CF face is the lack of adequate support from health teams in the early stages of diagnosis, frequent hospitalisation and the postdischarge process. Unfortunately, limited studies have been conducted in this field, and the Iranian society lacks a comprehensive support programme for these families after leaving treatment centres or home care teams. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and redefine the needs of these families for better care and support in Iran. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A mixed-method research design with an exploratory sequential approach will be used in this study. The study consists of three stages: stage (1) the qualitative phase (conventional content analysis and scoping review); stage (2) the programme design phase (development of a support programme) and stage (3) the quantitative phase (validation of the programme through the Delphi method). In the first stage, data will be collected through interviews. Key concepts, evidence and gaps in research will also be identified, collected and analysed through a scoping review. In the second stage, a support programme will be designed based on the results of the content analysis of interviews and the findings from the scoping review. In the final phase, the study will aim to validate the designed programme through a Delphi study. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study formed part of a Ph.D. degree and was approved by the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR.TBZMED.REC.1402.395). Informed consent will be obtained from all study participants. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Shadi
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery faculty,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahnaz Jabraeili
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery faculty,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery faculty,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Fatemeh Alhani
- Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohammad Arshadi Bostanabad
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery faculty,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Zolkefli Y, Chandler C. Patient's best interest as viewed by nursing students. Nurs Ethics 2024:9697330231225392. [PMID: 38165167 DOI: 10.1177/09697330231225392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, patient advocacy has emerged as a prominent concept within healthcare. How nursing students decide what is best for their patients is not well understood. OBJECTIVE The objective is to examine nursing students' views on doing what is best for patients during their clinical experiences and how they seek to establish patient interests when providing care. Research questions guiding the interview were as follows: (1) What are nursing students' perceptions of patient interests? (2) What factors influence nursing students' perceptions of advocating for patient's interests? RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative descriptive research using thematic analysis. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT Data was collected through individual online interviews with nine nursing students with clinical experience. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The study was approved by the University Research Ethics Committee. Participants provided digital informed consent. RESULTS The students asserted that they are able to understand the patients' interests by placing emphasis on the patients' needs. They believe that it is crucial to adopt a collaborative strategy for the provision of care to meet these requirements. In addition, some of them expressed concern over the most effective methods of advocating for the interests of patients. Three themes were identified. (1) Focussing on patient needs first, (2) taking a collective approach, and (3) learning how to advocate. CONCLUSIONS Students understand and value the ethical commitments associated with advocating for the patient's best interest by considering factors such as prioritising the patient's needs, adopting a strategy that involves everyone, and acquiring the ability to undertake the advocacy role. Additionally, nursing education strategies in clinical contexts require additional study to inspire students to do what is in their patient's best interests.
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Vitale E, Motamed-Jahromi M, Mea R, Abbaszadeh A. Nursing Advocacy Attitudes in Italian Nurses. Prof Case Manag 2023; 28:299-303. [PMID: 37787711 DOI: 10.1097/ncm.0000000000000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Vitale
- Elsa Vitale, PhD, is currently at Centre of Mental Health, Modugno, Local Health Company Bari, Italy
- Mohadeseh Motamed-Jahromi, PhD, works at the Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Rocco Mea, RN, works at San Carlo Hospital, Potenza, Italy
- Abbas Abbaszadeh, PhD, works at the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Motamed-Jahromi
- Elsa Vitale, PhD, is currently at Centre of Mental Health, Modugno, Local Health Company Bari, Italy
- Mohadeseh Motamed-Jahromi, PhD, works at the Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Rocco Mea, RN, works at San Carlo Hospital, Potenza, Italy
- Abbas Abbaszadeh, PhD, works at the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rocco Mea
- Elsa Vitale, PhD, is currently at Centre of Mental Health, Modugno, Local Health Company Bari, Italy
- Mohadeseh Motamed-Jahromi, PhD, works at the Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Rocco Mea, RN, works at San Carlo Hospital, Potenza, Italy
- Abbas Abbaszadeh, PhD, works at the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Abbaszadeh
- Elsa Vitale, PhD, is currently at Centre of Mental Health, Modugno, Local Health Company Bari, Italy
- Mohadeseh Motamed-Jahromi, PhD, works at the Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Rocco Mea, RN, works at San Carlo Hospital, Potenza, Italy
- Abbas Abbaszadeh, PhD, works at the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Farias ODO, Fontenele MGM, Lima FET, Galvão MTG, da Silva VM, Lopes MVDO. Analysis of the health advocacy concept from the perspective of the evolutionary method. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2023; 57:e20230170. [PMID: 37882698 PMCID: PMC10601892 DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2023-0170en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the concept of Health Advocacy from the methodological framework of the Evolutionary Model. METHOD The concept of interest was evaluated from the perspective of published studies identified in the databases: Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, MEDLINE and articles of interest. The attributes were determined from 19 scientific productions. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, proposed by Bardin. RESULTS The following operational definition was obtained: Health Advocacy is an intentional action, implemented jointly and in favor of individuals and communities, especially for those who suffer from health inequalities, with the aim of preserving and improving health, well-being and empowerment for health promotion. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS Thus, a broader concept of Health Advocacy was abstracted, from the micro to the macro, which contemplates the development of the patient's autonomy; includes individuals and groups in care plans and involves them in political activities as possibilities to provide assistance and correct health inequalities.
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Professional autonomy and patient advocacy in nurses. Collegian 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Suvarnakich P, Montrikul Na Ayudhaya B. Compliance with the ethical competence framework by head nurses. Nurs Ethics 2022; 29:1304-1317. [PMID: 35724976 DOI: 10.1177/09697330221105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head nurses have duties in providing nursing care and ethical supervision to the nurses in the unit. Compliance with the ethical competence framework for head nurses is essential in fostering an ethical climate in the organization. OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to study the head nurses' compliance with the ethical competence framework by the Thailand Nursing and Midwifery Council (TNMC). METHODS The study is a qualitative research, using in-depth interviews conducted among 20 head nurses practicing in a super tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. The sample was selected using a criterion sampling method. The head nurses' ethical experience relating to work practice was analyzed by thematic analysis. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Committee for Research Ethics (Social Sciences), Mahidol University, and from the Institutional Review Board of the hospital in which the study was conducted. RESULTS From the thematic analysis of the ethical experience practiced by the head nurses, 8 themes and 16 sub-themes were categorized across 5 ethical competencies based on the ethical competence framework by the TNMC. It was found that all the identified themes and sub-themes conformed to the ethical competence framework, and demonstrated the head nurses' compliance with the framework. DISCUSSION Head nurses' ethical experience in practice conforms to the ethical competence framework by the TNMC. The framework that is based on the Code of conduct and the nursing culture that places the importance of the seniority system may facilitate the compliance with the ethical competence framework. CONCLUSION Head nurses demonstrated compliance with the ethical competence framework by the TNMC. Nevertheless, improvements could be done to the framework by adding details such as more examples of ethical decision-making scenarios, personnel's rights, and social media usage guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Photchana Suvarnakich
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 26685Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Boonwadee Montrikul Na Ayudhaya
- Department of Humanities, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 26685Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Aghaie B, Norouzadeh R, Sharifipour E, Koohpaei A, Negarandeh R, Abbasinia M. The Experiences of Intensive Care Nurses in Advocacy of COVID-19 Patients. J Patient Exp 2021; 8:23743735211056534. [PMID: 34869839 PMCID: PMC8640290 DOI: 10.1177/23743735211056534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of face-to-face interactions with families, the increase in the number of patients admitted to the ICU, nursing staff shortages, and inadequate personal protective equipment has created many challenges for nurses in advocacy of the COVID-19 patient with life-threatening conditions. This study aimed to explore the experiences of intensive care nurses in the advocacy of COVID-19 patients. This study was performed using a qualitative content analysis method with Graneheim and Lundman approach, Iran, 2020. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eighteen clinical nurses from the intensive care units of three hospitals. Themes extracted from the nurses’ statements were promoting patient safety (informing physicians about the complications and consequences of treatment, preventing medical errors, protecting patients from threats), respecting the patients’ values (providing comfort at the end of life, providing a comfortable environment, commitment to confidentiality, cultural observance, respect for individualism, fair care), and informing (clarifying clinical conditions, describing available services, and being the patients’ voice). ICU nurses in health crises such as COVID-19 as patient advocates should promote patient safety, respect patients’ values, and inform them. The results of this study could help enhance the active role of intensive care nurses in the advocacy of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Aghaie
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Sharifipour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Alireza Koohpaei
- Occupational Health and Safety at Work Department, Health Faculty, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Reza Negarandeh
- Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasinia
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Laari L, Duma SE. Facilitators of the health advocacy role practice of the nurse in Ghana: A qualitative study. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e220. [PMID: 33458254 PMCID: PMC7797165 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying facilitators of health advocacy role practice of nurses is important in reducing health disparities and inequities in Ghana. The struggle to reducing these disparities and inequities needs a combination of bravery, courage, and professionalism. In many instances, many barriers hinder nurses from practicing their health advocacy role in Ghana. Facilitators that motivate nurses who would perform this health advocacy role have not been identified and adequately described in Ghana. AIM To explore and describe the facilitators of the health advocacy role of nurses in Ghana. METHODS This qualitative study used Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory approach to collect and analyze data from 2018 to 2019 in three regions in Ghana. Semistructured interviews (n = 24) and field notes were used to collect data. RESULTS Professional influence emerged as a core category among other three facilitators that motivate nurses to perform the health advocacy role. The other three are clientele influence, intrinsic influence, and cultural influence. CONCLUSIONS Facilitators to the health advocacy role practice of nurses are multidimensional and hidden. In this respect, educating hospital managers on these facilitators should be done through workshops and seminars to enhance the managers' strategies of motivating nurses to advocate for the less privileged and the disadvantaged of the society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Laari
- Department of Nursing and MidwiferyPresbyterian Nursing and Midwifery Training CollegeBawkuGhana
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Yasin JCM, Barlem ELD, Barlem JGT, Silveira RSD, Dalmolin GDL, Andrade GBD. The ethical dimension of problems faced in general medicine: relationship with moral sensitivity. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2020; 28:e3309. [PMID: 32876289 PMCID: PMC7458576 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.4033.3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: to identify the main ethical problems and how these relate to the moral sensitivity of nurses working in a general medicine ward. Method: this qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study was conducted in a university hospital located in the south of Brazil. A total of 18 nurses working in a general medicine ward were interviewed. A semi-structured interview script was used, and data were analyzed using discursive textual analysis. Results: nurses considered the main ethical problems to include conflicts at the institutional level, situations involving conflicts with patients and/or family members, and conflicts within the staff. The perception of nurses and how they deal with these problems relate to moral sensitivity. Two categories emerged: experiencing ethical problems, and relationship with moral sensitivity. Conclusion: because of the multidimensional nature of moral sensitivity, it trains and enables nurses to recognize and deal with ethical problems faced in clinical practice so that nurses become able to make fair and prudent decisions, improving the quality of nursing care.
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Vargas CP, Vargas MADO, Tomaschewski-Barlem JG, Ramos FRS, Schneider DG, Camponogara S. Patient advocacy actions by intensivist nurses. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2019; 53:e03490. [PMID: 31389487 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-220x2018011703490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the actions and factors associated to patient advocacy by intensivist nurses using the Protective Nursing Advocacy Scale. METHOD A quantitative, descriptive-exploratory, cross-sectional study. The questionnaire was answered by nurses who worked in Intensive Care Units in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. A factorial exploratory analysis of the data, T-tests and the chi-square test were used for association between factors. RESULTS 451 nurses participated in the study. A greater number of nurses disagreed with the negative consequences that patient advocacy may have or bring to them. Greater dialogue among nursing staff would enhance teamwork results. Nurses with two or more job relationships need more physical and mental effort, which compromises their quality of life and work, leading to them being those who least practice patient advocacy. CONCLUSION Nurses understand patient advocacy as an important part of their work, as well as factors which may influence their decision to defend their patients, but are still unaware of the benefits of advocacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Porcelis Vargas
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Departamento de Enfermagem , Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem , Florianópolis , SC , Brasil
| | - Mara Ambrosina de Oliveira Vargas
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Departamento de Enfermagem , Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem , Florianópolis , SC , Brasil
| | | | - Flávia Regina Souza Ramos
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Departamento de Enfermagem , Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem , Florianópolis , SC , Brasil
| | - Dulcinéia Ghizoni Schneider
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Departamento de Enfermagem , Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem , Florianópolis , SC , Brasil
| | - Silviamar Camponogara
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Departamento de Enfermagem , Santa Maria , RS , Brasil
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Abstract
Background: The concept of patient advocacy is still poorly understood and not clearly conceptualized. Therefore, there is a gap between the ideal of patient advocacy and the reality of practice. In order to increase nursing actions as a patient advocate, a comprehensive and clear definition of this concept is necessary. Research objective: This study aimed to offer a comprehensive and clear definition of patient advocacy. Research design: A total of 46 articles and 2 books published between 1850 and 2016 and related to the concept of patient advocacy were selected from six databases and considered for concept analysis based on Rodgers’ evolutionary approach. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modares University. Findings: The attributes of patient advocacy are safeguarding (track medical errors, and protecting patients from incompetency or misconduct of co-workers and other members of healthcare team), apprising (providing information about the patient’s diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, suggesting alternatives of healthcare, and providing information about discharge program), valuing (maintaining self-control, enabling patients to make decisions freely, maintaining individualization and humanity, maintaining patient privacy, and acting in the patients’ values, culture, beliefs, and preferences), mediating (liaison between patients, families, and healthcare professionals, being patients’ voice, and communicate patient preferences and cultural values to members of the healthcare team), and championing social justice in the provision of healthcare (confronting inappropriate policies or rules in the healthcare system, identifying and correcting inequalities in delivery of health services, and facilitating access to community health services and health resources). Discussion and conclusion: The analysis of this concept can help to develop educational or managerial theories, design instruments for evaluating the performance of nurses in patient advocacy, develop strategies for enhancing patient advocacy, and improve the safety and quality of nursing care in the community and healthcare system.
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Water T, Ford K, Spence D, Rasmussen S. Patient advocacy by nurses – past, present and future. Contemp Nurse 2016; 52:696-709. [DOI: 10.1080/10376178.2016.1235981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Water
- Department of Nursing, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katrina Ford
- School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deb Spence
- Department of Nursing, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shayne Rasmussen
- Department of Nursing, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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