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Pivoto FL, Cezar AS, Vogel FSF, Leal MLDR. Effects of long-term indiscriminate use of macrocyclic lactones in cattle: Parasite resistance, clinical helminthosis, and production losses. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 20:100381. [PMID: 32448543 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our aims were to describe a case of clinical helminthosis caused by parasite resistance to macrocyclic lactones (MLs) after the long-term frequent use of these drugs in a cattle herd, and to evaluate the production losses prevented by the use of an effective anthelmintic treatment to control these resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). A case of clinical helminthosis culminating in the death of steers was investigated, the history of the antiparasitic treatments used during an 11-year period in the herd was assessed, and an efficacy test involving seven different drugs was performed. Thereafter, two groups of heifers naturally infected by ML-resistant GINs were formed and strategically treated with either a highly effective (levamisole) or less effective drug (doramectin) over a 9-month period. The heifers were evaluated monthly based on eggs per gram of feces (EPG) counts and liveweights. An evaluation of the history of parasite control in the farm revealed that MLs were used in 96.5% of the treatments aimed at controlling GINs, ticks, and myiasis in the herd. The efficacy test showed the presence of GINs resistance to all the MLs tested. However, levamisole and albendazole sulphoxide were highly effective against these parasites. Heifers treated with levamisole gained 12.1 kg more liveweight on average, compared to those treated with doramectin. Thus, we conclude that indiscriminate and long-term use of MLs in the studied herd led to the failure of GINs control, a critical situation resulting in significant production losses, and a surge of clinical helminthosis in young cattle. In addition, we showed increase in liveweight gain due to using a highly effective drug, in comparison to an ML, during a 9-month period, in heifers naturally infected by ML-resistant GINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lamberti Pivoto
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais (DCGA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Alfredo Skrebsky Cezar
- Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI), Ijui, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Lizandra do Rego Leal
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais (DCGA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Pivoto FL, Cezar AS, Vogel FSF, Marques CB, Alves MEM, Becker CC, do Rego Leal ML. Economic losses caused by the use of low-efficacy anthelmintic drugs in growing heifers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1365-1374. [PMID: 31758387 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the economic revenue related to the use of low- or high-efficacy anthelmintic drugs within suppressive or strategic schemes of treatment in growing heifers. Heifers raised in a semi-intensive grazing system in southern Brazil were used. Levamisole and ivermectin were selected as the high- and the low-efficacy drugs, respectively, based on a previous efficacy test. Subsequently, these drugs were used within strategic (Strat; four times per year) or suppressive (Supp; once a month) treatment regimens in the heifers, and their liveweight and eggs per gram of feces counts were monthly evaluated during a 13-month period. The total costs of the treatments and their cost-benefit ratio in regard to liveweight gain were calculated. Final mean liveweight gains (kg) observed were 126.7 (Strat-Low), 133.6 (Supp-Low), 141.3 (Strat-High), 142.9 (Supp-High), and 125.8 (Control). Treatments with a high-efficacy drug resulted in monetary gains of US$ 19.56 (Strat-High) and US$ 14.98 (Supp-High), but Supp-Low and Strat-Low treatments caused economic losses. Total cost of the efficacy test (US$ 374.79) could be paid by the additional liveweight gain of 20 heifers from the Strat-High group. These results showed that it would be preferable not to treat the heifers against GIN if compared with treating them with a low-efficacy drug. In addition, we showed that the use of four treatments per year with a high-efficacy drug-selected by efficacy test-resulted in a profitable management to control GIN in growing heifers raised in a semi-intensive gazing system in southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lamberti Pivoto
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais (DCGA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Alfredo Skrebsky Cezar
- Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI), Ijui, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Balconi Marques
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta Elena Machado Alves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Lizandra do Rego Leal
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais (DCGA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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Molina VM, Arbeláez JM, Prada JA, Blanco RD, Oviedo CA. Posible resistencia de <i>Dictyocaulus viviparus</i> a fenbendazol en un bovino reporte de caso. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2016. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v63n1.56904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>Describir el caso de la posible resistencia al fenbendazol en una ternera Jersey infestada por Dictyocaulus viviparus. En el municipio de Entrerrios, Antioquia, Colombia, una hembra de la raza Jersey de 6 meses de edad, presento un serio cuadro de bronconeumonía el cual no mejoró a la aplicación de fenbendazol y enrofloxacina como terapia de mantenimiento. En la necropsia, se observó un número elevado de parásitos vivos compatibles con <em>Dictyocaulus viviparus, determinando una bronquitis verminosa. Este nematodo el cual es tratado rutinariamente con fenbendazol en las fincas lecheras Colombianas, ha demostrado ser resistente frente algunos bencimidazoles, en el presente caso, se pretende describir las posibles causas de esta resistencia del Dictyocaulus viviparus, en la ternera Jersey.</p>
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Ramos F, Portella LP, Rodrigues FDS, Reginato CZ, Pötter L, Cezar AS, Sangioni LA, Vogel FSF. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of beef cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2016; 6:93-101. [PMID: 27054068 PMCID: PMC4805775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes resistant to anthelmintics have been reported in several regions of Brazil, and they may be associated with economic losses for the cattle industry. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance status of gastrointestinal nematodes from naturally infected beef cattle to several commercially available anthelmintics, as well as to test the efficacy of combinations of anthelmintics against multi-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes. Ten farms located in Rio Grande do Sul state were selected by: farmers' consent; extensive raising system; availability of calves aged from 7 to 9 months naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes; absence of anthelmintic treatment for 60 days before the study; and presence of 70-100 calves or more of both genders with ≥ 200 eggs per gram of feces (EPG) (sensitivity of 50 EPG). These calves were distributed into 10 groups (of 7-10 animals) per farm and treated with ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, fenbendazole, closantel, nitroxynil, disophenol, levamisole, albendazole, or moxidectin. Feces were collected 2 days before treatment and 14 days after treatment. Additional groups of 7-10 calves were used to test six different two-drug combinations at four of the studied farms. In general terms, fenbendazole was the most effective drug, followed by levamisole, disophenol, and moxidectin. However, parasite resistance to multiple drugs was found in all herds, especially in the genera Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., and Haemonchus spp.. Some of the two-drug combinations were effective against nematode populations identified as resistant to the same compounds when used as single drugs. The most effective combinations were moxidectin + levamisole, doramectin + fenbendazole, and levamisole + closantel. In this study, parasites resistant to the main commercially available anthelmintics were found in all herds, and some combinations of two active components belonging to different chemical groups were effective against multi-drug resistant gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ramos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Pires Portella
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Souza Rodrigues
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Zamperete Reginato
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pötter
- Departamento de Zootecnia, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Skrebsky Cezar
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia e Desenvolvimento, PNPD/CAPES, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Machado FA, Pivoto FL, Ferreira MST, Gregorio FDV, Vogel FSF, Sangioni LA. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: multiresistant tick. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:337-42. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the acaricide resistance of tick populations in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), which has not previously been reported. Fifty-four cattle farms were visited and specimens of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were collected and subjected to the adult immersion test, using nine commercial acaricides in the amidine, pyrethroid and organophosphate groups. Climatic data, including monthly precipitation, were recorded. The results from the present study demonstrated that seven of the acaricides analyzed presented mean efficacy values of less than 95%, with large differences among the products tested. Nine of them exhibited satisfactory and unsatisfactory acaricide results on at least one farm. In conclusion, the farms located in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, exhibited populations of R. (Boophilus) microplus with variable degrees of susceptibility to different acaricides, thus suggesting that resistance to the active compounds exists. It is suggested that treatment protocols should be implemented at the beginning of winter and summer, using the acaricides that showed efficacy in the adult immersion test.
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Pivoto FL, Machado FA, Anezi-Junior PA, Weber A, Cezar AS, Sangioni LA, Vogel FSF. Improving liveweight gain of lambs infected by multidrug-resistant nematodes using a FECRT-based schedule of treatments. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2303-10. [PMID: 24744221 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the liveweight gain of lambs, infected by multidrug-resistant nematodes, treated by conventional schemes of helminth control or using a schedule based on fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The flock was selected after a FECRT (experiment 1) which revealed a parasite population resistant to benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles, macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin), salicylanilides, nitrophenols, and organophosphates. Despite the parasite resistance to ivermectin (an avermectin), the moxidectin (a milbemycin) was effective against the gastrointestinal nematodes (PR > 90%). In experiment 2, 48 suckling lambs were distributed in four randomized blocks (G1, G2, G3, and G4) by previous body weighings. G1 was kept as untreated control; G2 was treated following a FECRT-based schedule with drugs chosen based on fecal analysis (first drench with moxidectin, second drench with a combination of moxidectin and levamisole, and third drench with praziquantel, an anti-cestode drug); G3 and G4 received three drenches with ivermectin or disophenol, respectively. Body weighings and fecal analysis of these lambs were performed every 2 weeks over a 98-day period. An effective control of gastrointestinal nematodes was obtained with two nematicidal drenches following the FECRT-based schedule of treatments. On the other hand, eggs per gram of feces (EPG) counts were no different among untreated control, G3, and G4. Lambs treated using the FECRT-based schedule had the greatest liveweight gain among the groups tested. Additionally, liveweight gain was no different among the groups G3, G4, and G1. The FECRT-based schedule of anthelmintic treatments was beneficial regarding productivity and sustainability of helminth control in lambs infected by multidrug-resistant nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lamberti Pivoto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 44, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Lopes WDZ, Carvalho RS, Gracioli DDP, Oliveira PV, Pereira V, Martinez AC, Mazzucatto BC. Intoxicação aguda por triclorfon em caprinos tratados com a dose terapêutica. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O presente estudo descreve um surto de intoxicação por triclorfon em caprinos, que receberam pela via oral, a dosagem terapêutica do princípio ativo em questão (100mg/kg), provenientes da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, campus de Umuarama, PR. Cinquenta e três ovinos foram tratados com a mesma formulação/solução e não se observou nenhum efeito colateral nos animais referente ao tratamento com triclorfon. Das 20 cabras medicadas, cerca de 40 minutos após a administração do triclorfon, oito apresentaram os clássicos sinais clínicos de ataxia, decúbito externo-lateral, sialorreia, tremores, constrição das pupilas, dispneia com ruídos, micção e defecação involuntária, paresia espástica, timpanismo e lacrimejamento. Quase que imediatamente após a detecção destes sinais, as oito cabras foram medicadas com sulfato de atropina 1% 0,5mg/kg mais fluidoterapia. Cinco destes animais tiveram de receber nova dosagem de sulfato de atropina uma hora após a primeira aplicação, em função de alguns sinais clínicos, como tremores musculares, ainda estarem presentes. De 48 a 72 horas após a administração do triclorfon, três destes cinco animais vieram a óbito. Na necropsia, foi possível observar mucosas cianóticas, congestão de fígado, baço e rins, vasos mesentéricos congestos, vesícula biliar repleta, enfisema pulmonar, parênquima pulmonar avermelhado. Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho chamam atenção que o surto aconteceu em cabras adultas, que apresentavam boas condições clínicas e acima de tudo, receberam a dosagem terapêutica recomendada em bula pelo fabricante. Talvez isso possa indicar alguma sensibilidade mais elevada desta espécie animal à dosagem recomendada em bula do triclorfon (100mg/kg) para caprinos.
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