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Dos Santos RC, Estrela-Lima A, Conrado-Dos-Santos WL, Oriá A, de Sousa Gonçalves R, Silva DN, Larangeira DF, do Socorro Pires E Cruz M, de Pinho FA, Barrouin-Melo SM. A compared histopathological study on kidneys and eye bulbs in distinct clinical presentations of canine leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2243-2261. [PMID: 38717733 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum commonly progresses with renal and ophthalmic lesions associated with active systemic disease. As chronic inflammation related to immune complex deposits is a pathophysiological factor in the development of both glomerulonephritis and uveitis, we aimed to evaluate renal and ocular histopathological lesions and analyze whether they were related to each other and the clinical degree of the disease. For that, we evaluated 15 dogs from CanL-endemic areas. L. infantum PCR-positive dogs were studied according to disease severity into two different groups: Group-1 (G1) had data from seven dogs with mild to moderate CanL and no history of treatment, and G2 was formed with eight dogs with severe to terminal disease that had not responded to CanL treatment. Histopathological analysis of kidneys showed higher frequencies and intensities of glomerular basement membrane thickening (p = 0.026), deposits in glomeruli (p = 0.016), epithelial necrosis (p = 0.020), tubular dilatation (p = 0.003) and interstitial fibrosis (p = 0.04) in G2 dogs than in G1 dogs. Surprisingly, the histopathology of eye bulbs showed a higher frequency and intensity of retinitis (p = 0.019) in G1 dogs than in G2 dogs. The comparative analysis showed that there was no correspondence between histopathological findings in kidneys versus eyes in milder or more severe CanL. Our findings suggested that (1) clinically undetectable eye alterations can be more precocious than those in kidneys in the development of CanL, and (2) the lower frequency of eye lesions and higher frequency of renal lesions in dogs with terminal disease even after treatment indicate that therapy may have been effective in reducing CanL-associated ophthalmic disease but not proportionally in reducing kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseclea Chagas Dos Santos
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, HOSPMEV, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Milton Santos, 500, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, CEP 40170-110.
| | | | - Arianne Oriá
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rafaela de Sousa Gonçalves
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Danielle Nascimento Silva
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniela Farias Larangeira
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectiology - Zoonotic Leishmaniasis Clinic, HOSPMEV, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria do Socorro Pires E Cruz
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), University Campus Minister Petrônio Portella, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectiology - Zoonotic Leishmaniasis Clinic, HOSPMEV, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine (HOSPMEV) of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectiology - Zoonotic Leishmaniasis Clinic, HOSPMEV, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Milton Santos, 500, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, CEP 40170-110.
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de Pinho FA, Mendes MO, de Magalhães VLP, Tinôco AAC, Seoane JHL, Rêgo FD, Soares RP, Barrouin-Melo SM. Clinical evolution of equine leishmaniasis with self-limiting cutaneous disease caused by Leishmania infantum in northeastern Brazil: A case report. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 41:100881. [PMID: 37208087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum infections have long been described in humans and dogs worldwide, but characterization of equine cases remains scarce. We describe the clinical evolution of a natural L. infantum infection to contribute to the diagnostic knowledge and epidemiology of equine leishmaniasis (EL). An auction-acquired four-year-old Mangalarga Marchador mare from Pernambuco state, presented a few subcutaneous nodules on the head and neck upon arrival at the purchaser's stud at Bahia state, in November of 2019. They progressed to multiple ulcerated and non-ulcerated nodules and spread to both right limbs in seven weeks. Hematology revealed anemia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and elevated plasma fibrinogen. Histopathology of the biopsied nodules identified a granulomatous dermatitis with macrophages containing Leishmania amastigotes. PCR detected Leishmania in skin lesions, but not in blood or spleen aspirate samples; ITS1 PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing confirmed L. infantum species. A topical antiseptic and insect-repellent therapy and a monthly follow-up were established. All lesions improved progressively, without specific anti-Leishmania treatment, and 14 months later there was a consistent resolution. This first description of EL by L. infantum in an endemic area is relevant to emphasize the need for epidemiological studies, and to enhance clinicians' awareness for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Mariana Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Vitor Luiz Pereira de Magalhães
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 - Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, CEP: 30190-009, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 - Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, CEP: 30190-009, MG, Brazil.
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos 500, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Varjão BM, Pinho FAD, Solcà MDS, Silvestre R, Fujimori M, Goto H, Varjão NM, Dias RC, Barrouin-Melo SM. Spatial distribution of canine Leishmania infantum infection in a municipality with endemic human leishmaniasis in Eastern Bahia, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e022620. [PMID: 34076050 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to control a zoonotic disease such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum can be successful if they rely on comprehensive data on animal infection. In Bahia state, Brazil, human VL is endemic, yet some areas have no epidemiological data on canine L. infantum infection and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) to date. We aimed to perform an epidemiological study describing the spatial distribution and characterizing canine L. infantum infection in two districts of the municipality of Muritiba, where human cases have occurred. Brazilian official serodiagnostic protocol (ELISA and immunochromatographic tests), PCR and clinical examination were performed in 351 owned dogs. A seroprevalence of 15.7% (55/351) was found, and L. infantum identified in 88.8% (32/36) of PCR tested samples. Spatial distribution of positive dogs indicated infection in both urban and rural districts. There was no association between seropositivity and sex or breed, but dogs older than 2 years were 3.8 times more likely to be seropositive (95% CI 1.57 - 9.18) than younger dogs. Among seropositive dogs, 80% (44/55) had clinical manifestations of CanL: 75% (33/44) presented dermatopathy, 50% (22/44) emaciation, and 29.5% (13/44) ophthalmopathy. This is the first report on canine seroprevalence and natural L. infantum infection in Muritiba, Bahia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Milen Varjão
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Departamento de Anatomia, Patologia e Clínicas Veterinárias, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Manuela da Silva Solcà
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e Saúde - ICVS, Escola de Medicina, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Laboratório Associado ICVS/3B's - Instituto de Investigação em Biomateriais, Biodegradáveis e Biomiméticos, Universidade do Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mahyumi Fujimori
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Natasha Milen Varjão
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Roberta Costa Dias
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital-Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Departamento de Anatomia, Patologia e Clínicas Veterinárias, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Godoy ALPC, de Jesus C, Gonçalves RS, Azeredo FJ, Rocha A, Marques MP, Lanchote VL, Larangeira DF, Barrouin-Melo SM. Detection of allopurinol and oxypurinol in canine urine by HPLC/MS-MS: Focus on veterinary clinical pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113204. [PMID: 32126445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Allopurinol is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of hyperuricemia in people, and in view of the risks of fatal hypersensitivity in patients with renal dysfunction, doses based on the glomerular filtration rate are proposed. In veterinary medicine, allopurinol is used in the treatment of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum owing to the drug action of inhibiting the parasite's RNA synthesis. However, renal dysfunction frequently ensues from disease progression in dogs. The purpose of the present study was to standardize and validate a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method to determine the concentration of allopurinol and its active metabolite oxypurinol in canine urine for clinical pharmacokinetic investigation. Urine samples of eleven (11) dogs with naturally occurring CanL and in the maintenance phase of the treatment with alopurinol were used. For the chromatographic analysis of urine, the mobile phase consisted of a solution of 0.1 % formic acid (88 %) in 10 mM ammonium acetate. Separation of allopurinol and oxypurinol occurred in a flow of 0.8 mL/min on a C8 reverse phase column 5 μm, and acyclovir was the internal standard. The HPLC-MS/MS method was validated by reaching the limits of detection and quantification, reproducibility and linearity. The lower limit of quantification achieved by the method was 10 μg/mL for both allopurinol and oxypurinol. Calibration curves were prepared in blank urine added with allopurinol at concentrations of 10-1000 μg/mL, and oxypurinol at 10-200 μg/mL. Coefficients of variation of less than 15 % between intracurrent and intercurrent accuracy values were observed for both allopurinol and oxypurinol. Urine test samples remained stable after being subjected to freeze-thaw cycles and remaining at room temperature for 4 h. The method proved to be adequate to quantify allopurinol and oxypurinol in urine samples from dogs under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Leonor P C Godoy
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 147, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Clauceane de Jesus
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Gonçalves
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Francine Johansson Azeredo
- Department of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 147, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Adriana Rocha
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyzes, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S / N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maria P Marques
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyzes, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S / N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Vera L Lanchote
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyzes, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S / N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Daniela F Larangeira
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil.
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Costa DNCC, Codeço CT, Bermudi PMM, Rodas LAC, Nunes CM, Hiramoto RM, Tolezano JE, Chiaravalloti Neto F. [Control of canine visceral leishmaniasis by euthanasia: estimated effect based on a survey and mathematical modeling]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2020; 36:e00221418. [PMID: 32130320 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00221418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is an emerging and neglected disease that is currently expanding to urban areas. The incidence of human disease is related to canine infection. Araçatuba and Birigui are municipalities (counties) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with 8-10% seroprevalence of canine infection and that employ control strategies targeting the canine reservoir, based on serological survey and culling of seropositive dogs. Using data from these control programs to parameterize mathematical models, this study assessed the efficacy of these activities. We estimated that current control is capable of reducing the incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) by approximately 20%. Assuming continuous control and three times the current serological survey activities in Araçatuba and Birigui, culling dogs with a positive CVL diagnosis would be effective for the control of canine infection. Although theoretically possible, in practice the control of CVL with the currently recommended strategies is insufficient, since it would require overcoming the difficulties in these activities, such as lack of material, human, and financial resources, besides associated ethical and legal issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cáris Maroni Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brasil
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