1
|
Silva RCP, da Silva RPC, Souto FO, de Lorena VMB, Aires ADL, Costa VMA, Albuquerque MCPDA, de Souza VMO. Extract from Ascaris suum and N-acetyl-L-cysteine induces an immunosuppressant effect in model of autoimmune hepatitis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12826. [PMID: 33586210 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extract of adult Ascaris suum (ASC) worms attenuated the liver damage in experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) with induction of Th2 immune response, but fibrosis occurred. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) has protective effects against liver fibrosis. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the association ASC + NAC on the T- and B-cell activation, inflammation and fibrogenic markers in the liver in EAH. METHODS Experimental autoimmune hepatitis was induced intravenously with concanavalin A in BALB/c mice. EAH + ASC+NAC group received NAC and ASC; EAH + ASC group received ASC; EAH group received PBS. Doubly labelled CD4+ T (CD28, CTLA-4, CD40L or IL-10) and CD45R+ B lymphocytes (IL-10) and CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells were evaluated, along with gene expression of Col1a1, α-SMA, Fizz1, Arg1 and PPAR-γ and histomorphometry. RESULTS Experimental autoimmune hepatitis group showed high frequency of CD28+ and CD40L+ T lymphocytes, but not the EAH + ASC group. In relation to EAH group, the Fizz1 expression was lower in both groups treated, but Arg1 expression was lower in only EAH + ASC+NAC group. In the EAH + ASC+NAC group, there were higher frequencies of CD4+ IL-10+ and CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells, but not CD45R+ IL-10+ , along with mitigated inflammation and collagen production. CONCLUSIONS Ascaris suum favoured immunosuppression in EAH limiting the T cells activation. However, association ASC and NAC was necessary for attenuating the inflammatory process and collagen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roeckson Carlos Peixoto Silva
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Penaforte Correia da Silva
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Agreste Academic Centre, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - André de Lima Aires
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Vlaudia Maria Assis Costa
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mônica Camelo Pessôa de Azevedo Albuquerque
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Valdênia Maria Oliveira de Souza
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cellular immune response of asthmatic children in the presence of anti-Ascaris antibody. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151978. [PMID: 32747023 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of anti-Ascaris (anti-Asc) immunoglobin isotypes alters the risk of allergic asthma. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between serum levels of anti-Asc IgE, IgG1, and IgG4, without concurrent infection by the parasite, and the presence of asthma. We measured cytokine levels from Th1, Th2, and Th17 profiles. Children aged 2-14 years old, asthmatics (n = 64), and non-asthmatics (n = 40) were selected according to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood criteria. Asthmatic patients who had positive skin allergy tests were considered to have allergic asthma. Stool exams were performed to exclude children who were parasitized by helminths/protozoans and blood samples were collected in non-parasitized individuals. We performed peripheral blood leukocyte counts and in vitro culture following mitogenic stimulation. Levels of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17) in the supernatants were measured using a cytometric bead array. Titration of serum total IgE and IgE specific to Ascaris were obtained using ImmunoCAP; IgG1 and IgG4 titers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Anti-Asc IgE was associated with a higher risk of asthma and an increase in the number of eosinophils and neutrophils. By contrast, anti-Asc IgG1 could be considered a protective factor against asthma, associated with lower levels of circulating neutrophils. There were high levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in asthmatics. Levels of IL-6, but not TNF-α, depended on the presence of anti-Asc IgG1 in serum. Anti-Asc IgE appears to increase risk of asthma, and anti-Asc IgG1 appears to favor decreased neutrophil counts and increased IL-6 levels.
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva RCP, Silva RPCD, Silva MDC, Nascimento WRCD, Costa VMA, Azevedo Albuquerque MCPD, Souza VMOD. Extract of Ascaris suum induces TGF-β and early production of IgG1 in experimental autoimmune hepatitis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2020; 29:e023419. [PMID: 32520090 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) of Th1 profile, an extract of adult Ascaris suum worms (ASC) was previously found to deviate the immune response to a Th2/IL-10 pattern. Here, the effects of treatment with ASC on production of TGF-β and the anti-Ascaris isotypes IgG1 and IgG2a in EAH were evaluated. EAH was induced in BALB/c mice, intravenously with concanavalin A. Two hours later, these animals received ASC (EAH+ASC group) or PBS vehicle (EAH group). IgG1 and IgG2a were evaluated 8 h, 24 h and 7 d after induction. TGF-β was measured in a splenocyte culture at this last time. The isotype levels in the EAH group were low throughout the kinetics. In the EAH+ASC group, there was significant production of IgG1 at 24 h and 7 d, but of IgG2a only at 7 d. There was statistically greater production of TGF-β in the EAH+ASC group. The higher levels of IgG1 and TGF-β in this group suggest that an additional Th1 response control route exists in EAH, which needs to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roeckson Carlos Peixoto Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Raul Penaforte Correia da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Maria da Conceição Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Vlaudia Maria Assis Costa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Mônica Camelo Pessôa de Azevedo Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Valdênia Maria Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nascimento WC, Silva RP, Fernandes ES, Silva MC, Holanda GC, Santos PA, Albuquerque MP, Costa VA, Pontes-Filho NT, Souza VO. Immunomodulation of liver injury by Ascaris suum extract in an experimental model of autoimmune hepatitis. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3309-17. [PMID: 24951170 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult worm extract from Ascaris suum (Asc) has immunosuppressive activity and elicits Th2/IL-4/IL-10 response. This study evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of Asc in a murine model of concanavalin A (ConA)-induced autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). BALB/c mice received ConA, iv, (20 mg/kg), and three groups of animals were formed: (1) AIH, received only ConA; (2) AIH + Asc prophylactic, treated with Asc (1 mg/ml), ip, 30 min before of the AIH; and (3) AIH + Asc therapeutic, treated with Asc 2 h after the AIH. Plasma transaminase and immunoglobulins (measured at 8 and 24 h and 7 days after treatment) and cytokine production (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IFN-γ) by splenocytes upon ConA and Asc stimulus were compared. The livers were weighed and examined histologically. In the AIH group, there was an increase in liver weight, transaminase levels, and total immunoglobulins. These parameters were reduced by 8-24 h and 7 days in the prophylactic group, but in the therapeutic group, only on day 7. The survival rate of mice in the AIH group was 38.5%, compared to 67% in the therapeutic Asc group. The survival rate of the animals with AIH that were prophylactically treated with Asc was 100%. A decrease of cellular infiltration and high levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 were induced by Asc. An increase of liver fibrosis was also observed, but with less intensity with prophylactic treatment. Thus, the Ascaris components have an inhibitory effect on AIH, with an intense Th2 immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wheverton C Nascimento
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50.670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santos PDA, Lorena VMB, Fernandes É, Sales IRF, Albuquerque MCP, Gomes Y, Costa VMA, Souza VMO. Maternal schistosomiasis alters costimulatory molecules expression in antigen-presenting cells from adult offspring mice. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:62-7. [PMID: 24657585 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adult offspring of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice showed alterations in immunity to a heterologous antigen, ovalbumin (OA). Prior breastfeeding induced increased production of anti-OA antibodies, while pregnancy impaired it. Here, we investigated the expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the adult offspring of S. mansoni-infected mothers in response to OA. Newborn mice were divided into three groups: animals Born Infected Mothers (BIM) suckled by non-infected mothers; animals from non-infected mothers Suckled Infected Mothers (SIM); and another group of mice born from and suckled by non-infected mothers (CONTROL). The adult offspring were immunized with subcutaneous OA+adjuvant, and 3-8days following immunization, double labeling was performed (CD45R/B220 or CD11c and CD80, CD86, CD40 or HLA-DR) on spleen cells. In comparison to the CONTROL group, an early increased frequency of CD40+/CD80+ B cells was observed in SIM mice (p<0.001/p<0.05), but no alteration of CD11c+ cells was observed. In contrast, in BIM mice, the frequency of CD86+/CD11c+ cells (p<0.05) and CD40+/CD80+/CD86+ B cells (p<0.01/p<0.01/p<0.05) was drastically reduced. In conclusion, previous suckling by S. mansoni-infected mothers enabled improved antigen presentation by B cells in adult offspring, whereas gestation in these mothers imprinted offspring with weak antigen presentation by APCs during the immune response to a non-related antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia d'Emery Alves Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Fernandes
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Iana Rafaela Fernandes Sales
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mônica Camelo Pessoa Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Tropical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Yara Gomes
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (CPqAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Vlaudia Maria Assis Costa
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Tropical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Valdênia Maria Oliveira Souza
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos PDA, Sales IRF, Schirato GV, Costa VMA, Albuquerque MCPA, Souza VMO, Malagueño E. Influence of maternal schistosomiasis on the immunity of adult offspring mice. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:95-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
ZHOU L, XU Q, ZHANG Y, ZHOU Z, GUAN W, LI Y. Purification, Characterization and in vitro Anthelmintic Activity of a Neutral Metalloprotease from Laccocephalum mylittae. Chin J Chem Eng 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(08)60332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
Cytogenetic study of Ascaris trypsin inhibitor in cultured human lymphocytes with metabolic activation. J Genet 2009; 88:69-75. [PMID: 19417546 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-009-0009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The trypsin inhibitor (ATI) isolated from gastrointestinal nematode Ascaris suum was tested in vitro for induction of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE). Genotoxicity assessment of purified ATI was carried out on metaphase plates received from peripheral blood lymphocyte macroculture (48 h test of structural chromosome aberrations and 72 h test of SCE) with exogenous metabolic activation. ATI was tested in dose of 25, 50 and 100 microg per ml of culture. Kinetics of cell divisions were determined by the replication index (RI). The mitotic index (MI) was expressed as a number of metaphases per 1000 nuclei analysed. Analysis of chromosome aberrations showed that higher doses of ATI (50 and 100 microg/ml) significantly increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations (mainly of chromatid gaps and breaks) compared to the negative control. All concentrations of ATI caused a statistically significant reduction in the MI and RI. In comparison with the negative control, a significant increase in the SCE frequency was observed in all applied doses of ATI. Thus, in the presence of S9 activation, the Ascaris trypsin inhibitor showed potential clastogenic activity and inhibition of the dynamics of lymphocyte divisions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
SUMMARYInfection with parasitic helminths takes a heavy toll on the health and well-being of humans and their domestic livestock, concomitantly resulting in major economic losses. Analyses have consistently revealed bioactive molecules in extracts of helminths or in their excretory/secretory products that modulate the immune response of the host. It is our view that parasitic helminths are an untapped source of immunomodulatory substances that, in pure form, could become new drugs (or models for drug design) to treat disease. Here, we illustrate the range of immunomodulatory molecules in selected parasitic trematodes, cestodes and nematodes, their impact on the immune cells in the host and how the host may recognize these molecules. There are many examples of the partial characterization of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules, but these have not yet translated into new drugs, reflecting the difficulty of isolating and fully characterizing proteins, glycoproteins and lipid-based molecules from small amounts of parasite material. However, this should not deter the investigator, since analytical techniques are now being used to accrue considerable structural information on parasite-derived molecules, even when only minute quantities of tissue are available. With the introduction of methodologies to purify and structurally-characterize molecules from small amounts of tissue and the application of high throughput immunological assays, one would predict that an assessment of parasitic helminths will yield a variety of novel drug candidates in the coming years.
Collapse
|
10
|
Protective effect of an extract from Ascaris suum in experimental arthritis models. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2736-45. [PMID: 18411290 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01085-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of an extract from a helminth (Ascaris suum) in zymosan-induced arthritis (ZYA) or collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Rats and mice, respectively, received 1 mg and 0.1 mg zymosan intra-articularly (i.a.). Test groups received an A. suum extract either per os (p.o.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min prior to i.a. zymosan. Controls received saline. Hypernociception was measured using the articular incapacitation test. Cell influx, nitrite, and cytokine levels were assessed in joint exudates. The synovia and distal femoral extremities were used for histopathology. Cartilage damage was assessed through determining glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. DBA/1J mice were subjected to CIA. The test group received A. suum extract i.p. 1 day after CIA became clinically detectable. Clinical severity and hypernociception were assessed daily. Neutrophil influx was determined using myeloperoxidase activity. The A. suum extract, either i.p. or p.o., significantly and dose-dependently inhibited cell influx and hypernociception in ZYA in addition to reducing GAG loss and ameliorating synovitis. The A. suum extract reduced i.a. levels of NO, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-10 but not tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in rats subjected to ZYA while reducing i.a. IL-10, but not IL-1beta or TNF-alpha, levels in mice. Clinically, mice subjected to CIA treated with the A. suum extract had less severe arthritis. Hypernociception, myeloperoxidase activity, and synovitis severity were significantly reduced. These data show that a helminth extract given p.o. protects from arthritis severity in two classical arthritis models. This A. suum effect is species independent and functions orally and parenterally. The results show clinical and structural benefits when A. suum extract is given either prophylactically or therapeutically.
Collapse
|
11
|
Blaszkowska J. Mutagenicity of Ascaris chymotrypsin inhibitor in germ cells of mice. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 24:213-24. [PMID: 17674131 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin inhibitor isolated from Ascaris suum (ACHI) was tested for the induction of dominant lethal mutations in male mice. Dominant lethal effects of ACHI for the main stages of germ cell development were analyzed by mating at specific time points after dosing. Two groups of adult BALB/c males received 24 or 40 mg per kilogram body weight (BW) per day intraperitoneal (IP) injection of ACHI in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for five consecutive days (subacute exposure). Males from a third group were administered single IP injections of ACHI-60 mg/kg BW (acute exposure). The control group received concurrent injections of PBS for five successive days. After the last dose, each male was mated with two untreated females. For fractionated examination with regard to successive germ cell stages (spermatozoa, spermatids, spermatocytes, spermatogonia), every second week, two other untreated virgin females were placed with each male for mating. The uteri of the females were inspected on the 15th day of gestation, and preimplantation loss and postimplantation loss determined from dominant lethal parameters. Exposure of mice germ cells to ACHI did not impair mating activity of males. Fertility index was reduced (P < 0.05) only for females mated at the third week with males exposed to the highest dose of ACHI. In the females bred to ACHI-treated males, significant (P < 0.05) increase in preimplantation loss was observed at postinjection weeks 1 (reflecting exposure to spermatozoa after single treatment and to spermatozoa or late spermatids after subacute dosing) and 3 (reflecting exposure to mid and early spermatids for acute dosing and to mid and early spermatids or late spermatocytes following acute treatment), regardless of dose and length of exposure to the inhibitor. At the 60-mg/kg-BW group, a significant increase of this parameter was also noted at week 5 (reflecting exposure to early spermatocytes). During mating days 15-21, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in postimplantation loss and dominant lethal effects were observed for all doses of ACHI. Acute ACHI exposure 5 weeks prior to mating resulted in dominant lethal effects in early spermatocytes. These preliminary data suggest that ACHI induces dominant lethal mutations at postmeiotic and meiotic stages of spermatogenesis, but spermatids are the most sensitive cell stage to the effect of ACHI. These results show that ACHI may be one of the factors causing disturbances in spermatogenesis leading to a reduction of host reproductive success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Blaszkowska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Pl. Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The diseases caused by parasitic nematodes in domestic and companion animals are major factors that decrease production and quality of the agricultural products. Methods available for the control of the parasitic nematode infections are mainly based on chemical treatment, non-chemical management practices, immune modulation and biological control. However, even with integrated pest management that frequently combines these approaches, the effective and long-lasting control strategies are hampered by the persistent exposure of host animals to environmental stages of parasites, the incomplete protective response of the host and acquisition of anthelmintic resistance by an increasing number of parasitic nematodes. Therefore, the challenges to improve control of parasitic nematode infections are multi-fold and no single category of information will meet them all. However, new information, such as nematode genomics, functional genomics and proteomics, can strengthen basic and applied biological research aimed to develop improvements. In this review we will, summarize existing control strategies of nematode infections and discuss ongoing developments in nematode genomics. Genomics approaches offer a growing and fundamental base of information, which when coupled with downstream functional genomics and proteomics can accelerate progress towards developing more efficient and sustainable control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makedonka Mitreva
- Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
McConchie BW, Norris HH, Bundoc VG, Trivedi S, Boesen A, Urban JF, Keane-Myers AM. Ascaris suum-derived products suppress mucosal allergic inflammation in an interleukin-10-independent manner via interference with dendritic cell function. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6632-41. [PMID: 16966410 PMCID: PMC1698059 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00720-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that protection from allergic inflammation by Ascaris suum infection was characterized by a global increase in interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the development of protective CD4(+)/CD25(+) T cells (L. Schopf, S. Luccioli, V. Bundoc, P. Justice, C. C. Chan, B. J. Wetzel, H. H. Norris, J. F. Urban, Jr., and A. Keane-Myers, Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46:2772-2780, 2005). Here, we used A. suum pseudocoelomic fluid (PCF) in lieu of infection to define molecular mechanisms of allergic protection in a mouse model of allergic inflammation. Mice were sensitized with ragweed (RW) and PCF (RW/PCF), PCF alone, or RW alone and then challenged intratracheally, intranasally, and supraocularly with RW. Histological examination of the eyes and lungs, analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and characterization of ex vivo cytokine responses were performed to determine allergic inflammatory responses. RW/PCF-treated mice had suppressed allergic immune responses compared to mice given RW alone. To investigate whether IL-10 was involved in PCF-mediated allergic protection, similar experiments were performed using mice genetically deficient for IL-10. Persistent protection from allergic disease was observed in the absence of IL-10, indicating the primary mechanism of PCF protection is IL-10 independent. Ex vivo and in vitro analysis of PCF-treated dendritic cells (DC) demonstrated reduced activation receptor expression and cytokine production in response to either RW or lipopolysaccharide stimulation. These findings extend previous studies that showed infection with A. suum alters expression of allergic disease and suggest that PCF can contribute to this effect by interference with DC function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany W McConchie
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Twinbrook II Room 125, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Sepsis can occur during disseminated candidiasis, but its pathogenesis differs from that caused by typical prokaryotic pathogens. Complex interactions between defects in host defense and "relative" virulence factors expressed by Candida lead to dissemination of the saprophyte to parenchymal organs, and subsequently to onset of multiorgan failure. This review focuses first on the pathophysiology of Candida sepsis, detailing current understanding of host-pathogen interactions. We then consider the choice of antifungal and supportive treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Spellberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, St. Johns Cardiovascular Research Center, Research and Education Institute, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. ;
| | | |
Collapse
|