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Tong J, Wang Y, Lu Y. In vitro evaluation of inorganic and methyl mercury mediated cytotoxic effect on neural cells derived from different animal species. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 41:138-145. [PMID: 26969059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To extend the current understanding of the mercury-mediated cytotoxic effect, five neural cell lines established from different animal species were comparatively analyzed using three different endpoint bioassays: thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT), neutral red uptake assay (NRU), and Coomassie blue assay (CB). Following a 24-hr exposure to selected concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl2) and methylmercury (II) chloride (MeHgCl), the cytotoxic effect on test cells was characterized by comparing their 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values. Experimental results indicated that both these forms of mercury were toxic to all the neural cells, but at very different degrees. The IC50 values of MeHgCl among these cell lines ranged from 1.15±0.22 to 10.31±0.70μmol/L while the IC50 values for HgCl2 were much higher, ranging from 6.44±0.36 to 160.97±19.63μmol/L, indicating the more toxic nature of MeHgCl. The IC50 ratio between HgCl2 and MeHgCl ranged from 1.75 to 96.0, which confirms that organic mercury is much more toxic to these neural cells than inorganic mercury. Among these cell lines, HGST-BR and TriG44 derived from marine sea turtles showed a significantly high tolerance to HgCl2 as compared to the three mammalian neural cells. Among these neural cells, SK-N-SH represented the most sensitive cells to both chemical forms of mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tong
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Youwei Wang
- Institute of TCM & Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Global Health Center, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Angelier F, Wingfield JC, Tartu S, Chastel O. Does prolactin mediate parental and life-history decisions in response to environmental conditions in birds? A review. Horm Behav 2016. [PMID: 26211371 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". In vertebrates, adjustments of physiology and behavior to environmental changes are often mediated by central physiological mechanisms, and more specifically by hormonal mechanisms. As a consequence, these mechanisms are thought to orchestrate life-history decisions in wild vertebrates. For instance, investigating the hormonal regulation of parental behavior is relevant to evaluate how parents modulate their effort according to specific environmental conditions. Surprisingly and despite being classically known as the 'parental hormone', prolactin has been overlooked in birds relative to this context. Our aim is to review evidence that changes in prolactin levels can mediate, at least to some extent, the response of breeding birds to environmental conditions. To do so, we first examine current evidence and limits for the role of prolactin in mediating parental behavior in birds. Second, we emphasize the influence of environmental conditions and stressors on circulating prolactin levels. In addition, we review to what extent prolactin levels are a reliable predictor of breeding success in wild birds. By linking environmental conditions, prolactin regulation, parental behavior, and breeding success, we highlight the potential role of this hormone in mediating parental decisions in birds. Finally, we also review the potential role of prolactin in mediating other life history decisions such as clutch size, re-nesting, and the timing of molt. By evaluating the influence of stressors on circulating prolactin levels during these other life-history decisions, we also raise new hypotheses regarding the potential of the prolactin stress response to regulate the orchestration of the annual cycle when environmental changes occur. To sum up, we show in this review that prolactin regulation has a strong potential to allow ecological physiologists to better understand how individuals adjust their life-history decisions (clutch size, parental behavior, re-nesting, and onset of molt) according to the environmental conditions they encounter and we encourage further research on that topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France.
| | - John C Wingfield
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sabrina Tartu
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
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Tartu S, Bustamante P, Angelier F, Lendvai ÁZ, Moe B, Blévin P, Bech C, Gabrielsen GW, Bustnes JO, Chastel O. Mercury exposure, stress and prolactin secretion in an Arctic seabird: an experimental study. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tartu
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372 CNRS‐Université La Rochelle 79360 Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés UMR 7266 CNRS‐Université La Rochelle 17000 La Rochelle France
| | - Frédéric Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372 CNRS‐Université La Rochelle 79360 Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - Ádám Z. Lendvai
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1. 4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Børge Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Høgskoleringen 9 7034 Trondheim Norway
| | - Pierre Blévin
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372 CNRS‐Université La Rochelle 79360 Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - Claus Bech
- Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Geir W. Gabrielsen
- Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment 9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Jan Ove Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment 9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372 CNRS‐Université La Rochelle 79360 Villiers‐en‐Bois France
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Shao Y, Chan HM. Effects of methylmercury on dopamine release in MN9D neuronal cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:637-44. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1053654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tartu S, Angelier F, Wingfield JC, Bustamante P, Labadie P, Budzinski H, Weimerskirch H, Bustnes JO, Chastel O. Corticosterone, prolactin and egg neglect behavior in relation to mercury and legacy POPs in a long-lived Antarctic bird. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:180-188. [PMID: 25461020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds often have high loads of contaminants. These contaminants have endocrine disrupting properties but their relationships with some endocrine mechanisms are still poorly investigated in free-living organisms. This is the case for the stress response which shifts energy investment away from reproduction and redirects it towards survival. In birds, this stress response is achieved through a release of corticosterone and is also accompanied by a decrease in circulating prolactin, an anterior pituitary hormone widely involved in regulating parental cares. We measured blood concentrations of some legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg) and examined their relationships with the corticosterone and prolactin responses of known-age (9-46 years old) incubating snow petrels (Pagodroma nivea) to a standardized capture/handling stress protocol. In this Antarctic seabird, we also investigated whether high contaminant burden correlates with a higher occurrence of egg neglect, a frequently observed behavior in snow petrels. POPs and Hg were unrelated to age. Stress-induced corticosterone concentrations were positively related to POPs in both sexes, and stress-induced prolactin concentrations were negatively related to Hg in males. Egg-neglect behavior was not related to POPs burden, but males with higher Hg concentrations were more likely to neglect their egg. This suggests that in birds, relationships between age and contaminants are complex and that even low to moderate concentrations of POPs and Hg are significantly related to hormonal secretion. In this Antarctic species, exposure to legacy POPs and Hg could make individuals more susceptible to environmental stressors such as ongoing disturbances in Polar Regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tartu
- UMR 7372, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-bois, France.
| | - F Angelier
- UMR 7372, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-bois, France
| | - J C Wingfield
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of CA, Davis, USA
| | - P Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-Université de la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - P Labadie
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC/LPTC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC/LPTC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - H Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC/LPTC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC/LPTC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - H Weimerskirch
- UMR 7372, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-bois, France
| | - J O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - O Chastel
- UMR 7372, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-bois, France
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Sex-dependent and non-monotonic enhancement and unmasking of methylmercury neurotoxicity by prenatal stress. Neurotoxicology 2014; 41:123-40. [PMID: 24502960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) and prenatal stress (PS) are risk factors for neurotoxicity that may co-occur in human populations. Because they also share biological substrates and can produce common behavioral deficits, this study examined their joint effects on behavioral and neurochemical effects in male and female rats. Dams had access to 0, 0.5 or 2.5ppm MeHg chloride drinking water from two to three weeks prior to breeding through weaning. Half of the dams in each of these treatment groups also underwent PS on gestational days 16-17. This yielded 6 groups/gender: 0-NS, 0-PS, 0.5-NS, 0.5-PS, 2.5-NS, and 2.5-PS. Behavioral testing began in young adulthood and included fixed interval (FI) schedule-controlled behavior, novel object recognition (NOR) and locomotor activity, behaviors previously demonstrated to be sensitive to MeHg and/or mediated by brain mesocorticolimbic dopamine glutamate systems targeted by both MeHg and PS. Behavioral deficits were more pronounced in females and included impaired NOR recognition memory only under conditions of combined MeHg and PS, while non-monotonic reductions in FI response rates occurred, with greatest effects at the 0.5ppm concentration; the less reduced 2.5ppm FI response rates were further reduced under conditions of PS (2.5-PS). Correspondingly, many neurochemical changes produced by MeHg were only seen under conditions of PS, particularly in striatum in males and in hippocampus and nucleus accumbens in females, regions of significance to the mediation of FI and NOR performance. Collectively these findings demonstrate sex-dependent and non-monotonic effects of developmental MeHg exposure that can be unmasked or enhanced by PS, particularly for behavioral outcomes in females, but for both sexes in neurochemical changes, that were observed at MeHg exposure concentrations that did not influence either reproductive outcomes or maternal behavior. Thus, assessment of risks associated with MeHg may be underestimated in the absence of other extant risk factors with which it may share common substrates and effects.
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Ida-Eto M, Oyabu A, Ohkawara T, Tashiro Y, Narita N, Narita M. Prenatal exposure to organomercury, thimerosal, persistently impairs the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the rat brain: implications for association with developmental disorders. Brain Dev 2013; 35:261-4. [PMID: 22658806 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thimerosal, an organomercury compound, has been widely used as a preservative. Therefore, concerns have been raised about its neurotoxicity. We recently demonstrated perturbation of early serotonergic development by prenatal exposure to thimerosal (Ida-Eto et al. (2011) [11]). Here, we investigated whether prenatal thimerosal exposure causes persistent impairment after birth. Analysis on postnatal day 50 showed significant increase in hippocampal serotonin following thimerosal administration on embryonic day 9. Furthermore, not only serotonin, striatal dopamine was significantly increased. These results indicate that embryonic exposure to thimerosal produces lasting impairment of brain monoaminergic system, and thus every effort should be made to avoid the use of thimerosal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiru Ida-Eto
- Department of Anatomy II, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Cho SY, Ock SM, Lee MH, Kang MH, Kim CE, Bae JN, Lee JS. Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Hair of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Tourette's Syndrome. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak 2012. [DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.2012.23.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Chronic HgCl2 treatment increases vasoconstriction induced by electrical field stimulation: role of adrenergic and nitrergic innervation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 121:331-41. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the possible changes in rat mesenteric artery vascular innervation function caused by chronic exposure to low doses of HgCl2 (mercuric chloride), as well as the mechanisms involved. Rats were divided into two groups: (i) control, and (ii) HgCl2-treated rats (30 days; first dose, 4.6 μg/kg of body weight; subsequent dose, 0.07 μg·kg−1 of body weight·day−1, intramuscularly). Vasomotor response to EFS (electrical field stimulation), NA (noradrenaline) and the NO donor DEA-NO (diethylamine NONOate) were studied, nNOS (neuronal NO synthase) and phospho-nNOS protein expression were analysed, and NO, O2− (superoxide anion) and NA release were also determined. EFS-induced contraction was higher in the HgCl2-treated group. Phentolamine (1 μmol/l) decreased the response to EFS to a greater extent in HgCl2-treated rats. HgCl2 treatment increased vasoconstrictor response to exogenous NA and NA release. L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; 0.1 mmol/l) increased the response to EFS in both experimental groups, but the increase was greater in segments from control animals. HgCl2 treatment decreased NO release and increased O2− production. Vasodilator response to DEA-NO was lower in HgCl2-treated animals. Tempol increased DEA-NO-induced relaxation to a greater extent in HgCl2-treated animals. nNOS expression was similar in arteries from both experimental groups, whereas phospho-nNOS was decreased in segments from HgCl2-treated animals. HgCl2 treatment increased vasoconstrictor response to EFS as a result of, in part, reduced NO bioavailability and increased adrenergic function. These findings offer further evidence that mercury, even at low concentrations, is an environmental risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Developmental exposure to methylmercury and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) affects cerebral dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptors of weanling and pubertal rats. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1281-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kuo TC. The influence of methylmercury on the nitric oxide production of alveolar macrophages. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 24:531-8. [PMID: 19039081 DOI: 10.1177/0748233708098122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is a global pollutant considered to be a persistent bioaccumulative and toxic chemical. Humans may be exposed to organic forms of mercury by either inhalation, oral, or dermal routes. Methylmercury is more toxic to living organisms than the inorganic forms. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the altered functions of alveolar macrophage including nitric oxide production after methylmercury exposure. Treatment of 7 muM methylmercury for 24 h inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase production of alveolar macrophages. The addition of H-89 (PKA inhibitor) significantly decreased the methylmercury inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-mediated nitric oxide production. We found the cell had a calcium-dependent adenylate cyclase, and MeHg could inhibit the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK). Because methylmercury could increase the intracellular calcium ion concentration, it might activate the adenylate cyclase by increasing [Ca(2+)](i). Though the interaction of methylmercury with the immune system has been studied by several investigators, the actual mechanisms underlying these interactions are still poorly understood. We discovered that methylmercury could activate protein kinase A, which in turn would inhibit the activation of Raf-1-ERK and so inhibit the release of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Kuo
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Sable HJK, Eubig PA, Powers BE, Wang VC, Schantz SL. Developmental exposure to PCBs and/or MeHg: effects on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) operant task before and after amphetamine drug challenge. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 31:149-58. [PMID: 19344642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The current study assessed the effects of developmental PCB and/or MeHg exposure on an operant task of timing and inhibitory control and determined if amphetamine (AMPH) drug challenges differentially affected performance. Long-Evans rats were exposed to corn oil (control), PCBs alone (1 or 3 mg/kg), MeHg alone (1.5 or 4.5 ppm), the low combination (1 mg/kg PCBs+1.5 ppm MeHg), or the high combination (3 mg/kg PCBs+4.5 ppm MeHg) throughout gestation and lactation. An environmentally relevant, formulated PCB mixture was used. Male and female offspring were trained to asymptotic performance on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) operant task as adults. PCB-exposed groups had a lower ratio of reinforced to non-reinforced responses than controls. Groups exposed to MeHg alone were not impaired and the deficits observed in PCB-exposed groups were not seen when PCBs were co-administered with MeHg. AMPH was less disruptive to responding in males receiving PCBs alone, MeHg alone, and 1.0 mg/kg PCB+1.5 ppm MeHg. Paradoxically, the disruption in responding by AMPH in males given 3.0 mg/kg PCB+4.5 ppm MeHg did not differ from controls. Exposed females from all treatment groups did not differ from controls in their AMPH response. Overall, the findings suggest that developmental exposure to PCBs can decrease DRL performance. Co-exposure to MeHg seemed to mitigate the detrimental effects of PCBs on performance. The finding that the disruptive effects of AMPH on DRL performance were lessened in some groups of exposed males suggests that alterations in dopaminergic functioning may have a role in behavioral changes seen after perinatal PCB and MeHg exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J K Sable
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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