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Hatle J, Clark CR, Agne P, Strasser N, Arcaro J, Kordek EN, Rogers K, Short CA, Sahni Z, Sullivan S, Reams B, Halleak S. The effects of dietary amino acid balance on post-embryonic development in a lubber grasshopper. J Insect Physiol 2023; 151:104586. [PMID: 37989476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects of dietary protein quality on insect development (not just growth) are unclear. Dietary amino acid blends matching yolk proteins support reproduction and juvenile development in Drosophila melanogaster. We matched amino acids to vitellogenin and tested development of juvenile male lubber grasshoppers, which do not produce vitellogenin. Last instars were fed classic dry diets with amino acids substituted for proteins. Matching amino acids to vitellogenin allowed molting to adulthood, while an unmatched isonitrogenous diet did not. Health on dry diets was poor, so we developed wet diets with agar, horse feed, and amino acids. Juveniles fed these diets matched to vitellogenin developed comparably to juveniles fed lettuce. However, wet diets with amino acids dissimilar to vitellogenin (low-quality) slowed development but maintained size at adulthood. We observed no compensatory feeding on low-quality diets. Theory suggests accumulation of proteins permits development. To detect a threshold, we started last juvenile instars on high-quality diets, then abruptly switched them to low-qualities diets. When switched to the poor-quality diet at 6d, grasshoppers molted at a similar age (∼17d) to grasshoppers continuously on the high-quality diet. Total hemolymph proteins levels were unaffected by the timing of diet switches. Last, methionine is essential but can be noxious at high levels. Diets with low-quality protein except for methionine slowed growth early but did not alter the time or size at molt. Overall, the feeding threshold is solely due to essential amino acids, and low-quality protein diets slowed development but did not affect adult size.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hatle
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Connor R Clark
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Parker Agne
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nicholas Strasser
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Juliana Arcaro
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Emma N Kordek
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Kendal Rogers
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Clancy A Short
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, The University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zachary Sahni
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Sean Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Brooke Reams
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Selena Halleak
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Demers R, O'Connor RS, Le Pogam A, Young KG, Berteaux D, Tam A, Vézina F. Born in the cold: contrasted thermal exchanges and maintenance costs in juvenile and adult snow buntings on their breeding and wintering grounds. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:557-568. [PMID: 37382694 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Several species of passerines leave their nest with unfinished feather growth, resulting in lower feather insulation and increased thermoregulatory demands compared to adults. However, feather insulation is essential for avian species breeding at northern latitudes, where cold conditions or even snowstorms can occur during the breeding season. In altricial arctic species, increased heat loss caused by poor feather insulation during growth could be counter-adaptative as it creates additional energy demands for thermoregulation. Using flow-through respirometry, we compared resting metabolic rate at thermoneutrality (RMRt), summit metabolic rate (Msum) and heat loss (conductance) in adult and juvenile snow buntings on their summer and winter grounds. In summer, when buntings are in the Arctic, juveniles had a 12% higher RMRt, likely due to unfinished growth, and lost 14% more heat to the environment than adults. This pattern may result from juveniles fledging early to avoid predation at the cost of lower feather insulation. Surprisingly, an opposite pattern was observed at lower latitudes on their wintering grounds. Although they showed no difference in RMRt and Msum, adults were losing 12% more heat than juveniles. We suggest that this difference is due to poorer insulative property of plumage in adults stemming from energetic and time constraints encountered during their post-breeding molt. High plumage insulation in first-winter juvenile buntings could be adaptive to reduce thermoregulatory demands and maximize survival in the first winter of life, while adults could use behavioral strategies to compensate for their greater rate of heat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Demers
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada.
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Rimouski, Canada.
| | - Ryan S O'Connor
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Rimouski, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les environnements nordiques BOREAS, Rimouski, Canada
- Centre de la Science de la Biodiversité du Québec, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Audrey Le Pogam
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Rimouski, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les environnements nordiques BOREAS, Rimouski, Canada
- Centre de la Science de la Biodiversité du Québec, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Kevin G Young
- Department of Biology, Centre for Animals on the Move, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Dominique Berteaux
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Rimouski, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les environnements nordiques BOREAS, Rimouski, Canada
- Centre de la Science de la Biodiversité du Québec, Rimouski, Canada
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Andrew Tam
- Department of National Defence, 8 Wing Canadian Forces Base Trenton, Astra, ON, Canada
| | - François Vézina
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Rimouski, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les environnements nordiques BOREAS, Rimouski, Canada
- Centre de la Science de la Biodiversité du Québec, Rimouski, Canada
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Peltier TR, Shiratsuru S, Zuckerberg B, Romanski M, Potvin L, Edwards A, Gilbert JH, Aldred TR, Dassow A, Pauli JN. Phenotypic variation in the molt characteristics of a seasonal coat color-changing species reveals limited resilience to climate change. Oecologia 2023; 202:69-82. [PMID: 37165146 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) possesses a broad suite of adaptations to winter, including a seasonal coat color molt. Recently, climate change has been implicated in the range contraction of snowshoe hares along the southern range boundary. With shortening snow season duration, snowshoe hares are experiencing increased camouflage mismatch with their environment reducing survival. Phenological variation of hare molt at regional scales could facilitate local adaptation in the face of climate change, but the level of variation, especially along the southern range boundary, is unknown. Using a network of trail cameras and historical museum specimens, we (1) developed contemporary and historical molt phenology curves in the Upper Great Lakes region, USA, (2) calculated molt rate and variability in and among populations, and (3) quantified the relationship of molt characteristics to environmental conditions for snowshoe hares across North America. We found that snowshoe hares across the region exhibited similar fall and spring molt phenologies, rates and variation. Yet, an insular island population of hares on Isle Royale National Park, MI, completed their molt a week earlier in the fall and initiated molt almost 2 weeks later in the spring as well as exhibited slower rates of molting in the fall season compared to the mainland. Over the last 100 years, snowshoe hares across the region have not shifted in fall molt timing; though contemporary spring molt appears to have advanced by 17 days (~ 4 days per decade) compared to historical molt phenology. Our research indicates that some variation in molt phenology exists for snowshoe hares in the Upper Great Lakes region, but whether this variation is enough to offset the consequences of climate change remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Peltier
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Shotaro Shiratsuru
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mark Romanski
- National Park Service, Isle Royale National Park, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Lynette Potvin
- National Park Service, Isle Royale National Park, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Andrew Edwards
- Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Bayfield, WI, 54814, USA
| | | | - Tanya R Aldred
- Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, Odanah, WI, 54861, USA
| | - Ann Dassow
- United States Forest Service, Medford, WI, 54451, USA
| | - Jonathan N Pauli
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Chiyoda S, Oguchi K, Miura T. Appearance of a transparent protrusion containing two pairs of legs on the apodous ring preceding the anamorphic molt in a millipede, Niponia nodulosa. Front Zool 2023; 20:14. [PMID: 37072790 PMCID: PMC10111702 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropods gradually change their forms through repeated molting events during postembryonic development. Anamorphosis, i.e., segment addition during postembryonic development, is seen in some arthropod lineages. In all millipede species (Myriapoda, Diplopoda), for example, postembryonic processes go through anamorphosis. Jean-Henri Fabre proposed 168 years ago the "law of anamorphosis", that is, "new rings appear between the penultimate ring and the telson" and "all apodous rings in a given stadium become podous rings in the next stadium", but the developmental process at the anamorphic molt remains largely unknown. In this study, therefore, by observing the morphological and histological changes at the time of molting, the detailed processes of leg- and ring-addition during anamorphosis were characterized in a millipede, Niponia nodulosa (Polydesmida, Cryptodesmidae). RESULTS In the preparatory period, a few days before molting, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and histological observations revealed that two pairs of wrinkled leg primordia were present under the cuticle of each apodous ring. In the rigidation period, just prior to molt, observations of external morphology showed that a transparent protrusion was observed on the median line of the ventral surface on each apodous ring. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and histological observations revealed that the transparent protrusion covered by an arthrodial membrane contained a leg bundle consisting of two pairs of legs. On the other hand, ring primordia were observed anterior to the telson just before molts. CONCLUSIONS Preceding the anamorphic molt in which two pairs of legs are added on an apodous ring, a transparent protrusion containing the leg pairs (a leg bundle) appears on each apodous ring. The morphogenetic process of the rapid protrusion of leg bundles, that is enabled by thin and elastic cuticle, suggested that millipedes have acquired a resting period and unique morphogenesis to efficiently add new legs and rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Chiyoda
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan.
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Rollin M, Coulaud R, Rocher B, Billoir E, Geffard O, Duflot A, Fromont C, Boulangé-Lecomte C, Le Foll F, Xuereb B. Effects of Chemical Compounds on the Activity of the N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase of the Marine Prawn, Palaemon serratus: Screening In Vitro. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:846-858. [PMID: 36692111 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) is important for crustaceans because the enzyme activity is necessary for the molting process. The present study aimed to assess the sensitivity of Palaemon serratus NAGase activity to a set of compounds of diverse chemical families in the context of in vitro exposures. Compounds representing different chemical families were selected according to their abundance, impact in the environment, and relevance as disruptors of the molting process. In a first step, four solvents (dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO], methanol, acetone, and ethanol) were tested to determine their suitability to dissolve hydrophobic compounds without affecting NAGase activity. Exclusively, ethanol had no effect on enzyme activity and on the integrity of the proteins present in the enzyme extract. The 18 other compounds were tested and four of these compounds, pentoxifylline, fenoxycarb, dithiocarbamate, and RH5849, showed a specific alteration on the activity of NAGase, without affecting the protein content. However, cadmium, zinc, and glyphosate showed a nonspecific alteration, affecting both the enzyme activity and the proteins, whereas ibuprofen exclusively altered the protein content. Finally, 10 of the 22 tested compounds (including DMSO, acetone, and methanol) showed a direct alteration of NAGase activity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:846-858. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rollin
- Le Havre Normandie University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-INERIS 02 Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, Le Havre, France
| | - Romain Coulaud
- Le Havre Normandie University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-INERIS 02 Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, Le Havre, France
| | - Béatrice Rocher
- Le Havre Normandie University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-INERIS 02 Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, Le Havre, France
| | - Elise Billoir
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Olivier Geffard
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélie Duflot
- Le Havre Normandie University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-INERIS 02 Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, Le Havre, France
| | - Chloé Fromont
- Le Havre Normandie University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-INERIS 02 Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, Le Havre, France
| | - Céline Boulangé-Lecomte
- Le Havre Normandie University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-INERIS 02 Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, Le Havre, France
| | - Frank Le Foll
- Le Havre Normandie University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-INERIS 02 Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, Le Havre, France
| | - Benoit Xuereb
- Le Havre Normandie University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-INERIS 02 Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, Le Havre, France
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Driscoll MV, Tuttle AD, Romano TA. Fecal glucocorticoid analysis as a health monitoring tool for endangered African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114147. [PMID: 36272448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are an endangered species, with approximately 70,000 mature adults remaining in the wild. Population loss is linked to a combination of environmental and anthropogenic stressors. The aim of the study was to validate a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to assess adrenal activity and measure the response to stressors in the feces of African penguins. Fecal samples (n = 609) were collected from 12 African penguins housed at Mystic Aquarium throughout their natural lifecycle, including breeding and molt, where measurable changes in fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) levels are predicted to occur. Fecal samples collected post-veterinary exam were used for biological validation. Longitudinal analysis shows a significant difference (p = <0.0001) between the average FGM levels during baseline and breeding season, 33.97 ± 1.30 ng/g and 50.21 ± 3.18 ng/g, respectively. Females displayed significantly higher FGM levels than males during both baseline (p = 0.0386; females = 38.80 ± 2.19 ng/g; males = 29.34 ± 1.37 ng/g) and breeding periods (p = 0.0175; females = 57.53 ± 4.84 ng/g; males = 42.69 ± 3.95 ng/g). Average FGM levels decreased significantly over the three-week molting period, from 85.40 ± 20.35 ng/g at week one to 20.23 ± 5.30 ng/g at week three. A seasonal difference in FGM levels was observed in both male and female fecal samples, with Fall having the highest average FGM levels, 54.38 ± 3.64 ng/g, and Summer the lowest, 30.87 ± 2.21 ng/g. General linear mixed model analysis determined that lifecycle (females) and visitor presence (males) were the two factors which best explained the variation in FGM levels observed, however neither factor was found to be significant. These results show FGM analysis can detect physiologically meaningful changes in endocrine activity in African penguins and can be used to monitor health for penguins in aquaria and in the wild, thus contributing to conservation efforts for the survival of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen V Driscoll
- Sea Research Foundation Inc., d/b/a Mystic Aquarium, 55 Coogan Boulevard, Mystic, CT 06355, USA; University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Allison D Tuttle
- Sea Research Foundation Inc., d/b/a Mystic Aquarium, 55 Coogan Boulevard, Mystic, CT 06355, USA
| | - Tracy A Romano
- Sea Research Foundation Inc., d/b/a Mystic Aquarium, 55 Coogan Boulevard, Mystic, CT 06355, USA; University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, 1084 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Zhu J, Kwan KY, Zeng Y, Yang X, Zou Y, Zhong X, Zhou H, Chen Z, Tan KA, Xu P, Zhang C. Tetrodotoxin in Asian horseshoe crabs Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus tridentatus across different life stages from northern Beibu Gulf, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 184:114195. [PMID: 36208552 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Horseshoe crabs (HSCs) are a group of ancient chelicerates with great ecological and biomedical importance. Food poisonings caused by the consumption of Asian HSCs have significant impacts on public health and safety. This study measured tetrodotoxin (TTX) concentrations in two HSC species across various life stages in May 2020 from the northern Beibu Gulf, their most important spawning and nursery habitats in China. The average TTX contents in both Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus tridentatus ranged 6.2-8.0 μg/kg and 3.8-8.4 μg/kg, respectively. While sampling location, growth and molt stages have little influence on TTX distribution in both species, significantly higher levels of TTX were detected in hemolymph, but lower in pooled tissues of early-instar juvenile T. tridentatus. These results provide a regional view of TTX occurrence and distribution in HSCs during their spawning season, which are critical for future studies to enhance understanding of TTX dynamics and formation in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhu
- College of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; Beijing Commerce and Trade School, Beijing 100162, China
| | - Kit Yue Kwan
- College of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China.
| | - Yulan Zeng
- College of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Ying Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Xingfu Zhong
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs Centre of Shabu Town, Qinzhou 535009, China.
| | - Honglei Zhou
- Fujian Yangze Marine Biotechnology Ltd., Fuzhou 350603, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Kian Ann Tan
- College of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
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Hasegawa H, Hayashi K, Akita Y, Une Y, Huffman MA, Matsuura K. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF GRASSENEMA PROCAVIAE PETTER, 1959 (COSMOCERCOIDEA: ATRACTIDAE) FOUND IN THE STOMACH OF CAPE HYRAX (PROCAVIA CAPENSIS). J Parasitol 2022; 108:366-373. [PMID: 35925595 DOI: 10.1645/21-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological examination was made of the larval forms of Grassenema procaviae (Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae), an autoinfective and viviparous nematode parasite in the stomach of Cape hyrax (Procavia capensis). Three different larval stages (second-, third- and fourth-stages), and the adult stage were found among the worms collected at necropsy of 3 hosts, which were reared in a zoo in Japan. Molting phases between the larval stages and the final molt to the adult stage were also observed. It was considered that the gravid female delivers the second-stage larva, which develops to the adult stage through 3 molts. The cephalic structure was identical throughout the second to adult stages; all with transparent filaments extending from the mouth. Because starch grains were frequently found attached to the filaments and the worm intestinal lumen also contained starch grains ingested, the filaments were surmised to act as nutrient catchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Akita
- Nagasaki Bio Park, 2291-1 Nakayamago, Seihicho, Saikai, Nagasaki, 851-3302, Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Wildlife Research Center, Inuyama Campus, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuura
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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9
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Tian H, Yuning W, Yang W, Liu F, Yu Y, Ren S, Wang A, Zhang D. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in Procambarus clarkii: Molecular characterization and involvement in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis during molting cycle. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 257:110676. [PMID: 34648929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to characterize the full-length cDNA of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in Procambarus clarkii (Pcjnk) and evaluate its potential function under different molt cycle. The full-length cDNA of Pcjnk covered 2937 bp with an open reading frame of 1320 bp, encoding 439 amino acids. A typical conserved TPY motif (118Thr-Pro-120Tyr) was found in Pcjnk. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed a constitutive expression of Pcjnk in the tested tissue, with the highest expression occurring in the hepatopancreas. Additionally, the present study initially revealed that relative mRNA expression of Pcjnk and apoptosis level were significantly higher in the premolt stage (D1/D2 and D3/D4 stage) as compared to other molt stages. In contrast to the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) level decreased significantly from the intermolt stage (C stage) to the premolt stage (D1/D2 and D3/D4 stage), then increased from the premolt stage to the postmolt stage (A and B stage). The results obtained in the present study indicated that molt could cause apoptosis induced by oxidative stress through the activation of JNK in Procambarus clarkii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Tian
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
| | - Wang Yuning
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Wenping Yang
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Yebing Yu
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Shengjie Ren
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
| | - Dingdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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10
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Yuan H, Qiao H, Fu Y, Fu H, Zhang W, Jin S, Gong Y, Jiang S, Xiong Y, Hu Y, Wu Y. RNA interference shows that Spook, the precursor gene of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), regulates the molting of Macrobrachium nipponense. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 213:105976. [PMID: 34418528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the function of the Mn-Spook gene, which was found in the ovary transcriptome of the Oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). The Spook gene, which is the precursor gene of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), plays an important role in the process of molting in many arthropods, but its function in M. nipponense is unclear. We cloned the full-length Mn-Spook gene from the ovary of M. nipponense and found that it had the same conserved domains as the P450 gene of the Halloween family of genes. The Mn-Spook gene was highly expressed in ovary and gill tissue during the breeding period. During ovarian development, Mn-spook gene expression was highest at the nearly-ripe stage, and it also was highly expressed in the zoea developmental stage. Cellular localization analysis showed that Mn-Spook signals accumulated in the cytoplasmic membrane and nucleus of oocytes. Finally, we used RNA interference to evaluate the function of the Mn-Spook gene. Compared with the control group, in vivo injection of Mn-Spook dsRNA effectively downregulated the expression of Mn-Spook and the content of 20E. The molting frequency of M. nipponense in the experimental group also was significantly inhibited. These results demonstrated that the Mn-Spook gene played an important role in the molting process of M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Yuan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Hui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yin Fu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Hongtuo Fu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Shubo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Sufei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yuning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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11
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Shoji A, Elliott KH, Watanuki Y, Basu N, Whelan S, Cunningham J, Hatch S, Mizukawa H, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M, Aris-Brosou S. Geolocators link marine mercury with levels in wild seabirds throughout their annual cycle: Consequences for trans-ecosystem biotransport. Environ Pollut 2021; 284:117035. [PMID: 33932830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds are widely used as indicators of marine pollution, including mercury (Hg), because they track contaminant levels across space and time. However, many seabirds are migratory, and it is difficult to understand the timing and location of their Hg accumulation. Seabirds may obtain Hg thousands of kilometers away, during their non-breeding period, and deposit that Hg into their terrestrial breeding colonies. We predicted that Hg concentration in rectrices reflects exposure during the previous breeding season, in body feathers reflects non-breeding exposure, and in blood collected during breeding reflects exposure during current breeding. To test this hypothesis, we measured total Hg concentration in these three tissues, which reflect different timepoints during the annual cycle of rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) breeding on both sides of the North Pacific (Middleton Island in Alaska and Teuri Island in Hokkaido), and tracked their wintering movement patterns with biologging devices. We (i) identify the wintering patterns of both populations, (ii) examine Hg levels in different tissues representing exposure at different time periods, (iii) test how environmental Hg exposure during the non-breeding season affects bird contamination, and (iv) assess whether variation in Hg levels during the non-breeding season influences levels accumulated in terrestrial plants. Individuals from both populations followed a figure-eight looping migration pattern. We confirm the existence of a pathway from environmental Hg to plant roots via avian tissues, as Hg concentrations were higher in plants within the auklet colonies than at control sites. Hg concentrations of breast feathers were higher in Alaskan than in Japanese auklets, but Hg concentrations in rectrices and blood were similar. Moreover, we found evidence that tissues with different turnover rates could record local anthropogenic Hg emission rates of areas visited during winter. In conclusion, Hg was transported across thousands of kilometers by seabirds and transferred to local plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Shoji
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kyle H Elliott
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Yutaka Watanuki
- Department of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Niladri Basu
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Shannon Whelan
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Joshua Cunningham
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Scott Hatch
- Institute for Seabird Research and Conservation, Anchorage, AK, 99516, USA
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Stéphane Aris-Brosou
- Departments of Biology, Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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12
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Charton C, Youm DJ, Ko BJ, Seol D, Kim B, Chai HH, Lim D, Kim H. The transcriptomic blueprint of molt in rooster using various tissues from Ginkkoridak (Korean long-tailed chicken). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:594. [PMID: 34348642 PMCID: PMC8340483 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annual molt is a critical stage in the life cycle of birds. Although the most extensively documented aspects of molt are the renewing of plumage and the remodeling of the reproductive tract in laying hens, in chicken, molt deeply affects various tissues and physiological functions. However, with exception of the reproductive tract, the effect of molt on gene expression across the tissues known to be affected by molt has to date never been investigated. The present study aimed to decipher the transcriptomic effects of molt in Ginkkoridak, a Korean long-tailed chicken. Messenger RNA data available across 24 types of tissue samples (9 males) and a combination of mRNA and miRNA data on 10 males and 10 females blood were used. RESULTS The impact of molt on gene expression and gene transcript usage appeared to vary substantially across tissues types in terms of histological entities or physiological functions particularly related to nervous system. Blood was the tissue most affected by molt in terms of differentially expressed genes in both sexes, closely followed by meninges, bone marrow and heart. The effect of molt in blood appeared to differ between males and females, with a more than fivefold difference in the number of down-regulated genes between both sexes. The blueprint of molt in roosters appeared to be specific to tissues or group of tissues, with relatively few genes replicating extensively across tissues, excepted for the spliceosome genes (U1, U4) and the ribosomal proteins (RPL21, RPL23). By integrating miRNA and mRNA data, when chickens molt, potential roles of miRNA were discovered such as regulation of neurogenesis, regulation of immunity and development of various organs. Furthermore, reliable candidate biomarkers of molt were found, which are related to cell dynamics, nervous system or immunity, processes or functions that have been shown to be extensively modulated in response to molt. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a comprehensive description at the scale of the whole organism deciphering the effects of molt on the transcriptome in chicken. Also, the conclusion of this study can be used as a valuable resource in transcriptome analyses of chicken in the future and provide new insights related to molt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Charton
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jae Youm
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung June Ko
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeok Seol
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongsang Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ha Chai
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Bottini CLJ, MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Branfireun BA, Hobson KA. Feathers accurately reflect blood mercury at time of feather growth in a songbird. Sci Total Environ 2021; 775:145739. [PMID: 33621875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a globally distributed pollutant that can negatively affect wildlife. Bird feathers are often used as a monitoring tool of contaminant exposure, but variability in total mercury (THg) content in flight feathers has raised concerns over their utility. The objective of this study was to quantify blood and feather THg depuration through the progression of primary feather molt in order to clarify the relationship between blood and feather mercury concentration, and test the reliability of feather THg measurements as a monitoring tool in wild songbirds. Song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) were experimentally exposed to dietary MeHg and their blood and primary feather THg concentrations were measured during exposure and post-exposure periods of three months each. A rapid decrease in feather and blood THg concentration through molt progression was observed. Primary feather THg content was higher in feathers grown during the MeHg exposure period compared to those grown during the post-exposure period. Primary feather THg concentration was highly correlated with blood THg measured at the time of feather growth (R = 0.98), indicating that, although THg concentration is variable among flight feathers, this reflects temporally sequential molting patterns and declining blood concentration during depuration. Primary flight feathers thus provide an accurate and useful tool for estimating the mercury burden of birds at the time a chosen feather was grown, and have the potential to be an effective and reliable biomonitoring tool for species with well-characterized molt patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L J Bottini
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Biology, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Scott A MacDougall-Shackleton
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; The University of Western Ontario, Department of Psychology, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Brian A Branfireun
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Biology, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith A Hobson
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Biology, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Abstract
During C. elegans larval development, thousands of genes, accounting for >20% of the transcriptome, exhibit oscillatory expression with large amplitudes. The time of peaking varies for different genes, but expression generally peaks once per larval stage, with both the oscillation period and larval stage duration varying in concert with temperature. This and other evidence support the existence of a gene expression oscillator that functions as a developmental clock. In this article, we review what is known about the biology, architecture and possible mechanisms of this clock. We compare it to other oscillators, and highlight tools and approaches suited to its study. Finally, we point out implications of these wide-spread and dynamic changes of gene expression on any type of gene expression profiling experiment in C. elegans larvae and how such experiments need to be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charisios Tsiairis
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Helge Großhans
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Hyde CJ, Nguyen T, Fitzgibbon QP, Elizur A, Smith GG, Ventura T. Neural remodelling in spiny lobster larvae is characterized by broad neuropeptide suppression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113496. [PMID: 32360560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are ancient endocrine components which have evolved to regulate many aspects of biology across the animal kingdom including behaviour, development and metabolism. To supplement current knowledge, we have utilized a transcriptome series describing larval development in the ornate spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus. The biology of this animal has been leveraged to provide insights into the roles of molting, metamorphosis and metabolism across the neuropeptide family. We report an extensive list of neuropeptides across three distinct life phases of the animal. We show distinct groups of neuropeptides with differential expression between larval phases, indicating phase-specific roles for these peptides. For selected neuropeptides, we describe and discuss expression profiles throughout larval development and report predicted peptide cleavage sites and mature peptide sequences. We also report the neuropeptide nesfatin for the first time in a crustacean, and report secondary peptide products with a level of evolutionary conservation similar to the conventional mature peptide nesfatin-1, indicating a conserved role in these secondary products which are widely regarded as biologically inactive. In addition, we report a trend of downregulation in the neuropeptides as the animal undergoes extensive neural remodelling in fulfillment of metamorphosis. We suggest that this downregulation in neuropeptides relates to the brief, yet dramatic changes in morphology experienced by the central nervous system in the process of metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Hyde
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Gregory G Smith
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia.
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16
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Hyde CJ, Elizur A, Ventura T. The crustacean ecdysone cassette: A gatekeeper for molt and metamorphosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:172-183. [PMID: 30157455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods have long been utilized as models to explore molecular function, and the findings derived from them can be applied throughout metazoa, including as a basis for medical research. This has led to the adoption of many representative insect models beyond Drosophila, as each lends its own unique perspective to questions in endocrinology and genetics. However, non-insect arthropods are yet to be realised for the potential insight they may provide in such studies. The Crustacea are among the most ancient arthropods from which insects descended, comprising a huge variety of life histories and ecological roles. Of the events in a typical crustacean development, metamorphosis is perhaps the most ubiquitous, challenging and highly studied. Despite this, our knowledge of the endocrinology which underpins metamorphosis is rudimentary at best; although several key molecules have been identified and studied in depth, the link between them is quite nebulous and leans heavily on well-explored insect models, which diverged from the Pancrustacea over 450 million years ago. As omics technologies become increasingly accessible, they bring the prospect of explorative molecular research which will allow us to uncover components and pathways unique to crustaceans. This review reconciles known components of crustacean metamorphosis and reflects on our findings in insects to outline a future search space, with focus given to the ecdysone cascade. To expand our knowledge of this ubiquitous endocrine system not only aids in our understanding of crustacean metamorphosis, but also provides a deeper insight into the adaptive capacity of arthropods throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Hyde
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia.
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17
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Watts HE, Jimenez D, Pacheco V, Vilgalys TP. Effects of temperature on the timing of breeding and molt transitions in house finches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.185058. [PMID: 30104303 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.185058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-correlated shifts in reproductive timing are now well documented in numerous bird species. However, whether temperature directly influences reproductive timing or whether its effects are mediated by an intermediate environmental cue, such as plant phenology, remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the direct effects of temperature on reproductive timing in house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), which have a range and breeding diet not well represented in previous studies of temperature and reproductive timing. We conducted experiments with captive male house finches in which temperature was elevated within realistic ranges and the effects on the timing of preparations for reproduction, as well as on the termination of reproduction and the onset of prebasic feather molt, were examined. We found no adjustments in the timing of reproductive preparations of males in direct response to temperature. However, elevated temperature did advance the breeding-molt transition. Our results suggest that elevated temperatures in the range tested here do not directly impact physiological preparations for reproduction in male house finches, but may constrain the timing of the breeding-molt transition in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Watts
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA .,Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Daniela Jimenez
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Veronica Pacheco
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Tauras P Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
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18
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Frantsevich L, Frantsevich L. Leg deformation during imaginal ecdysis in the downy emerald, Cordulia aenea (Odonata, Corduliidae). ZOOLOGY 2018; 127:106-13. [PMID: 29588083 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A dragonfly larva migrates from the water to the shore, perches on a plant stem and grasps it with strongly flexed legs. Adult legs inside the larval exoskeleton fit to the larval legs joint-to-joint. The adult emerges with stretched legs. During the molt, an imaginal leg must follow all the angles in exuvial joints. In turn, larval apodemes are withdrawn from imaginal legs. We visualized transient shapes of the imaginal legs by the instant fixation of insects at different moments of the molt, photographed isolated exuvial legs with the imaginal legs inside and then removed the exuvial sheath. Instant shapes of the imaginal tibia show sharp intrapodomere bends copying the angle in the larval femoro-tibial joint. The site of bending shifts distad during the molt. This is possible if the imaginal leg is pliable. The same problem of leg squeezing is also common in hemimetabolous insects as well as in other arthropods, whereas holometabolous insects overcome problems of a tight confinement either by using leg pliability in other ways but not squeezing (cyclorrhaphan flies, mosquitoes) or by pulling hardened legs out without change of their pupal zigzag configuration (moths, ants, honey bees). The pupal legs are not intended to grasp any external substrate.
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19
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Pérez JH, Meddle SL, Wingfield JC, Ramenofsky M. Effects of thyroid hormone manipulation on pre-nuptial molt, luteinizing hormone and testicular growth in male white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leuchophrys gambelii). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 255:12-18. [PMID: 28964732 PMCID: PMC5693035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Most seasonal species rely on the annual change in day length as the primary cue to appropriately time major spring events such as pre-nuptial molt and breeding. Thyroid hormones are thought to be involved in the regulation of both of these spring life history stages. Here we investigated the effects of chemical inhibition of thyroid hormone production using methimazole, subsequently coupled with either triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) replacement, on the photostimulation of pre-nuptial molt and breeding in Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leuchophrys gambelii). Suppression of thyroid hormones completely prevented pre-nuptial molt, while both T3 and T4 treatment restored normal patterns of molt in thyroid hormone-suppressed birds. Testicular recrudescence was blocked by methimazole, and restored by T4 but not T3, in contrast to previous findings demonstrating central action of T3 in the photostimulation of breeding. Methimazole and replacement treatments elevated plasma luteinizing hormone levels compared to controls. These data are partially consistent with existing theories on the role of thyroid hormones in the photostimulation of breeding, while highlighting the possibility of additional feedback pathways. Thus we suggest that regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary gonad axis that controls breeding may be more complex than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Pérez
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Simone L Meddle
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - John C Wingfield
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marilyn Ramenofsky
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hartman CA, Ackerman JT, Herzog MP, Eagles-Smith CA. Season, molt, and body size influence mercury concentrations in grebes. Environ Pollut 2017; 229:29-39. [PMID: 28577380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We studied seasonal and physiological influences on mercury concentrations in western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) and Clark's grebes (A. occidentalis) across 29 lakes and reservoirs in California, USA. Additionally, at three of these lakes, we conducted a time series study, in which we repeatedly sampled grebe blood mercury concentrations during the spring, summer, and early fall. Grebe blood mercury concentrations were higher among males (0.61 ± 0.12 μg/g ww) than females (0.52 ± 0.10 μg/g ww), higher among Clark's grebes (0.58 ± 0.12 μg/g ww) than western grebes (0.51 ± 0.10 μg/g ww), and exhibited a strong seasonal pattern (decreasing by 60% from spring to fall). Grebe blood THg concentrations exhibited a shallow, inverse U-shaped pattern with body size, and was lowest among the smallest and largest grebes. Further, the relationship between grebe blood mercury concentrations and wing primary feather molt exhibited a shallow U-shaped pattern, where mercury concentrations were highest among birds that had not yet begun molting, decreased approximately 24% between pre-molt and late molt, and increased approximately 19% from late molt to post-molt. Because grebes did not begin molting until mid-summer, lower grebe blood mercury concentrations observed in late summer and early fall were consistent with the onset of primary feather molt. However, because sampling date was a much stronger predictor of grebe mercury concentrations than molt, other seasonally changing environmental factors likely played a larger role than molt in the seasonal variation in grebe mercury concentrations. In the time series study, we found that seasonal trends in grebe mercury concentrations were not consistent among lakes, indicating that lake-specific variation in mercury dynamics influence the overall seasonal decline in grebe blood mercury concentrations. These results highlight the importance of accounting for sampling date, as well as ecological processes that may influence mercury concentrations, when developing monitoring programs to assess site-specific exposure risk of mercury to wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alex Hartman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA, 95620, USA.
| | - Joshua T Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA, 95620, USA
| | - Mark P Herzog
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA, 95620, USA
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Ventura T, Bose U, Fitzgibbon QP, Smith GG, Shaw PN, Cummins SF, Elizur A. CYP450s analysis across spiny lobster metamorphosis identifies a long sought missing link in crustacean development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:262-269. [PMID: 28428023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) are a rapidly evolving family of enzymes, making it difficult to identify bona fide orthologs with notable lineage-specific exceptions. In ecdysozoans, a small number of the most conserved orthologs include enzymes which metabolize ecdysteroids. Ecdysone pathway components were recently shown in a decapod crustacean but with a notable absence of shade, which is important for converting ecdysone to its active form, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE), suggesting that another CYP450 performs a similar function in crustaceans. A CYPome temporal expression analysis throughout metamorphosis performed in this research highlights several un-annotated CYP450s displaying differential expression and provides information into expression patterns of annotated CYP450s. Using the expression patterns in the Eastern spiny lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi, followed by 3D modelling and finally activity assays in vitro, we were able to conclude that a group of CYP450s, conserved across decapod crustaceans, function as the insect shade. To emphasize the fact that these genes share the function with shade but are phylogenetically distinct, we name this enzyme system Shed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Ventura
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Utpal Bose
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Gregory G Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - P Nicholas Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Scott F Cummins
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia
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Evans JK, Buchanan KL, Griffith SC, Klasing KC, Addison B. Ecoimmunology and microbial ecology: Contributions to avian behavior, physiology, and life history. Horm Behav 2017; 88:112-121. [PMID: 28065710 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have had a fundamental impact on vertebrate evolution not only by affecting the evolution of the immune system, but also generating complex interactions with behavior and physiology. Advances in molecular techniques have started to reveal the intricate ways in which bacteria and vertebrates have coevolved. Here, we focus on birds as an example system for understanding the fundamental impact bacteria have had on the evolution of avian immune defenses, behavior, physiology, reproduction and life histories. The avian egg has multiple characteristics that have evolved to enable effective defense against pathogenic attack. Microbial risk of pathogenic infection is hypothesized to vary with life stage, with early life risk being maximal at either hatching or fledging. For adult birds, microbial infection risk is also proposed to vary with habitat and life stage, with molt inducing a period of increased vulnerability. Bacteria not only play an important role in shaping the immune system as well as trade-offs with other physiological systems, but also for determining digestive efficiency and nutrient uptake. The relevance of avian microbiomes for avian ecology, physiology and behavior is highly topical and will likely impact on our understanding of avian welfare, conservation, captive breeding as well as for our understanding of the nature of host-microbe coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Evans
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2122, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine L Buchanan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2122, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirk C Klasing
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - BriAnne Addison
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia.
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Franson JC, Flint PL, Schmutz JA. Blood selenium concentrations in female Pacific black brant molting in Arctic Alaska: Relationships with age and habitat salinity. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 111:453-455. [PMID: 27381988 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood samples collected from 81 female Pacific black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) molting near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska, were analyzed for selenium concentration. The concentration of selenium in blood of after second year (hatched two or more years ago) females (0.84μg/g wet weight) was significantly greater than the concentration in second year (hatched the previous year) females (0.61μg/g wet weight). The concentrations of selenium we found in blood of black brant were 1.5 to 2 times greater than baseline values typical of freshwater birds, but considerably lower than reported in other marine waterfowl sampled in Alaska. This finding may be attributable in part to the nearly exclusive herbivorous diet of black brant. No relationship was noted between blood selenium concentration and molting habitat salinity. We are unaware of any previous reports of blood selenium concentrations in black brant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christian Franson
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
| | - Paul L Flint
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Joel A Schmutz
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
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Franzetti E, Casartelli M, D'Antona P, Montali A, Romanelli D, Cappellozza S, Caccia S, Grimaldi A, de Eguileor M, Tettamanti G. Midgut epithelium in molting silkworm: A fine balance among cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Arthropod Struct Dev 2016; 45:368-379. [PMID: 27349418 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The midgut of insects has attracted great attention as a system for studying intestinal stem cells (ISCs) as well as cell death-related processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Among insects, Lepidoptera represent a good model to analyze these cells and processes. In particular, larva-larva molting is an interesting developmental phase since the larva must deal with nutrient starvation and its organs are subjected to rearrangements due to proliferation and differentiation events. Several studies have analyzed ISCs in vitro and characterized key factors involved in their division and differentiation during molt. However, in vivo studies performed during larva-larva transition on these cells, and on the whole midgut epithelium, are fragmentary. In the present study, we analyzed the larval midgut epithelium of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, during larva-larva molting, focusing our attention on ISCs. Moreover, we investigated the metabolic changes that occur in the epithelium and evaluated the intervention of autophagy. Our data on ISCs proliferation and differentiation, autophagy activation, and metabolic and functional activities of the midgut cells shed light on the complexity of this organ during the molting phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Franzetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola D'Antona
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Aurora Montali
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Romanelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- CREA - Honey Bee and Silkworm Research Unit, Padua Seat, 35143 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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25
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DuRant SE, de Bruijn R, Tran MN, Romero LM. Wound-healing ability is conserved during periods of chronic stress and costly life history events in a wild-caught bird. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 229:119-26. [PMID: 26965949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress, potentially through the actions of corticosterone, is thought to directly impair the function of immune cells. However, chronic stress may also have an indirect effect by influencing allocation of energy, ultimately shifting resources away from the immune system. If so, the effects of chronic stress on immune responses may be greater during energetically-costly life history events. To test whether the effects of chronic stress on immune responses differ during expensive life history events we measured wound healing rate in molting and non-molting European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) exposed to control or chronic stress conditions. To determine whether corticosterone correlated with wound healing rates before starting chronic stress, we measured baseline and stress-induced corticosterone and two estimates of corticosterone release and regulation, negative feedback (using dexamethasone injection), and maximal capacity of the adrenals to secrete corticosterone (using adrenocorticotropin hormone [ACTH] injection). After 8days of exposure to chronic stress, we wounded both control and chronically stressed birds and monitored healing daily. We monitored nighttime heart rate, which strongly correlates with energy expenditure, and body mass throughout the study. Measures of corticosterone did not differ with molt status. Contrary to work on lizards and small mammals, all birds, regardless of stress or molt status, fully-healed wounds at similar rates. Although chronic stress did not influence healing rates, individuals with low baseline corticosterone or strong negative feedback had faster healing rates than individuals with high baseline corticosterone or weak negative feedback. In addition, wound healing does appear to be linked to energy expenditure and body mass. Non-molting, chronically stressed birds decreased nighttime heart rate during healing, but this pattern did not exist in molting birds. Additionally, birds of heavier body mass at the start of the experiment healed wounds more rapidly than lighter birds. Finally, chronically stressed birds lost body mass at the start of chronic stress, but after wounding all birds regardless of stress or molt status started gaining weight, which continued for the remainder of the study. Increased body mass could suggest compensatory feeding to offset energetic or resource demands (e.g., proteins) of wound healing. Although chronic stress did not inhibit healing, our data suggest that corticosterone may play an important role in mediating healing processes and that molt could influence energy saving tactics during periods of chronic stress. Although the experiment was designed to test allostasis, interpretation of data through reactive scope appears to be a better fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E DuRant
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States; Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
| | - R de Bruijn
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - M N Tran
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - L M Romero
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". In vertebrates, adjustments of physiology and behavior to environmental changes are often mediated by central physiological mechanisms, and more specifically by hormonal mechanisms. As a consequence, these mechanisms are thought to orchestrate life-history decisions in wild vertebrates. For instance, investigating the hormonal regulation of parental behavior is relevant to evaluate how parents modulate their effort according to specific environmental conditions. Surprisingly and despite being classically known as the 'parental hormone', prolactin has been overlooked in birds relative to this context. Our aim is to review evidence that changes in prolactin levels can mediate, at least to some extent, the response of breeding birds to environmental conditions. To do so, we first examine current evidence and limits for the role of prolactin in mediating parental behavior in birds. Second, we emphasize the influence of environmental conditions and stressors on circulating prolactin levels. In addition, we review to what extent prolactin levels are a reliable predictor of breeding success in wild birds. By linking environmental conditions, prolactin regulation, parental behavior, and breeding success, we highlight the potential role of this hormone in mediating parental decisions in birds. Finally, we also review the potential role of prolactin in mediating other life history decisions such as clutch size, re-nesting, and the timing of molt. By evaluating the influence of stressors on circulating prolactin levels during these other life-history decisions, we also raise new hypotheses regarding the potential of the prolactin stress response to regulate the orchestration of the annual cycle when environmental changes occur. To sum up, we show in this review that prolactin regulation has a strong potential to allow ecological physiologists to better understand how individuals adjust their life-history decisions (clutch size, parental behavior, re-nesting, and onset of molt) according to the environmental conditions they encounter and we encourage further research on that topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France.
| | - John C Wingfield
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sabrina Tartu
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
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MacWilliam D, Arensburger P, Higa J, Cui X, Adams ME. Behavioral and genomic characterization of molt-sleep in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 62:154-167. [PMID: 25661727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During the transition from feeding to molting, larval insects undergo profound changes in behavior and patterns of gene expression regulated by the neuroendocrine system. For some species, a distinctive characteristic of molting larvae is presence of a quiescent state sometimes referred to as "molt-sleep". Here, observations of 4th instar Manduca sexta larvae indicate the molting period involves a predominantly quiescent state that shares behavioral properties of adult insect sleep in that it is rapidly reversible and accompanied by a reduced responsiveness to both mildly arousing and noxious stimuli. When subjected to noxious stimuli, molting larvae exhibit locomotory and avoidance behaviors similar to those of inter-molt larvae. Although less consolidated, inter-molt quiescence shares many of the same behavioral traits with molting quiescence. However, when subjected to deprivation of quiescence, inter-molt larvae display a compensatory rebound behavior that is not detected in molting larvae. This suggests that molting quiescence is a specialized form of inactivity that affords survival advantages to molting larvae. RNA-seq analysis of molting larvae shows general reduction in expression of genes encoding GPCRs and down regulation of genes connected with cyclic nucleotide signaling. On the other hand, certain ion channel genes are up-regulated, including transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, chloride channels and a voltage-dependent calcium channel. These findings suggest patterns of gene expression consistent with elevation of quiescent state characteristic of the molt in a model holometabolous insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyan MacWilliam
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Peter Arensburger
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Jason Higa
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xinping Cui
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael E Adams
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Fournier A, Martin O, Travel A, Puillet L, Feidt C, Jondreville C. Modeling PCB transfer into hen eggs: influence of physiological characteristics of the animal. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:173-183. [PMID: 25323569 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Laying hens are likely to be exposed to a wide range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To improve the safety of poultry farming systems in terms of POPs, the present research focused on assessing the impact of physiological characteristics of the hen on the transfer of ingested PCBs to eggs. Modeling was used as a research tool to explore the impact of some physiological characteristics on the transfer of PCBs in the laying hen. The mathematical model simulates the dynamics of the size of the lipid compartments in the animal and the frequency of laying, with the PCB concentrations in egg yolk and adipose tissue being model outputs. Simulations were run to assess effects of animal characteristics on the transfer of PCBs to eggs. Laying rate proportionally influenced the PCB level of eggs and adipose tissue at steady state. Body fat diluted absorbed PCBs in the absence of laying and significantly influenced the decontamination rate of tissues during depuration after an exposure period. Application of the present model to actual exposure cases highlights its value in improving the support of risk management in livestock farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, ENSAIA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France; INRA, USC 340 Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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29
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Eichner C, Hamre LA, Nilsen F. Instar growth and molt increments in Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) chalimus larvae. Parasitol Int 2014; 64:86-96. [PMID: 25451218 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is an ectoparasitic copepod causing severe problems to the fish farming industry and to wild salmonids. Morphologically, all stages in the life cycle of L. salmonis have been described in detail based on successive samples from host populations. However, the rate of development differs between males and females as well as between individuals. It has therefore been difficult to observe development within stages, and this has led to a longstanding misinterpretation of the number of chalimus stages. Here samples of chalimi obtained for 12 consecutive days were observed daily in incubators. Chalimus 1 was able to molt in incubators only when fully grown and close to molting, whereas chalimus 2 was able to molt at about 60% of total instar growth. Total length instar growth was about 35% in both chalimus 1 and chalimus 2 and about equal among males and females; the cephalothorax increased by about 12% and the posterior body by about 80%. Instar growth was probably the main factor that led to the former belief that L. salmonis had four chalimus stages. Relative total length increase at molting was at the same order of magnitude as instar growth, but total length of females increased significantly more than that of males at molting. Consequently, a sexual size dimorphism was established upon molting to chalimus 2 and males were about 10% smaller than females. While growth by molting was mainly caused by cephalothorax increase, instar growth was mainly due to increase of the posterior body. The cephalothorax/total length ratio decreased from beginning to end of the instar phase suggesting that it may be used as an instar age marker. Male and female chalimus 2 can almost uniquely be identified by cephalothorax length. Chalimus 1 lasted between 5 and 6 days for males and between 6 and 7 days for females at 10°C. Chalimus 2 males lasted between 6 and 7 days and females between 7 and 8 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Eichner
- SLCR-Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Are Hamre
- SLCR-Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Frank Nilsen
- SLCR-Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
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Tom M, Manfrin C, Giulianini PG, Pallavicini A. Crustacean oxi-reductases protein sequences derived from a functional genomic project potentially involved in ecdysteroid hormones metabolism - a starting point for function examination. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 194:71-80. [PMID: 24055302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A transcriptomic assembly originated from hypodermis and Y organ of the crustacean Pontastacus leptodactylus is used here for in silico characterization of oxi-reductase enzymes potentially involved in the metabolism of ecdysteroid molting hormones. RNA samples were extracted from male Y organ and its neighboring hypodermis in all stages of the molt cycle. An equimolar RNA mix from all stages was sequenced using next generation sequencing technologies and de novo assembled, resulting with 74,877 unique contigs. These transcript sequences were annotated by examining their resemblance to all GenBank translated transcripts, determining their Gene Ontology terms and their characterizing domains. Based on the present knowledge of arthropod ecdysteroid metabolism and more generally on steroid metabolism in other taxa, transcripts potentially related to ecdysteroid metabolism were identified and their longest possible conceptual protein sequences were constructed in two stages, correct reading frame was deduced from BLASTX resemblances, followed by elongation of the protein sequence by identifying the correct translation frame of the original transcript. The analyzed genes belonged to several oxi-reductase superfamilies including the Rieske non heme iron oxygenases, cytochrome P450s, short-chained hydroxysteroid oxi-reductases, aldo/keto oxireductases, lamin B receptor/sterol reductases and glucose-methanol-cholin oxi-reductatses. A total of 68 proteins were characterized and the most probable participants in the ecdysteroid metabolism where indicated. The study provides transcript and protein structural information, a starting point for further functional studies, using a variety of gene-specific methods to demonstrate or disprove the roles of these proteins in relation to ecdysteroid metabolism in P. leptodactylus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Tom
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O.B 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel.
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Meng XT, Hou NN, Wang XJ, Jiao HC, Zhao JP, Song ZG, Lin H. Increased hepatic yolk precursor synthesis, secretion and facilitated uptake by follicles are involved in the rejuvenation of reproductive performance of molted hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 194:198-207. [PMID: 24076539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molt, a natural behavior that is initiated at the end of a lay cycle in birds, is implicated in the regression of the reproductive system in birds followed by a rejuvenation of egg-laying potential. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physiological basis for the apparent rejuvenation of egg production that occurs following molting. Eighty-three-week-old Hy-line hens, were obtained and subjected to forced molting. Blood and tissue samples were obtained at the beginning of molt (at 83 weeks of age), during molt (at 85 weeks of age) and postmolt (at 89 weeks of age). The laying performance, egg quality, blood parameters and gene expression in the liver and the ovary were investigated before, during and after molt. There was an obvious increase in the postmolt laying rate from 70% premolt to 93% postmolt. Eggshell thickness, albumin height, Haugh unit and egg shape index were all significantly improved after molt. The circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone were lower in the postmolt hens, whereas the concentrations of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were not significantly affected by molt. These results indicate that enhanced hepatic yolk precursor synthesis and secretion contribute to increased postmolt laying performance. Molt enhanced the sensitivity of sex hormones in F1 follicles. Augmented gene expression in the ovary was involved in the rejuvenation of the reproductive performance of molted hens. These results suggest that facilitated yolk-precursor uptake by follicles is involved in the rejuvenation of the reproductive performance of molted hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- X T Meng
- Lab of Econutrition, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Key Lab of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, PR China
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Dawson A. The effect of latitude on photoperiodic control of gonadal maturation, regression and molt in birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 190:129-33. [PMID: 23770215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiod is the major cue used by birds to time breeding seasons and molt. However, the annual cycle in photoperiod changes with latitude. Within species, for temperate and high latitude species, gonadal maturation and breeding start earlier at lower latitudes but regression and molt both occur at similar times at different latitudes. Earlier gonadal maturation can be explained simply by the fact that considerable maturation occurs before the equinox when photoperiod is longer at lower latitudes - genetic differences between populations are not necessary to explain earlier breeding at lower latitudes. Gonadal regression is caused either by absolute photorefractoriness or, in some species with long breeding seasons, relative photorefractoriness. In either case, the timing of regression and molt cannot be explained by absolute prevailing photoperiod or rate of change in photoperiod - birds appear to be using more subtle cues from the pattern of change in photoperiod. However, there may be no difference between absolute and relative photorefractory species in how they utilise the annual cycle in photoperiod to time regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Dawson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, United Kingdom.
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Dixit AS, Sougrakpam R. Photoperiodic regulation of seasonal reproduction, molt and body weight in the migratory male yellow-breasted bunting (Emberiza aureola). Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 141:98-108. [PMID: 23910635 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiod has been shown to be a major source of temporal information regulating reproduction and associated functions in a number of avian species. We studied seasonal cycles of testicular volume, molt and body weight in natural and temperature-controlled conditions and under different artificial photoperiods in the yellow-breasted buntings. Buntings posses seasonal cycles of testicular volume, molt, body weight and fattening with no major difference between natural and temperature-controlled conditions. These cycles follow an annual solar cycle suggesting the possibility of their photoperiodic control. To confirm this, photosensitive birds were studied under 9L/15D (close to shortest day length), 12L/12D (equinox day length) and 14L/10D (close to longest day length) for 18 months. Buntings showed testicular growth followed by regression and development of photorefractoriness; molt and body weight change only under 12L/12D and 14L/10D but not under 9L/15D. Reinitiation of above responses did not occur following initial cycles under stimulatory photoperiods precluding the possibility of circannual rhythm involvement. Birds exhibited an incomplete prenuptial molt of body feathers during gonadal stimulation under long days followed by complete postnuptial molt of body and primary feathers that progressed with gonadal regression. Exposure of photosensitive birds to light-dark cycles constituting 9-16h of light/day suggested that daily photoperiod of about 12h or more is essential in inducing testicular growth and function. These results clearly indicate that buntings are capable of fine discrimination of photoperiodic information and use annual changes in day length as an environmental factor to time their seasonal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S Dixit
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India.
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