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Nunez CEC, Oliveira JB, de Barros-Mazon S, Zago VHS, Kaplan DB, Nakamura RT, Gidlund MA, Gomes EIL, Cazita PM, Nakandakare E, Carmo HR, Sposito AC, de Faria EC. Positive Association between Autoantibodies Against Oxidized LDL and HDL-C: A Novel Mechanism for HDL Cardioprotection? Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 119:S0066-782X2022005013403. [PMID: 36074481 PMCID: PMC9750204 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the atherosclerotic plaque microenvironment, oxidized phospholipids expressed in the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) surface bind to scavenger receptors of macrophages eliciting foam cell formation and plaque progression. Auto-antibodies against oxLDL (oxLDL-Ab) interact with oxidative epitopes leading to the formation of immune complexes that are unable to interact with macrophage receptors, thus abrogating atherogenesis. Release of oxLDL-Ab by B cells involves interleukin 5 and Th2 response, which in turn are potentiated by HDL. Thereby, we hypothesized that individuals with higher levels of HDL-C may plausibly display elevated titers of oxLDL-Ab. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between HDL-C and oxLDL-Ab levels. METHODS Asymptomatic individuals (n = 193) were grouped according to their HDL-C concentration to one of three categories: low (< 68 mg/dL), intermediate (68 to 80 mg/dL) or high (> 80 mg/dL). P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Our analysis included 193 individuals (mean age: 47 years; male: 26.3%). Compared to individuals in the lowest HDL-C tertile, those in the highest tertile were older (36 versus 53 years; p = 0.001) and less frequently male (42.6% versus 20.9%; p = 0.001). Mean values of oxLDL-Ab increased as the HDL-C group escalated (0.31, 0.33 and 0.43 units, respectively; p = 0.001 for trend). Simple linear regression found a significant, positive relationship between the independent variable, HDL-C, and the dependent variable, oxLDL-Ab (R = 0.293; p = 0.009). This relation remained significant (R = 0.30; p = 0.044), after adjustment by covariates. Apolipoprotein AI levels were also related to oxLDL-Ab in both simple and adjusted linear regression models. CONCLUSION HDL-C and oxLDL-Ab are independently related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Evelyn Coimbra Nunez
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasDepartamento de PatologiaCampinasSPBrasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) – Departamento de Patologia , Campinas , SP – Brasil
| | - Joaquim Barreto Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasLaboratório de Aterosclerose e Biologia VascularCampinasSPBrasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) – Laboratório de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab), Campinas , SP – Brasil
| | - Silvia de Barros-Mazon
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasDepartamento de PatologiaCampinasSPBrasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) – Departamento de Patologia , Campinas , SP – Brasil
| | - Vanessa H. S. Zago
- Pontifícia Universidade CatólicaCampinasSPBrasil Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC-Campinas), Campinas , SP – Brasil
| | - Denise Beheregaray Kaplan
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasDepartamento de PatologiaCampinasSPBrasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) – Departamento de Patologia , Campinas , SP – Brasil
| | - Ruy T. Nakamura
- Diagnostic Image LaboratoryCampinasSPBrasil Diagnostic Image Laboratory , Campinas , SP – Brasil
| | - Magnus Ake Gidlund
- Universidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo , SP – Brasil
| | - Erica I. L. Gomes
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSPBrasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP – Brasil
| | - Patricia Miralda Cazita
- Universidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo , SP – Brasil
| | - Edna Nakandakare
- Universidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo , SP – Brasil
| | - Helison R. Carmo
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSPBrasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP – Brasil
| | - Andrei C. Sposito
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasLaboratório de Aterosclerose e Biologia VascularCampinasSPBrasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) – Laboratório de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab), Campinas , SP – Brasil
| | - Eliana Cotta de Faria
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasDepartamento de PatologiaCampinasSPBrasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) – Departamento de Patologia , Campinas , SP – Brasil
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Benitez Amaro A, Solanelles Curco A, Garcia E, Julve J, Rives J, Benitez S, Llorente Cortes V. Apolipoprotein and LRP1-Based Peptides as New Therapeutic Tools in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163571. [PMID: 34441867 PMCID: PMC8396846 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (Apo)-based mimetic peptides have been shown to reduce atherosclerosis. Most of the ApoC-II and ApoE mimetics exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by improving lipid profile. ApoC-II mimetics reverse hypertriglyceridemia and ApoE-based peptides such as Ac-hE18A-NH2 reduce cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in humans. Conversely, other classes of ApoE and ApoA-I mimetic peptides and, more recently, ApoJ and LRP1-based peptides, exhibit several anti-atherosclerotic actions in experimental models without influencing lipoprotein profile. These other mimetic peptides display at least one atheroprotective mechanism such as providing LDL stability against mechanical modification or conferring protection against the action of lipolytic enzymes inducing LDL aggregation in the arterial intima. Other anti-atherosclerotic effects exerted by these peptides also include protection against foam cell formation and inflammation, and induction of reverse cholesterol transport. Although the underlying mechanisms of action are still poorly described, the recent findings suggest that these mimetics could confer atheroprotection by favorably influencing lipoprotein function rather than lipoprotein levels. Despite the promising results obtained with peptide mimetics, the assessment of their stability, atheroprotective efficacy and tissue targeted delivery are issues currently under progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyda Benitez Amaro
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.A.); (E.G.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Eduardo Garcia
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.A.); (E.G.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Josep Julve
- Metabolic Basis of Cardiovascular Risk Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Rives
- Biochemistry Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08016 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.B.); or (V.L.C.)
| | - Vicenta Llorente Cortes
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.A.); (E.G.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.B.); or (V.L.C.)
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Faulin TDES, Kazuma SM, Tripodi GL, Cavalcante MF, Wakasuqui F, Oliveira CLP, Degenhardt MFDS, Michaloski J, Giordano RJ, Ketelhuth DFJ, Abdalla DSP. Proinflammatory Action of a New Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Epitope. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080386. [PMID: 31434316 PMCID: PMC6723646 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The electronegative low-density lipoprotein, LDL (-), is an endogenously modified LDL subfraction with cytotoxic and proinflammatory actions on endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis. In this study, epitopes of LDL (-) were mapped using a phage display library of peptides and monoclonal antibodies reactive to this modified lipoprotein. Two different peptide libraries (X6 and CX8C for 6- and 8-amino acid-long peptides, respectively) were used in the mapping. Among all tested peptides, two circular peptides, P1A3 and P2C7, were selected based on their high affinities for the monoclonal antibodies. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis confirmed their structures as circular rings. P1A3 or P2C7 were quickly internalized by bone marrow-derived murine macrophages as shown by confocal microscopy. P2C7 increased the expression of TNFα, IL-1 β and iNOS as well as the secretion of TNFα, CCL2, and nitric oxide by murine macrophages, similar to the responses induced by LDL (-), although less intense. In contrast, P1A3 did not show pro-inflammatory effects. We identified a mimetic epitope associated with LDL (-), the P2C7 circular peptide, that activates macrophages. Our data suggest that this conformational epitope represents an important danger-associated molecular pattern of LDL (-) that triggers proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanize do Espirito Santo Faulin
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Soraya Megumi Kazuma
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Luis Tripodi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcela Frota Cavalcante
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Wakasuqui
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jussara Michaloski
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Giordano
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Francisco Jacon Ketelhuth
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Dulcineia Saes Parra Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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Poulsen CB, Al-Mashhadi AL, von Wachenfeldt K, Bentzon JF, Nielsen LB, Al-Mashhadi RH, Thygesen J, Tolbod L, Larsen JR, Frøkiær J, Tawakol A, Vucic E, Fredrickson J, Baruch A, Frendéus B, Robertson AKL, Moestrup SK, Drouet L, Falk E. Treatment with a human recombinant monoclonal IgG antibody against oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis-prone pigs reduces cathepsin S in coronary lesions. Int J Cardiol 2016; 215:506-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Cavalcante MF, Kazuma SM, Bender EA, Adorne MD, Ullian M, Veras MM, Saldiva PHN, Maranhão AQ, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Abdalla DSP. A nanoformulation containing a scFv reactive to electronegative LDL inhibits atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:120-9. [PMID: 27378286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease responsible for the majority of cases of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. The electronegative low-density lipoprotein, a modified subfraction of native LDL, is pro-inflammatory and plays an important role in atherogenesis. To investigate the effects of a nanoformulation (scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn) containing a scFv reactive to LDL(-) on the inhibition of atherosclerosis, its toxicity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo and further it was also administered weekly to LDL receptor knockout mice. The scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation did not induce cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages and HUVECs. The 5mg/kg dose of scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn did not cause any typical signs of toxicity and it was chosen for the evaluation of its atheroprotective effect in Ldlr(-/-) mice. This nanoformulation significantly decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area at the aortic sinus, compared with that in untreated mice. In addition, the Il1b mRNA expression and CD14 protein expression were downregulated in the atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic arch of Ldlr(-/-) mice treated with scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn. Thus, the scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation inhibited the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, indicating its potential use in a future therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Frota Cavalcante
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soraya Megumi Kazuma
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo André Bender
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Duarte Adorne
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ullian
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Matera Veras
- LIM5, Department of Pathology, Medicine School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Queiroz Maranhão
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Department of Production and Control of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dulcineia Saes Parra Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Probiotic Soy Product Supplemented with Isoflavones Improves the Lipid Profile of Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010052. [PMID: 26797632 PMCID: PMC4728664 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that specific probiotics affect the host’s metabolism and may influence the cardiovascular disease risk. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of an isoflavone-supplemented soy product fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus 416 on cardiovascular risk markers in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Design: Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial Setting: São Paulo State University in Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Participants: 49 male healthy men with total cholesterol (TC) >5.17 mmol/L and <6.21 mmol/L Intervention: The volunteers have consumed 200 mL of the probiotic soy product (group SP-1010 CFU/day), isoflavone-supplemented probiotic soy product (group ISP–probiotic plus 50 mg of total isoflavones/100 g) or unfermented soy product (group USP-placebo) for 42 days in a randomized, double-blind study. Main outcome measures: Lipid profile and additional cardiovascular biomarkers were analyzed on days 0, 30 and 42. Urine samples (24 h) were collected at baseline and at the end of the experiment so as to determine the isoflavones profile. Results: After 42 days, the ISP consumption led to improved total cholesterol, non-HDL-C (LDL + IDL + VLDL cholesterol fractions) and electronegative LDL concentrations (reduction of 13.8%, 14.7% and 24.2%, respectively, p < 0.05). The ISP and SP have prevented the reduction of HDL-C level after 42 days. The C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels were not improved. The equol production by the ISP group subjects was inversely correlated with electronegative LDL concentration. Conclusions: The results suggest that a regular consumption of this probiotic soy product, supplemented with isoflavones, could contribute to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, through the an improvement in lipid profile and antioxidant properties.
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Faulin TDES, Guilherme DF, Silva AS, Abdalla DSP, Hering VR, Politi MJ, Maranhão AQ. GFP-SCFV: expression and possible applications as a tool for experimental investigations of atherosclerosis. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1206-13. [PMID: 24911875 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies on atherosclerosis are crucial for investigating its pathophysiology, defining new therapeutic targets, and developing new drugs and diagnostic tools. Thus, many imaging markers have been developed and introduced in experimental studies. The main advantage of these new tools is that they allow the noninvasive diagnosis of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Here, we describe the cloning, expression, purification, and stabilization of a chimeric protein specifically designed to probe cells and tissues for the presence of LDL(-), a relevant marker of atherosclerosis. The DNA sequence that encodes the anti-LDL(-) scFv, previously obtained from a hybridoma secreting an anti-LDL(-) monoclonal antibody, was inserted into the bacterial vector pET-28a(+) in tandem with a DNA sequence encoding GFP. The recombinant protein was expressed in high yields in E. coli as inclusion bodies. The applicability of GFP-scFv was assessed by ELISA, which determined its affinity for LDL(-) and confocal microscopy, that showed macrophage uptake of the protein along with LDL(-). In conclusion, our data suggest that the anti-LDL(-) GFP-scFv chimeric protein could be useful in studies on atherogenesis as well as for developing diagnostic tools for atherosclerosis.
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Chyu KY, Shah PK. Advances in immune-modulating therapies to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 2:56-66. [PMID: 24757525 PMCID: PMC3991155 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613514327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to hypercholesterolemia, innate and adaptive immune mechanisms play a critical role in atherogenesis, thus making immune-modulation therapy a potentially attractive way of managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These immune-modulation strategies include both active and passive immunization and confer beneficial reduction in atherosclerosis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results and we review current knowledge on the complex role of the immune system and the potential for immunization as an immune-modulation therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yuh Chyu
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prediman K Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Suite A-3307, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Silva ITD, Mello APDQ, Sanches LB, Abdalla DSP, Damasceno NRT. Is plasma alpha-tocopherol associated with electronegative LDL in obese adolescents? J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 59:100-7. [PMID: 23727639 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has increased in children and adolescents. What is reflected in the early occurrence of cardiometabolic alterations, like hypertension and type 2 diabetes, where the oxLDL formation is stimulated. Various studies have shown that plasma α-tocopherol (α-TP) can protect LDL against oxidation. Nevertheless, the action of plasma α-TP in cardiovascular diseases remains controversial. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate plasma α-TP and its impact on the concentration of LDL(-). Adolescents (n=150) of both sexes were classified into three groups: healthy weight (HW; 50%), overweight (OV; 22%), and obese (OB; 28%). Lipid profile, LDL(-), anti-oxLDL and anti-LDL(-) antibodies, CRP (ELISA) and plasma α-TP (HPLC) were analyzed. Demographic, anthropometric, and food intake data were evaluated. Crude and energy-adjusted intake of vitamin E in the OB group were higher than in the HW group (p<0.001). Crude and energy-adjusted vitamin E intakes were not correlated with plasma α-TP (r=-0.07; p=0.412 and r=-0.064; p=0.467, respectively). Subjects in the OB group had higher TC and LDL-C and lower HDL-C than in the HW and OV groups. C-reactive protein and anti-oxLDL antibodies changed as a function of BMI. The impact of obesity was reinforced by high values for LDL(-) and low content of plasma α-TP in comparison with the HW (p<0.001) and OV groups (p=0.03). This negative profile was maintained for the ratio between α-TP and TC or LDL-C. Plasma α-TP, α-TP/TC and α-TP/LDL-C were negatively associated with LDL(-) and other cardiometabolic risk factors (BMI, WC, AC and anti-oxLDL). Our results demonstrate that obesity in adolescents is associated with high levels of LDL(-) and low plasma α-TP content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Tande da Silva
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Electronegative LDL: a circulating modified LDL with a role in inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:181324. [PMID: 24062611 PMCID: PMC3766570 DOI: 10.1155/2013/181324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low density lipoprotein (LDL(−)) is a minor modified fraction of LDL found in blood. It comprises a heterogeneous population of LDL particles modified by various mechanisms sharing as a common feature increased electronegativity. Modification by oxidation is one of these mechanisms. LDL(−) has inflammatory properties similar to those of oxidized LDL (oxLDL), such as inflammatory cytokine release in leukocytes and endothelial cells. However, in contrast with oxLDL, LDL(−) also has some anti-inflammatory effects on cultured cells. The inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties ascribed to LDL(−) suggest that it could have a dual biological effect.
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Kazuma SM, Cavalcante MF, Telles AER, Maranhão AQ, Abdalla DSP. Cloning and expression of an anti-LDL(-) single-chain variable fragment, and its inhibitory effect on experimental atherosclerosis. MAbs 2013; 5:763-75. [PMID: 23924793 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.25859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo modified forms of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are important for the formation of foam cells and as mediators of the immuno-inflammatory process involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Electronegative LDL, LDL(-), is a LDL subfraction with pro-inflammatory properties that is present in human blood. To investigate possible atheroprotective effects, an anti-LDL(-) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and its activity was evaluated in vitro against macrophages and in experimental atherosclerosis in Ldlr(-/-) mice. The recombinant 2C7 scFv was produced in a yield of 9.5 mg of protein/L. The specificity and affinity of purified 2C7 scFv against LDL(-) was confirmed by ELISA. To assess the activity of 2C7 scFv on foam cell formation, RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to LDL(-) in the presence or absence of 2C7 scFv. The 2C7 scFv inhibited the uptake of LDL(-) by macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, and internalization of LDL(-) by these cells was found to be mediated by the CD36 and CD14 receptor. In addition, compared with untreated cells, lipid accumulation in macrophages was decreased, and the expression of Cd36, Tlr-4 and Cox-2 was downregulated in macrophages treated with 2C7 scFv. Importantly, compared with untreated mice, the treatment of Ldlr(-/-) mice with 2C7 scFv decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area at the aortic sinus. In conclusion, our data show that 2C7 scFv inhibits foam cell formation and atherosclerotic plaque development by modulating the expression of genes relevant to atherogenesis. These results encourage further use of this antibody fragment in the development of new therapeutic strategies that neutralize the pro-atherogenic effects of LDL(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya M Kazuma
- Department of Clinical Analysis; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Chang SH, Johns M, Boyle JJ, McConnell E, Kirkham PA, Bicknell C, Zahoor-ul-Hassan Dogar M, Edwards RJ, Gale-Grant O, Khamis R, Ramkhelawon KVV, Haskard DO. Model IgG monoclonal autoantibody-anti-idiotype pair for dissecting the humoral immune response to oxidized low density lipoprotein. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:87-98. [PMID: 22509912 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates IgG autoantibodies against oxidized forms of low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic arterial disease. However, insufficient knowledge of their structure and function is a key gap. Using an elderly LDL receptor-deficient atherosclerotic mouse, we isolated a novel IgG3k against oxLDL (designated MAb LO1). LO1 reacts with copper-oxidized LDL, but minimally with native LDL. Further analysis showed that MAb LO1 also reacts in vitro with malondialdehyde-conjugated LDL (MDA-LDL), a known key epitope in copper-oxidized LDL preparations. By screening a phage library expressing single chain variable region antibodies (scFv), we selected an anti-idiotype scFv (designated H3) that neutralizes MAb LO1 binding to MDA-LDL. Amino acid substitutions between H3 and an irrelevant control scFv C12 showed that residues in the H3 CDRH2, CDRH3, and CDRL2 are all critical for MAb LO1 binding, consistent with a conformational epitope on H3 involving both heavy and light chains. Comparison of amino acids in H3 CDRH2 and CDRL2 with apoB, the major LDL protein, showed homologous sequences, suggesting H3 has structural similarities to the MAb LO1 binding site on MDA-LDL. Immunocytochemical staining showed that MAb LO1 binds epitopes in mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions. The MAb LO1-H3 combination therefore provides a very promising model for analyzing the structure and function of an individual IgG autoantibody in relation to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hung Chang
- Vascular Sciences Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Sánchez-Quesada JL, Estruch M, Benítez S, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Electronegative LDL: a useful biomarker of cardiovascular risk? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Leal VO, Lobo JC, Stockler-Pinto MB, Farage NE, Abdalla DSP, Leite M, Mafra D. Is zinc-α2-glycoprotein a cardiovascular protective factor for patients undergoing hemodialysis? Clin Chim Acta 2011; 413:616-9. [PMID: 22178218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a lipid mobilizing factor. Its anti-inflammatory action and expression pattern suggest that ZAG could act by protecting against the obesity-associated disorders. In hemodialysis (HD) patients, ZAG levels were described to be elevated but its effects on markers of inflammation and LDL oxidation are still unclear. We investigated the relationship between ZAG and markers of systemic inflammation and LDL atherogenic modification profile in HD patients. METHODS Forty-three patients regularly on HD were studied and compared to 20 healthy subjects. Plasma ZAG, adiponectin, electronegative LDL [LDL(-)], an atherosclerotic negatively charged LDL subfraction, and anti-LDL(-) autoantibodies levels were measured by ELISA. Markers of inflammation and atherogenic cell recruitment (TNF-α, interleukin-6, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1 and PAI-1) were also determined. RESULTS Inflammatory markers and atherogenic cell recruitment were higher in HD patients when compared to healthy subjects. ZAG levels were also higher in HD patients (151.5 ± 50.1 mg/l vs 54.6 ± 23.0 mg/l; p<0.0001) and its levels were negatively correlated with TNF-α (r=-0.39; p=0.001) and VCAM-1 (r=-0.52; p<0.0001) and, positively correlated with anti-LDL(-) autoantibodies (r=0.38; p=0.016). On multivariate analyses, plasma ZAG levels were independently associated with VCAM-1 (p=0.01). CONCLUSION ZAG is inversely associated with markers of pro-atherogenic factors linked to systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus, this adipokine may constitute a novel marker of a favorable metabolic profile regarding cardiovascular risk factors in HD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane O Leal
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Lobo JC, Mafra D, Farage NE, Faulin TDES, Abdalla DSP, de Nóbrega ACL, Torres JPM. Increased electronegative LDL and decreased antibodies against electronegative LDL levels correlate with inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules in hemodialysed patients. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1788-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Electronegative low-density lipoprotein: Origin and impact on health and disease. Atherosclerosis 2011; 215:257-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Faulin TDES, Cavalcante MF, Abdalla DSP. Role of electronegative LDL and its associated antibodies in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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