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Zhang N, Guo P, Zhao Y, Qiu X, Shao S, Liu Z, Gao Z. Pharmacological mechanisms of puerarin in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: An overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117101. [PMID: 39002442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Puerarin, a monomer of traditional Chinese medicine, is a key component of Pueraria radix. Both clinical and experimental researches demonstrated that puerarin has therapeutic effects on Parkinson's disease (PD). Puerarin's pharmacological mechanisms include: 1) Anti-apoptosis. Puerarin inhibits cell apoptosis through the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. Puerarin also exerts a hormone-like effect against cell apoptosis; 2) Anti-oxidative stress injury. Puerarin inhibits the Nrf2 nuclear exclusion through the GSK-3β/Fyn pathway to promote the Nrf2 accumulation in the nucleus, and then promotes the antioxidant synthesis through the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway to protect against oxidative stress; 3) Neuroprotective effects by intervening in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). Puerarin significantly enhances the activity of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), which downregulates the expression of α-synuclein, reduces its accumulation, and thus improves the function of damaged neurons. Additionally, puerarin increases proteasome activity and decreases ubiquitin-binding proteins, thereby preventing toxic accumulation of intracellular proteins; 4) Alleviating inflammatory response. Puerarin inhibits the conversion of microglia to the M1 phenotype while inducing the transition of microglia to the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, puerarin promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory factor and inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory factors; 5) Increasing the levels of dopamine and its metabolites. Puerarin could increase the levels of dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum; 6) Promoting neurotrophic factor expression and neuronal repair. Puerarin increases the expression of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect. Moreover, the regulation of the gut microbiota by puerarin may be a potential mechanism for the treatment of PD. The current review discusses the molecular mechanisms of puerarin, which may provide insight into the active components of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianping Zhang
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China; Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Third People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250132, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Hand and Upper Limb Surgery, Jinan Third People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250132, China
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of reproductive medicine, Jingmen People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, China
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, China
| | - Zong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
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Bekić S, Petri E, Krstić S, Ćelić A, Jovanović-Šanta S. Detection of isoflavones and phytoestrogen-rich plant extracts binding to estrogen receptor β using a yeast-based fluorescent assay. Anal Biochem 2024; 690:115529. [PMID: 38582243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Alchemilla vulgaris L., Trifolium pratense L. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. are important remedies in traditional medicine, known for many usages, including treating gynecological diseases. Despite folkloric use of the plant materials, there is a lack of scientific data to support their therapeutic application. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the relative binding affinities (RBAs) of plant-derived phytoestrogens for estrogen receptor β (ERβ) using fluorescent biosensor in yeast and to apply this assay for the assessment of the potential of plant materials towards ERs and treatment of estrogen-related disorders. Ligand-binding domain of ERβ fused with yellow fluorescent protein (ERβ LBD-YFP) was expressed in S. cerevisiae and fluorescence was detected by fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy. Structural basis for experimental results was explored by molecular docking. Yeast-based fluorescent assay was successfully optimized and applied for identification of natural phenolic compounds and phytoestrogen-rich plant extracts that interact with ERβ-LBD, making this biosensor a valuable tool for screening estrogenic potential of a variety of plant extracts. This assay can be used for preliminary testing of plant-derived or fungal extracts, but also other sources of environmental substances with ER-modulating activity in order to assess their possible effects on the female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Bekić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Edward Petri
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Sanja Krstić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Andjelka Ćelić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Suzana Jovanović-Šanta
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Gregório BJR, Ramos II, Marques SS, Barreiros L, Magalhães LM, Schneider RJ, Segundo MA. Microcarrier-based fluorescent yeast estrogen screen assay for fast determination of endocrine disrupting compounds. Talanta 2024; 271:125665. [PMID: 38271840 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The presence of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water poses a significant threat to human and animal health, as recognized by regulatory agencies throughout the world. The Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) assay is an excellent method to evaluate the presence of these compounds in water due to its simplicity and capacity to assess the bioaccessible forms/fractions of these compounds. In the presence of a compound with estrogenic activity, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, containing a lacZ reporter gene encoding the enzyme β-galactosidase, are induced, the enzyme is synthesised, and released to the extracellular medium. In this work, a YES-based approach encompassing the use of a lacZ reporter gene modified strain of S. cerevisiae, microcarriers as solid support, and a fluorescent substrate, fluorescein di-β-d-galactopyranoside, is proposed, allowing for the assessment of EDCs' presence after only 2 h of incubation. The proposed method provided an EC50 of 0.17 ± 0.03 nM and an LLOQ of 0.03 nM, expressed as 17β-estradiol. The assessment of different EDCs provided EC50 values between 0.16 and 1.2 × 103 nM. After application to wastewaters, similar results were obtained for EDCs screening, much faster, compared to the conventional 45 h spectrophotometric procedure using a commercial kit, showing potential for onsite high-throughput screening of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno J R Gregório
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês I Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara S Marques
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Barreiros
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M Magalhães
- Present affiliation: Research & Development, BIAL- Portela & C(a), S.A., Coronado (S. Mamede e S. Romão), Portugal
| | - Rudolf J Schneider
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Lee HS, Lee TH, Lee DH, Yun BS, Lee KW, Kim JS, Goo YT, Kim JH. Evaluation of Estrogen Receptor Agonistic Activity of Medicinal Herbs Using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Transactivation Assay with Rat Liver S9 Fraction. J Med Food 2021; 24:1285-1292. [PMID: 34939859 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies employing different in vitro assays have demonstrated the estrogen-like activity of natural substances. All assays have their advantages and limitations as a screening tool. No single in vitro assay is considered ideal for predicting estrogenic action in a complex in vivo system. To assess agonistic activities of several medicinal herbs on the estrogen receptor (ER) and their metabolic alteration, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Performance-Based Test Guideline No. 455 in vitro assay was performed in this study using recombinant VM7Luc4E2 cells in combination with rat liver S9 fractions. Ethanol extracts of medicinal herbs showed binding affinities for ER-α and ER-β at different levels. However, luciferase reporter assay using VM7Luc4E2 cells revealed that only two test extracts [Pueraria lobata root extract (PLE); Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract (GGE)] exhibited ER transcriptional activity when their activities were compared with the response by 17β-estradiol. Importantly, incubation of PLE or GGE with rat liver S9 fractions increased their ER transcriptional activities, in particular when phase I metabolic enzymes were activated. Puerarin and glabridin were the most abundant isoflavones found in PLE and GGE, respectively. The present results demonstrate that PLE and GGE possess potential as ER agonists with their metabolic activation. This study also suggests that the application of OECD in vitro assay with rat liver S9 fraction is an efficient screening tool to evaluate estrogenic activities of natural substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Industry Academy Cooperation Foundation; Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Beom Sik Yun
- R&D Research Innovation Team, Kwang Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- R&D Research Innovation Team, Kwang Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- R&D Research Innovation Team, Kwang Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Tae Goo
- R&D Research Innovation Team, Kwang Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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Sophon N, Phiwpesh C, Darith S, Cherdshewasart W, Boonchird C. Improved yeast-screening assay for phytoestrogens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1422-1432. [PMID: 33770159 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A yeast estrogen screening (YES) assay was improved to increase sensitivity for detection of phytoestrogens. New yeast strains minus one or the other of transporters Pdr5 or Snq2 and harboring yEGFP as a reporter gene were developed. The new strains showed 2-100-fold improvement in sensitivity for detection of standard estrogens and antiestrogens. In addition, the assay time (1 h) using the newly developed strains was shorter than that (4 h) previously reported. Furthermore, the snq2-minus strains were most effective for detection of estrogenic activity while the pdr5-minus strains were most effective for detection of antiestrogenic activity. The efficacy of the new methods was evaluated and confirmed by testing with 23 Thai medicinal plant species. The new strains were also tested for detection of xenoestrogens. The results revealed that the newly developed YES methods were specific and rapid and suitable for simple high-throughput screening or detection of estrogen-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthida Sophon
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Choladda Phiwpesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sieng Darith
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wichai Cherdshewasart
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chuenchit Boonchird
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Basu P, Meza E, Bergel M, Maier C. Estrogenic, Antiestrogenic and Antiproliferative Activities of Euphorbia bicolor ( Euphorbiaceae) Latex Extracts and Its Phytochemicals. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010059. [PMID: 31881661 PMCID: PMC7019628 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor antagonists are effective in breast cancer treatment. However, the side effects of these treatments have led to a rise in searching for alternative therapies. The present study evaluated the estrogenic, antiestrogenic, and antiproliferative activities of Euphorbiabicolor (Euphorbiaceae), a plant native to south-central USA. Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of latex extract and its phytochemicals were evaluated with a steroid-regulated yeast system expressing the human estrogen receptor α and antiproliferative properties were assessed in the ER-positive MCF-7 and T47-D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-469 breast carcinomas. Genistein and coumestrol identified in the latex extract induced higher estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities compared to diterpenes and flavonoids. The latex extract, resiniferatoxin (RTX) and rutin induced antiproliferative activities in all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, but not in human normal primary dermal fibroblast cultures. A biphasic effect was observed with MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma in which the latex extract at low concentrations increased and at high concentrations decreased cell proliferation. Treatments with latex extract in combination with RTX or rutin reduced even more the proliferation of MCF-7 breast carcinoma compared to the individual latex, RTX, and rutin treatments. E. bicolor latex phytochemicals could contribute to developing commercial therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Bergel
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.M.); Tel.: +1-940-898-2471 (M.B.); +1-940-898-2358 (C.M.)
| | - Camelia Maier
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.M.); Tel.: +1-940-898-2471 (M.B.); +1-940-898-2358 (C.M.)
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Development of a simple and rapid method for the detection of isomiroestrol in Pueraria candollei by an immunochromatographic strip test. J Nat Med 2019; 73:577-583. [PMID: 30976950 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pueraria candollei (P. candollei) is a traditional Thai herb widely used for estrogen replacement therapy because it contains many unique chromenes that possess potent estrogenic activity, one of which is known as isomiroestrol. Since isomiroestrol is a promising compound that is solely present in P. candollei, it can be used as an identifying marker for standardization of P. candollei. Here, we developed a lateral-flow immunochromatographic strip (ICS) test using a colloidal gold nanoparticle-conjugated anti-isomiroestrol monoclonal antibody (12C1-mAb) for the detection of isomiroestrol in plant samples and products of P. candollei. The advantages of the developed ICS over an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are its simplicity and rapidity, as the ICS test can be completed 15 min after dipping the strip into the analyte solution. The detectable concentration of isomiroestrol was 7.0 µg/mL. Considering the demand for the standardization of P. candollei due to concerns regarding its quality, our ICS test using isomiroestrol as an identifying marker would be effective and useful to assess the presence of isomiroestrol.
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Yusakul G, Togita R, Minami K, Chanpokapaiboon K, Juengwatanatrakul T, Putalun W, Tanaka H, Sakamoto S, Morimoto S. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay toward the standardization of Pueraria candollei based on its unique isoflavonoid, kwakhurin. Fitoterapia 2019; 133:23-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kongkaew C, Scholfield NC, Dhippayom T, Dilokthornsakul P, Saokaew S, Chaiyakunapruk N. Efficacy and safety of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham for menopausal women: A systematic review of clinical trials and the way forward. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 216:162-174. [PMID: 29409850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham (commonly termed P. mirifica, PM) growing in upland Thailand has a long history as a postmenopausal rejuvenant therapy for indigenants. Its amelioration of menopause symptoms in clinical trials was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS International and Thai databases were searched from inception to February 2017. Clinical trials investigating effects of PM menopausal or postmenopausal women were included. Outcomes were self-reported menopausal symptoms, serum reproductive hormones, urino-genital tract function, and bone surrogates. Methodological quality was assessed by Cochrane risk-of-bias v2.0, and a 22-parameter quality score based on the CONSORT checklist for herbal medicines. RESULTS Eight studies (9 articles) used data from 309 menopausal patients. Five-studies demonstrated that PM was associated with climacteric scores reduced by ~50% compared to baseline. Other PM studies using limited numbers of placebo participants suggested improved vaginal and other urogenital tract symptoms. Bone alkaline phosphatase halved (suggesting lowered bone turnover). Variable serum reproductive hormone levels suggested menopausal status differed between studies. PM active ingredients and sources were not defined. Adverse event rates (mastodynia, vaginal spotting, dizziness) were similar in all groups (PM, conjugated equine estrogen, and placebos) but serum C-reactive protein doubled. These studies had design and reporting deficiencies, high risks of biases, and low quality scores. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of PM on menopausal symptoms remains inconclusive because of methodological short-comings especially placebo effects inherent in self-assessment/recall questionnaires and no PM standardization. PM efficacy and safety need a fundamental re-appraisal by: (i) cohort (retro- and prospective) studies on current users to define its traditional use for rejuvenation; (ii) tightly coupling long-term efficacy to safety of well-defined PM and multiple end-points; (iii) using study design related to current understanding of menopause progression and estrogen pharmacology (iv) robust pharmacovigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuenjid Kongkaew
- Centre for Safety and Quality in Health, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK.
| | - Norman C Scholfield
- Centre for Safety and Quality in Health, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
| | - Teerapon Dhippayom
- Centre for Safety and Quality in Health, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
| | - Piyameth Dilokthornsakul
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand.
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population, Implementation and Clinical Outcomes (PICO), Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Wang Z, Kanda S, Shimono T, Enkh-Undraa D, Nishiyama T. The in vitro estrogenic activity of the crude drugs found in Japanese herbal medicines prescribed for menopausal syndrome was enhanced by combining them. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:107. [PMID: 29566679 PMCID: PMC5865359 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese herbal medicines can be used as alternatives to estrogen therapy and are sometimes prescribed for menopausal syndrome because they have fewer side effects and are associated with better compliance than estrogen therapy, but little is known about the pharmacological mechanisms of such treatments. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms responsible for the estrogen-like effects of five widely prescribed Japanese herbal medicines (unkeito, kamishoyosan, nyoshinsan, keishibukuryogan, and tokishakuyakusan). METHODS We evaluated the estrogenic activity of these five Japanese herbal medicines and their metabolites using an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent cell proliferation bioassay and an ER-dependent reporter assay. We also investigated the estrogenic activity of the crude drugs within the medicines and attempted to detect inter-crude drug synergistic effects using the ER-dependent reporter assay. RESULTS We found that unkeito, kamishoyosan, and nyoshinsan exhibited estrogenic activity, and they displayed stronger estrogenic activity after being metabolized. Then, we focused on investigating the estrogenic activity of the crude drugs present within unkeito. We found that glycyrrhizae radix, cinnamomi cortex, evodiae fructus, and zingiberis rhizoma demonstrated ERβ-dependent estrogenic activity. The combined use of evodiae fructus and glycyrrhizae radix, or evodiae fructus and cinnamomi cortex produced synergistic ERβ-dependent estrogenic activity. CONCLUSION It was suggested that unkeito, kamishoyosan, and nyoshinsan exert estrogenic activity, and hence, might be useful for treating menopausal syndrome. Furthermore, synergistic estrogenic effects were detected between some of the crude drugs present within unkeito.
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Lambert MR, Edwards TM. Hormonally active phytochemicals and vertebrate evolution. Evol Appl 2017; 10:419-432. [PMID: 28515776 PMCID: PMC5427676 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Living plants produce a diversity of chemicals that share structural and functional properties with vertebrate hormones. Wildlife species interact with these chemicals either through consumption of plant materials or aquatic exposure. Accumulating evidence shows that exposure to these hormonally active phytochemicals (HAPs) often has consequences for behavior, physiology, and fecundity. These fitness effects suggest there is potential for an evolutionary response by vertebrates to HAPs. Here, we explore the toxicological HAP-vertebrate relationship in an evolutionary framework and discuss the potential for vertebrates to adapt to or even co-opt the effects of plant-derived chemicals that influence fitness. We lay out several hypotheses about HAPs and provide a path forward to test whether plant-derived chemicals influence vertebrate reproduction and evolution. Studies of phytochemicals with direct impacts on vertebrate reproduction provide an obvious and compelling system for studying evolutionary toxicology. Furthermore, an understanding of whether animal populations evolve in response to HAPs could provide insightful context for the study of rapid evolution and how animals cope with chemical agents in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Lambert
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | - Thea M Edwards
- Department of Biology University of the South Sewanee TN USA
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Effects of total flavonoids from Drynariae Rhizoma prevent bone loss in vivo and in vitro. Bone Rep 2016; 5:262-273. [PMID: 28580395 PMCID: PMC5440975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency is one of the major causes of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Drynariae Rhizoma is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of bone diseases. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of the total Drynariae Rhizoma flavonoids (DRTF) on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss using an ovariectomized rat model and osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Our results indicated that DRTF produced osteo-protective effects on the ovariectomized rats in terms of bone loss reduction, including decreased levels of bone turnover markers, enhanced biomechanical femur strength and trabecular bone microarchitecture deterioration prevention. In vitro experiments revealed that the actions of DRTF on regulating osteoblastic activities were mediated by the estrogen receptor (ER) dependent pathway. Our data also demonstrated that DRTF inhibited osteoclastogenesis via up-regulating osteoprotegrin (OPG), as well as down-regulating receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression. In conclusion, this study indicated that DRTF treatment effectively suppressed bone mass loss in an ovariectomized rat model, and in vitro evidence suggested that the effects were exerted through actions on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Jungsukcharoen J, Dhiani BA, Cherdshewasart W, Vinayavekhin N, Sangvanich P, Boonchird C. Pueraria mirifica leaves, an alternative potential isoflavonoid source. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:917-26. [PMID: 25036114 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.910091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the major leaf isoflavonoid contents of Pueraria mirifica from three different cultivars (PM-III, PM-IV, and PM-V) using reverse RP-HPLC analysis. The proportions and net levels of puerarin, daidzin, genistin, and daidzein in P. mirifica leaves were found to depend on the plant cultivar and to correlate with cultivation temperature and rainfall amount. The crude leaf-extracts were tested using the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) assay with both human estrogen receptors (hERα and hERβ). Their estrogenic activity was higher when determined by the YES system containing hERβ than that with hERα and was also higher when the Δsnq2 than the wildtype yeast was employed. The results open the possibility of selecting and cultivating certain P. mirifica cultivars at a farm scale to produce a sufficient supply of leaf material to act as a starting source for the commercial scale extraction of these major isoflavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutarmas Jungsukcharoen
- a Faculty of Science, Program in Biotechnology , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
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Anukulthanakorn K, Jareonporn S, Malaivijitnond S. Simple, sensitive and reliable in vivo assays to evaluate the estrogenic activity of endocrine disruptors. Reprod Med Biol 2013; 13:37-45. [PMID: 29699148 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-013-0161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We compared three in vivo assays, determining changes of body weight, and uterotropic and vaginal cytology assays, for the evaluation of estrogenic activity of an estrogen disrupting compound, Pueraria mirifica (PM), in comparison with 17β-estradiol (E). Methods Female rats were ovariectomized and gavaged with distilled water, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg BW/day of E and 100 and 1,000 mg/kg BW/day of PM for 14 days. Body weights were measured weekly, and vaginal epithelium cells were monitored daily. The uterus was dissected at the end of the treatment period, weighed and examined for histomorphometry. Results There were a decrease in body weight and an increase in uterine weight, uterine, endometrium and myometrium areas, uterine gland numbers, and percent of cornified cell which were dependent on doses of E and PM treatments. Conclusions Of the three assays proposed, although all are reliable and had critical read-out, measurements of body and uterine weights is likely convenient and simple, but the uterotropic assay needs to kill the animals. Vaginal cytology assay appears most promising for sensitivity and shortening the duration of the assay. Compared to those of E, the estrogenic activity of PM at concentrations of 100 and 1,000 mg/kg BW was in the range of 14 to >20 mg/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanya Anukulthanakorn
- Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University 10330 Bangkok Thailand.,Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University 254 Phayathai Road 10330 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Sukanya Jareonporn
- Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University 254 Phayathai Road 10330 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University 254 Phayathai Road 10330 Bangkok Thailand
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Medical applications of phytoestrogens from the Thai herb Pueraria mirifica. Front Med 2012; 6:8-21. [PMID: 22460444 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-012-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw et Suvatabandhu is a medicinal plant endemic to Thailand. It has been used in Thai folklore medicine for its rejuvenating qualities in aged women and men for nearly one hundred years. Indeed, it has been claimed that P. mirifica contains active phytoestrogens (plant substances with estrogen-like activity). Using high performance liquid chromatography, at least 17 phytoestrogens, mainly isoflavones, have been isolated. Thus, fairly considerable scientific researches, both in vitro in cell lines and in vivo in various species of animals including humans, have been conducted to date to address its estrogenic activity on the reproductive organs, bones, cardiovascular diseases and other climacteric related symptoms. The antioxidative capacity and antiproliferative effect on tumor cell lines have also been assessed. In general, P. mirifica could be applicable for preventing, or as a therapeutic for, the symptoms related to estrogen deficiency in menopausal women as well as in andropausal men. However, the optimal doses for each desirable effect and the balance to avoid undesired side effects need to be calculated before use.
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Wang D, Liu Y, Han J, Zai D, Ji M, Cheng W, Xu L, Yang L, He M, Ni J, Cai Z, Yu C. Puerarin suppresses invasion and vascularization of endometriosis tissue stimulated by 17β-estradiol. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25011. [PMID: 21949833 PMCID: PMC3174250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Puerarin, a phytoestrogen with a weak estrogenic effect, binds to estrogen receptors, thereby competing with 17β-estradiol (E2) and producing an anti-estrogenic effect. This study was to investigate whether puerarin could suppress the invasion and vascularization of E2-stimulated endometriotic tissue. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs) were successfully established and their invasive ability under different treatments was assessed through a Transwell Assay. Simultaneously, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) were detected by western blotting. Vascularization of endometriotic tissues was observed by chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The staining of MMP-9, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), TIMP-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in grafted endometriotic tissues was examined using immunohistochemistry analysis. The purity of ESCs in isolated cells was >95%, as determined by the fluoroimmunoassay of vimentin. E2 (10(-8) mol/L) promoted the invasiveness of ESCs by increasing MMP-9 accumulation and decreasing TIMP-1 accumulation. Interestingly, puerarin (10(-9) mol/L) significantly reversed these effects (P<0.01). The CAM assay indicated that puerarin (10(-9) mol/L) also inhibited the angiopoiesis of endometriotic tissue stimulated by the E2 (10(-8) mol/L) treatment (P<0.05). Accordingly, immunohistochemistry showed that the accumulation of MMP-9, ICAM-1, and VEGF was reduced whereas that of TIMP-1 increased in the combination treatment group compared with the E2 treatment group. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated that puerarin could suppress the tissue invasion by ESCs and the vascularization of ectopic endometrial tissues stimulated by E2, suggesting that puerarin may be a potential drug for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Zai
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luxi Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaoxia He
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zailong Cai
- Clinical Research Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CY); (ZC)
| | - Chaoqin Yu
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CY); (ZC)
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010; 17:568-80. [PMID: 21030841 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328341311d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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