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A Simple Assay to Assess Salmonella Typhimurium Impact on Performance and Immune Status of Growing Pigs after Different Inoculation Doses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020446. [PMID: 36838413 PMCID: PMC9962513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is the most frequent serovar in pigs and causes infections in humans. However, the dosage used for experimentation is not well defined. The present study aimed to evaluate a dosage for oral inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium to assess immunological and growth performance alterations in pigs. Gilts were randomly allocated into one of three experimental treatments: no Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation (Basal), or oral inoculation of 1 × 108 or 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium. Growth rate, rectal temperature, and fecal Salmonella shedding were recorded. Blood samples were taken. Inoculated pigs shed the bacteria for up to 7 days, but no differences were observed between the groups. No differences were observed in rectal temperature, body weight, or average daily feed intake. However, reductions in average daily gain (-17 and -22%) and feed efficiency (-14 and -20%) were observed in pigs inoculated with 1 × 108 and 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units, respectively. The hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations increased in challenged pigs compared to Basal pigs. The oral dosage of 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium is suitable for activating the immune system of pigs and assessing the impact of Salmonella on pig performance.
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Alves da Cunha Valini G, Righetti Arnaut P, França I, Trevisan Ortiz M, Karpeggiane de Oliveira MJ, Brandão Melo AD, Alves Marçal D, Reis Furtado Campos PH, Khun Htoo J, Gastmann Brand H, Hauschild L. Increased dietary Trp, Thr, and Met supplementation improves growth performance and protein deposition of salmonella-challenged growing pigs under poor housing conditions. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad141. [PMID: 37141101 PMCID: PMC10205462 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly intensified rearing conditions and precarious sanitary management predispose pigs to immune system activation, altered amino acid (AA) metabolism, and decreased growth performance. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased dietary tryptophan (Trp), threonine (Thr), and methionine + cysteine (Met + Cys) supplementation on performance, body composition, metabolism, and immune responses of group-housed growing pigs under challenging sanitary conditions. A hundred and twenty pigs (25.4 ± 3.7 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two sanitary conditions (SC, good [GOOD] or salmonella-challenge and poor housing condition [Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) + POOR]) and two diets, control (CN) or supplemented with AA (Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys:Lys ratios 20% higher than those of the CN diet [AA>+]). Pigs were followed during the growing phase (25-50 kg) and the trial lasted 28 d. The ST + POOR SC pigs were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium and raised in a poor housing condition. The ST + POOR SC increased rectal temperature, fecal score, serum haptoglobin, and urea concentration (P < 0.05) and decreased serum albumin concentration (P < 0.05) compared with GOOD SC. Body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and protein deposition (PD) were greater in GOOD SC than in ST + POOR SC (P < 0.01). However, pigs housed in ST + POOR SC fed with AA+ diet had lower body temperature (P < 0.05), increased ADG (P < 0.05) and nitrogen efficiency (P < 0.05), and a tendency for improved PD and G:F (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet fed pigs. Regardless of the SC, pigs fed AA+ diet had lower serum albumin (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease serum urea levels (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet. The results of this study suggest that the ratio of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys to Lys for pigs are modified by sanitary conditions. Furthermore, supplementation of diets with a blend of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys improves performance, especially under salmonella-challenge and poor housing conditions. Dietary tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation can modulate immune status and influence resilience to sanitary challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Alves da Cunha Valini
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São Paulo 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Pedro Righetti Arnaut
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São Paulo 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Ismael França
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São Paulo 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Manoela Trevisan Ortiz
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São Paulo 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marllon José Karpeggiane de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São Paulo 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Antonio Diego Brandão Melo
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São Paulo 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Danilo Alves Marçal
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São Paulo 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciano Hauschild
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São Paulo 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061163. [PMID: 34071310 PMCID: PMC8226585 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.
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Boarini-Ferroni L, Cardozo MV, Casagrande MF, Nascimento KA, Almeida HMDS, Mechler-Dreibi ML, de Oliveira LG, Schocken-Iturrino RP. Experimental inoculation and nose-to-nose transmission of Clostridioides difficile between weaned piglets. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108754. [PMID: 32768208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In piglets, Clostridioides (C.) difficile infection presents mostly subclinical manifestation. As this agent became important in veterinary medicine due to a hypothesis of zoonosis, the objective of this study was to evaluate the transmission of C. difficile by nose-to-nose contact in young piglets. Six 20-day-old piglets were separated into three groups (infected, sentinel and control), and distributed in different isolation cabinets which allowed nose-to-nose contact only between infected and sentinel groups. The challenged group received an inoculum 106 CFU/mL of C. difficile 096 by oropharyngeal route. Rectal swab samples were daily collected for microbiological and molecular analysis. Euthanasia of all piglets was performed 18 days after challenge to evaluate anatomical, histological and microbiological lesions of the organs of these animals. The challenged and sentinel groups showed clinical signs of infection and genes encoding TcdB were detected by conventional PCR in both groups, confirming the transmission of the pathogen from the challenged to the sentinel piglets. At necropsy, tonsil, liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, ileocolic lymph nodes, jejunum, ileum, proximal colon, distal colon and cecum were collected for microbiological analysis; lesions were observed varying in degree and intensity. This study demonstrated a novel route of transmission of C. difficile between young piglets, which was proven to occur by nose-to-nose contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Boarini-Ferroni
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marita Vedovelli Cardozo
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mariana Froner Casagrande
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Karla Alvarenga Nascimento
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- Sao Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Brazil.
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Nascimento KA, Mechler ML, Gatto IR, Almeida HM, Pollo AS, Sant’Ana FJ, Pedroso PM, Oliveira LGD. Evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission by back pond water in experimentally infected piglets. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Swine can be infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). However, transmission routes among pigs are still unknown. The objective of the present study was to induce experimental infection of BVDV-1 in weaned piglets and to assess the potential transmission through pen back pond water, used to facilitate heat exchange of the pigs housed in barns. Two repetitions (BP1 and BP 2) were performed using 12 piglets proven to be free BVDV (n=6 per repetition) allocated into three groups: control, sentinels and infected with two piglets each. The piglets were placed in stainless steel isolators. The infected group received an inoculum containing BVDV-1, Singer strain. The piglets remained in the cabinets for 25 days, during which samples of nasal swab were collected daily and blood sampled weekly. At the end, the piglets were euthanized, necropsied and organ fragments were collected for histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. In the first experiment (BP1) the infected animals shed the virus between days 6 and 21 post-infection. Regarding the sentinel group, shedding occurred in only one piglet, on the 20th day after infection, and seroconversion was observed on the 25th day post-infection. In BP2, infected piglets I3 and I4 shed the virus on days 4 and 21 post-infection, respectively. Only one sentinel piglet (S3) she the virus on day 13 post-infection. Therefore, it was concluded that pigs can become infected with BVDV-1 and shed potentially infectious viral particles consequently, being able to transmit the virus to other pigs through back pond water.
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