Cesarianas: percepção de risco e sua indicação pelo obstetra em uma maternidade pública no Município do Rio de Janeiro

Behavioural factors associated with fear of litigation as a driver for the increased use of caesarean sections: a scoping review

OBJECTIVE

To explore the behavioural drivers of fear of litigation among healthcare providers influencing caesarean section (CS) rates.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

DATA SOURCES

We searched MEDLINE, Scopus and WHO Global Index (1 January 2001 to 9 March 2022).

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Data were extracted using a form specifically designed for this review and we conducted content analysis using textual coding for relevant themes. We used the WHO principles for the adoption of a behavioural science perspective in public health developed by the WHO Technical Advisory Group for Behavioural Sciences and Insights to organise and analyse the findings. We used a narrative approach to summarise the findings.

RESULTS

We screened 2968 citations and 56 were included. Reviewed articles did not use a standard measure of influence of fear of litigation on provider's behaviour. None of the studies used a clear theoretical framework to discuss the behavioural drivers of fear of litigation. We identified 12 drivers under the three domains of the WHO principles: (1) cognitive drivers: availability bias, ambiguity aversion, relative risk bias, commission bias and loss aversion bias; (2) social and cultural drivers: patient pressure, social norms and blame culture and (3) environmental drivers: legal, insurance, medical and professional, and media. Cognitive biases were the most discussed drivers of fear of litigation, followed by legal environment and patient pressure.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the lack of consensus on a definition or measurement, we found that fear of litigation as a driver for rising CS rates results from a complex interaction between cognitive, social and environmental drivers. Many of our findings were transferable across geographical and practice settings. Behavioural interventions that consider these drivers are crucial to address the fear of litigation as part of strategies to reduce CS.

Interventive Care: Uncertainty, Distributed Agency, and Cesarean Section in a Zika Virus Epidemic

Beginning in 2015, Brazil witnessed the births of thousands of children with neurological abnormalities linked to the Zika virus. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2016 and 2018 with parents of children with congenital Zika syndrome in Salvador da Bahia, this article attends to how one of Brazil's most overused obstetric technologies-cesarean section-was mobilized to mitigate the uncertainties of Zika's reproductive consequences. I argue that during the epidemic, C-section constituted a form of what I call interventive care, in which others interceded on behalf of pregnant women to secure surgical delivery. In dialogue with scholarship problematizing autonomy in reproductive decision making, I show how my Bahian interlocutors understood such intercessions, and the C-sections themselves, as forms of appropriate, concerned care. I suggest, furthermore, that interventive care highlights the ways in which reproductive decisions are distributed among people rather than autonomous, particularly in contexts of heightened uncertainty.

Cesarean sections, perfecting the technique and standardizing the practice: an analysis of the book Obstetrícia, by Jorge de Rezende

This article discusses the development of techniques for cesarean sections by doctors in Brazil, during the 20th century, by analyzing the title "Operação Cesárea" (Cesarean Section), of three editions of the textbookObstetrícia, by Jorge de Rezende. His prominence as an author in obstetrics and his particular style of working, created the groundwork for the normalization of the practice of cesarean sections. The networks of meaning practiced within this scientific community included a "provision for feeling and for action" (Fleck) which established the C-section as a "normal" delivery: showing standards that exclude unpredictability, chaos, and dangers associated with the physiology of childbirth, meeting the demand for control, discipline and safety, qualities associated with practices, techniques and technologies of biomedicine.

A DECISÃO PELA VIA DE PARTO NO BRASIL: TEMAS E TENDÊNCIAS NA PRODUÇÃO DA SAÚDE COLETIVA

O artigo estuda a produção de conhecimento no campo da saúde coletiva sobre a "decisão" relacionada à via de parto. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura que discute usos, potencialidades e limites dessa categoria nas análises sobre a prática da cesariana no Brasil. Utilizou-se uma combinação de técnicas de análise temática e de discurso. Considera-se que a literatura sobre cesariana no Brasil tem avançado ao sair do foco estreito de escolha individual para uma contextualização mais profunda. Acredita-se, porém, que a literatura ainda precisa progredir, pois há poucas discussões de questões socioculturais, políticas, econômicas e sobre o papel das tecnologias médicas e não médicas.

Factors associated with cesarean delivery in public and private hospitals in a city of northeastern Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Background

To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with cesarean delivery according to whether care was provided in public or private hospitals in Brazil.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study based on a cohort of live births between April 2004 and March 2005. A total of 1,344 mother-child pairs were followed up during the first month of life. The variables analyzed were the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the mother and newborn, as well as the healthcare provided during pregnancy and childbirth. Hierarchical analysis was carried out for both prediction models, i.e. healthcare provision either within the Brazilian National Health System (public service) or within the private network. Prevalence and association measurement calculations were carried out. Values were considered significant when pless than or equal to 5.0 %.

Results

A total of 1,019 (75,8 %) gave birth in public hospital. The prevalences of cesarean delivery were 29.9 % and 86.2 % in the public and private sectors, respectively. Through hierarchical logistic regression, the risk factors for cesarean delivery presented in the public hospital were maternal age greater than or equal to 20 years (p = 0.003), primiparity (p = 0.004), twinning (p = 0.039), prenatal care provided in the private network (p = 0.004), delivery in hospitals providing high complexity medical care (p = 0.000) and prenatal care with greater than or equal to 6 consultations (p = 0.035). In the private sector, no association was observed between the variables studied and cesarean delivery.

Conclusions

The cesarean delivery rates were high in both sectors, although in the private network the rate was almost triple that of the public service. The absence of determinant factors of birth in the private sector drew attention. In planning measures against the growing cesarean rates, it is necessary to take into consideration the environmental determinants as primiparity, twinning and greater maternal age, frequent indications of primary cesarean delivery, as well as to implement actions that might improve the quality of prenatal and delivery care.

[Differences in prenatal care between health services under the Family Health Strategy and traditional primary care clinics in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]

This study aimed to evaluate differences in prenatal care between services under the Family Health Strategy (FHS) and traditional public primary care clinics in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was performed with all women who gave birth from January 1st to December 31st, 2007, and who received prenatal care in the municipal health system. The procedures recommended by the Ministry of Health were compared according to model of care. Among the 961 pregnant women, those treated under the FHS received a higher percentage of some forms of care (use of ferrous sulfate, tetanus vaccination, and HIV and syphilis tests). Other procedures were also more frequent under the FHS, but failed to reach the recommended levels (breast examination and Pap smear). Measurement of blood pressure, uterine height, and weight were quite frequent in both groups. Identification of pregnant women in the first trimester failed to reach 70%. Women under the FHS received better care, but some procedures still fell short of expected levels, and efforts are thus needed to improve the quality of prenatal care.

Modelos de assistência ao parto e taxa de cesárea em diferentes países

Revisão bibliográfica que descreve as taxas de cesárea em diferentes países e os modelos de atenção ao parto de acordo com o uso de tecnologias assistenciais. Foram analisados 60 estudos publicados entre 1999 e 2010, obtidos nas bases de dados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior e ProQuest. O modelo de assistência obstétrica praticado no país baseia-se na relação médico-paciente, ao grau de utilização de tecnologias e à realização do parto cesáreo.

Rekindling of Nurse‐Midwifery in Brazil: Public Policy and Childbirth Trends

In the last decade, nurse-midwifery in Brazil has experienced many changes both professionally and politically. In the 1990s, Brazil's Ministry of Health generated policies to improve childbirth services. Included in these policy initiatives was legislation for the reimbursement of nurse-midwifery services and a substantial increase in financing of nurse-midwifery schools throughout the country. It was during this period that the Brazilian National Nurse-Midwifery Organization was formed to provide professional leadership and an alternative model of childbirth care. The future is hopeful, but the nurse-midwifery profession will need collective determination to succeed in changing practices and improving services to women and families.

Distribuição do parto vaginal e da cesariana no município do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2001 a 2004

O parto vaginal é um processo natural que acontece por si mesmo, não necessitando da intervenção de terceiro. A cesariana é uma intervenção médica sobre um processo que a natureza resolve e regula sem artifícios. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar a distribuição do parto vaginal e da cesariana no Município do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2001 a 2004 e estudálos segundo as variáveis: raça da parturiente, área de planejamento de residência, local de ocorrência, natureza jurídica do hospital, faixa etária, estado civil e escolaridade da mãe, consulta pré-natal e Apgar no 1º minuto. Estudo descritivo de base populacional, que analisou as Declarações de Nascidos Vivos do Município do Rio de Janeiro em 2001 a 2004 através do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. As altas taxas de cesariana foram observadas nas regiões com maior poder econômico, instituições privadas, em mulheres acima de 35 anos, em casadas e com maior escolaridade.

Fatores associados à ocorrência de cesárea e aborto em mulheres selecionadas em um centro de saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

OBJETIVOS: investigar fatores potencialmente associados à ocorrência de cesárea e aborto. MÉTODOS: foram analisados dados de uma coorte no pós-parto com 352 mulheres entre 15-45 anos. Os seguintes desfechos foram estudados: ocorrência de cesárea no último parto e ocorrência de aborto anterior à última gravidez. A análise estatística foi feita por meio de modelos de regressão logística multivariados e hierarquizados. RESULTADOS: as prevalências de cesárea e aborto foram de 36,3% e 34,0%, respectivamente. O modelo final revelou que as seguintes variáveis permaneceram estatisticamente associadas à ocorrência de cesárea: nível 1: cor de pele branca (OR=2,02; IC95%: 1,29-3,16); nível 2: ligadura (OR=19,68; IC95%: 5,77-67,15). As seguintes variáveis permane-ceram associadas à ocorrência de aborto: nível 1: idade >29 anos (OR=6,11; IC95%: 2,94-12,72), estado marital: vive em união (OR=4,22; IC95%: 2,03-8,78); solteira: (OR=3,70; IC95%: 1,59-8,61). CONCLUSÕES: a cor de pele branca e a prática de ligadura foram co-variáveis potencialmente associadas à ocorrência de cesárea, enquanto o estado marital em união ou solteira e a idade materna estiveram associadas à ocorrência de aborto, sendo maior a probabilidade para mulheres acima de 29 anos.

Repeat cesarean delivery: what indications are recorded in the medical chart?

BACKGROUND

National surveillance estimates reported a troubling 63 percent decline in the rate of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC) from 1996 (28.3%) to 2003 (10.6%), with subsequent rising rates of repeat cesarean delivery. The study objective was to examine patterns of documented indications for repeat cesarean delivery in women with and without labor.

METHODS

We conducted a population-based validation study of 19 nonfederal short-stay hospitals in Washington state. Of the 4,541 women who had live births in 2000, 11 percent (n = 493) had repeat cesarean without labor and 3 percent (n = 138) had repeat cesarean with labor. Incidence of medical conditions and pregnancy complications, patterns of documented indications for repeat cesarean delivery, and perioperative complications in relation to repeat cesarean delivery with and without labor were calculated.

RESULTS

Of the 493 women who underwent a repeat cesarean delivery without labor, "elective"(36%) and "maternal request"(18%) were the most common indications. Indications for maternal medical conditions (3.0%) were uncommon. Among the 138 women with repeat cesarean delivery with labor, 60.1 percent had failure to progress, 24.6 percent a non-reassuring fetal heart rate, 8.0 percent cephalopelvic disproportion, and 7.2 percent maternal request during labor. Fetal indications were less common (5.8%). Breech, failed vacuum, abruptio placentae, maternal complications, and failed forceps were all indicated less than 5.0 percent. Women's perioperative complications did not vary significantly between women without and with labor. Regardless of a woman's labor status, nearly 10 percent of women with repeat cesarean delivery had no documented indication as to why a cesarean delivery was performed.

CONCLUSIONS

"Elective" and "maternal request" were common indications among women undergoing repeat cesarean delivery without labor, and nearly 10 percent of women had undocumented indications for repeat cesarean delivery in their medical record. Improvements in standardization of indication nomenclature and documentation of indication are especially important for understanding falling VBAC rates. Future research should examine how clinicians and women anticipate, discuss, and make decisions about childbirth after a previous cesarean delivery within the context of actual antepartum care.

Humanização no contexto da formação em obstetrícia

O artigo propõe uma reflexão acerca do tema da humanização do parto no contexto da formação em obstetrícia, fundamentalmente instigada pela contribuição de uma etnografia do processo de ensino-aprendizagem em medicina nessa área. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram observação participante, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e pesquisa documental. Apresenta-se o material etnográfico produzido no acompanhamento de um curso oferecido pelo Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia de conceituada faculdade de medicina em São Paulo e de visitas de seus alunos a serviços públicos de "assistência humanizada" e suas repercussões no ensino da atenção ao parto. Chama atenção que os embates em torno da noção de humanização contrapõem modelos de atenção apresentados nas visitas àqueles serviços ao existente no Hospital-Escola e, ainda, a modelos ideais propostos por seus professores. A discussão também põe em pauta o próprio ideal de profissão e seu campo de competências. Neste sentido, as visitas e suas repercussões constituíram também uma oportunidade de consolidação de uma identidade coletiva em formação. A dificuldade de lidar com o pluralismo de propostas de conduta, objetivo da disciplina em pauta, impede, da perspectiva do ensino, a formação do pensamento crítico e a maior autoconfiança na tomada de decisão.