Estado nutricional e fatores associados à estatura de crianças da Terra Indígena Guarita, Sul do Brasil

[Excess weight in Xukuru indigenous children in Ororubá, Pernambuco State, Brazil: magnitude and associated factors]

The few studies on health and nutrition in indigenous peoples in Northeast Brazil point to some differences with indigenous peoples in the North and Central of the country. This study estimated the prevalence rates and risk of overweight and excess weight in Xukuru children in the village of Ororubá, Pernambuco State, and assessed the socioeconomic and demographic factors potentially associated with these conditions. This cross-sectional study analyzed the associations between adequate weight, excess weight (overweight and obesity), and risk of overweight according to the indices and cutoff points of the World Health Organization for children and the explanatory variables, using multinomial logistic regression. Prevalence of excess weight was 7.7% and risk of overweight was 24.2%. The odds of risk of overweight and excess weight were higher in children < 2 years. Children of obese mothers showed higher odds of excess weight. Prevalence of risk of overweight was 97% higher when compared to households with fixed income. The findings suggest that the Xukuru are experiencing an accelerated nutritional transition, with a paradoxical situation to which other indigenous peoples in Brazil are also exposed.

Diarrhea and health inequity among Indigenous children in Brazil: results from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition

BACKGROUND

Globally, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children under five. In Brazil, mortality due to diarrhea underwent a significant reduction in recent decades principally due to expansion of the primary healthcare network, use of oral rehydration therapy, reduced child undernutrition, and improved access to safe drinking water. The First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil, conducted in 2008-2009, was the first survey based on a nationwide representative sample to study the prevalence of diarrhea and associated factors among Indigenous children in the country.

METHODS

The survey assessed the health and nutritional status of Indigenous children < 5 years of age based on a representative sample of major Brazilian geopolitical regions. A stratified probabilistic sampling was carried out for Indigenous villages. Within villages, children < 5 years of age in sampled households were included in the study. Interviews were based on a seven day recall period. Prevalence rates of acute diarrhea were calculated for independent variables and hierarchical multivariable analyses were conducted to assess associations.

RESULTS

Information on diarrhea was obtained for 5,828 children (95.1% of the total sample). The overall prevalence of diarrhea was 23.5%. Regional differences were observed, with the highest rate being in the North (38.1%). Higher risk of diarrhea was observed among younger children and those who had less maternal schooling, lower household socioeconomic status, undernutrition (weight-for-age deficit), presence of another child with diarrhea in the household, and occurrence of upper respiratory infection.

CONCLUSIONS

According to results of the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition, almost a quarter of Indigenous children throughout the country had diarrhea during the previous week. This prevalence is substantially higher than that documented in 2006 for Brazilian children < 5 years generally (9.4%). Due to its exceedingly multicausal nature, the set of associated variables that remained associated with child diarrhea in the final multivariable model provide an excellent reflection of the diverse social and health inequities faced by Indigenous peoples in contemporary Brazil.

Brazilian indigenous children: Review of studies about nutritional status

Objective: To systematize studies on the anthropometric nutritional status of Brazilian indigenous children in order to examine the ability to address the totality of biological, anthropological, and ecological aspects, as well as to characterize the main analytical results of the determinants of nutritional status of Brazilian indigenous children. Methods: MedLine and Lilacs were searched using the intersection of "South American Indians" and "nutritional status" descriptors (the search in MedLine also included the descriptor "Brazil"). Results: Overall, 65 studies were identified, and 23 were considered relevant to this study. The systematization of these studies highlights the concentration of studies in the midwestern and northern regions of Brazil, as well as the lack of cultural, biochemical, and food consumption approaches. Regarding nutritional status, we found: 1) greater vulnerability of younger children, especially in relation to stunting; 2) absence of differences in nutritional status according to sex; 3) socioeconomic determination of nutritional status; 4) differences in nutritional status between children from different villages. Conclusion: The nutritional status of Brazilian indigenous children is associated with age, socioeconomic status, and ethnic characteristics. Efforts are needed to understand the ethnic and cultural influence on nutritional status and on its causal network, as well as of various factors minimally discussed.

CEA. Estado nutricional de crianças indígenas Guarani nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, Brasil

O presente estudo reporta os resultados de inquérito nutricional de crianças indígenas Guarani < 5 anos de idade nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, Brasil. As prevalências de desnutrição, segundo vários índices antropométricos foram de: 50,4% (baixa estatura para idade), 7,9% (baixo peso para idade) e 0,8% (baixo peso para estatura). O déficit de estatura verificado na criança Guarani foi 96% maior do que nas crianças indígenas no Brasil (25,7%) e 7,2 vezes do que o registrado nas crianças da população geral (7%). A prevalência de anemia foi de 65,2%, 3,1 vezes a prevalência correspondente nas crianças não indígenas (20,9%). Este estudo destaca elevadas prevalências de desnutrição crônica e anemia na criança Guarani, e põe em evidência as graves desigualdades em saúde e nutrição que afetam a criança indígena no país.

Nutritional status of indigenous children: findings from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of undernutrition, which is closely associated with socioeconomic and sanitation conditions, is often higher among indigenous than non-indigenous children in many countries. In Brazil, in spite of overall reductions in the prevalence of undernutrition in recent decades, the nutritional situation of indigenous children remains worrying. The First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil, conducted in 2008-2009, was the first study to evaluate a nationwide representative sample of indigenous peoples. This paper presents findings from this study on the nutritional status of indigenous children < 5 years of age in Brazil.

METHODS

A multi-stage sampling was employed to obtain a representative sample of the indigenous population residing in villages in four Brazilian regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, and Southeast/South). Initially, a stratified probabilistic sampling was carried out for indigenous villages located in these regions. Households in sampled villages were selected by census or systematic sampling depending on the village population. The survey evaluated the health and nutritional status of children < 5 years, in addition to interviewing mothers or caretakers.

RESULTS

Height and weight measurements were taken of 6,050 and 6,075 children, respectively. Prevalence rates of stunting, underweight, and wasting were 25.7%, 5.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. Even after controlling for confounding, the prevalence rates of underweight and stunting were higher among children in the North region, in low socioeconomic status households, in households with poorer sanitary conditions, with anemic mothers, with low birthweight, and who were hospitalized during the prior 6 months. A protective effect of breastfeeding for underweight was observed for children under 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The elevated rate of stunting observed in indigenous children approximates that of non-indigenous Brazilians four decades ago, before major health reforms greatly reduced its occurrence nationwide. Prevalence rates of undernutrition were associated with socioeconomic variables including income, household goods, schooling, and access to sanitation services, among other variables. Providing important baseline data for future comparison, these findings further suggest the relevance of social, economic, and environmental factors at different scales (local, regional, and national) for the nutritional status of indigenous peoples.

Waist circumference and waist circumference to height ratios of Kaingáng indigenous adolescents from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of waist circumference (WC) and WC to height (WCTH) values among Kaingáng indigenous adolescents in order to estimate the prevalence of high WCTH values and evaluate the correlation between WC and WCTH and body mass index (BMI)-for-age. A total of 1,803 indigenous adolescents were evaluated using a school-based cross-sectional study. WCTH values > 0.5 were considered high. Higher mean WC and WCTH values were observed for girls in all age categories. WCTH values > 0.5 were observed in 25.68% of the overall sample of adolescents. Mean WC and WCTH values were significantly higher for adolescents with BMI/age z-scores > 2 than for those with normal z-scores. The correlation coefficients of WC and WCTH for BMI/age were r = 0.68 and 0.76, respectively, for boys, and r = 0.79 and 0.80, respectively, for girls. This study highlights elevated mean WC and WCTH values and high prevalence of abdominal obesity among Kaingáng indigenous adolescents.

Estado nutricional dos indígenas Kaingáng matriculados em escolas indígenas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Caracterizar o estado nutricional de 3.254 Kaingáng de escolas indígenas de 12 terras indígenas do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Transversal de base escolar. Obtidas medidas de peso (P), estatura (E) e circunferência da cintura (CC) conforme Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS (1995). Classificação do estado nutricional: crianças: índices E/I, P/I e P/E, de acordo com o National Center for Health Statistics (WHO, 1995) e E/I, P/I e índice de massa corporal/idade (IMC/I) de acordo com OMS (2006); adolescentes: IMC/I (OMS, 1995 e 2006) e E/I (OMS, 2006); adultos: IMC (OMS, 1995) e CC (OMS, 2003). Adolescentes representaram 56% dos avaliados, crianças 42,5%, adultos 1,4% e idosos 0,1%. Deficit estatural de 15,1% (OMS, 1995) e 15,5% (OMS, 2006) entre as crianças e de 19,9% entre adolescentes. Freqüências de excesso de peso foram: crianças: 11% (OMS, 1995) e 5,7% (OMS, 2006); adolescentes: 6,7%; adultos: 79,2%. Entre adultos, 45,3% estavam em risco aumentado para doenças metabólicas. Observada a transição nutricional no segmento, caracterizada por prevalências importantes de baixa estatura na infância e adolescência e sobrepeso proeminente em todas as faixas etárias.

Inequalities in cesarean delivery rates by ethnicity and hospital accessibility in Brazil

OBJECTIVE

To investigate inequalities in cesarean delivery rates in Brazil according to ethnic group and level of access to hospital delivery.

METHODS

Cross-sectional analysis of data for primiparous women with singleton deliveries between 2003 and 2004 from the National Information System of Live-Births (6,064,799 live births). Robust Poisson regression modeling was applied to estimate prevalence ratios of cesarean deliveries for ethnic group and level of access to hospital delivery according to residence.

RESULTS

There were 2,438,180 primiparous deliveries and the cesarean rate was 45.8%. Ethnic inequalities in cesarean delivery rates showed lower rates for all ethnic groups compared with white women, with the lowest rates recorded for indigenous women. The association between ethnicity and cesarean delivery was higher in states with lower access to hospital (P<0.001). Multiple regression models showed that this association was, in part, explained by older maternal age and higher levels of education and prenatal care.

CONCLUSIONS

Overuse of cesarean delivery and strong evidence of ethnic inequalities in cesarean rates exist in Brazil. The inequalities are greater in states with lower access to hospital and were partially explained by socioeconomic factors and prenatal care, suggesting a misuse of medical technology at birth.

Estado nutricional e níveis de hemoglobina em crianças Aruak e Karibe: povos indígenas do Alto Xingu, Brasil Central, 2001-2002

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional de crianças dos povos indígenas de famílias lingüísticas Aruak e Karibe do Alto Xingu, no Brasil Central, e verificar a associação entre os níveis de hemoglobina das crianças segundo sexo, idade e estado nutricional. Foram estudadas, no total, 470 crianças menores de dez anos de idade em 2001/2002. MÉTODOS: Para as crianças menores de cinco anos de idade, o diagnóstico de desnutrição foi realizado com base nos índices altura/idade e peso/altura, adotando-se como ponto de corte dois desvios-padrão aquém da média esperada para idade e sexo da referência - WHO, 2006. O diagnóstico de excesso de peso foi definido de acordo com o índice peso/altura acima de dois desvios-padrão da média esperada da mesma referência; as crianças com idade entre cinco e dez anos foram classificadas com baixo peso, sobrepeso ou obesidade de acordo com valores do índice de massa corporal, segundo sexo e idade, propostos por Cole e cols. O diagnóstico de anemia foi determinado a partir de concentrações de hemoglobina inferiores a 11,0 g/dL e inferiores a 11,5 g/dL para as crianças com idade entre 6 e 59 meses e entre 60 e 120 meses, respectivamente. RESULTADOS/CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se entre as crianças indígenas elevada prevalência de déficit de estatura; a condição de baixo peso praticamente inexiste e o excesso de peso é expressivo entre as crianças mais novas e as de maior idade. A magnitude da anemia alcança cerca de 70% e a idade parece ser o principal fator associado às baixas concentrações de hemoglobina.

Perfil nutricional e fatores associados à ocorrência de desnutrição entre crianças indígenas Kaingáng da Terra Indígena de Mangueirinha, Paraná, Brasil

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional de crianças indígenas e verificar os fatores associados à ocorrência de agravos nutricionais. Foram avaliadas 141 crianças Kaingáng de 0 a 60 meses de idade da Terra Indígena de Mangueirinha, Paraná, Brasil, por meio das medidas de peso e altura ou comprimento. Realizaram-se entrevistas com a aplicação de um questionário sobre condições materno-infantis e sócioeconômicas. Segundo os parâmetros da Organização Mundial da Saúde (2006), 24,8% das crianças apresentavam déficit de altura para idade (AI), 9,2% baixo peso para idade (PI), 2,1% baixo peso para altura (PA) e 2,1% baixo peso segundo o índice de massa corporal para idade (IMCI). De acordo com o NCHS (1977), 19,9% das crianças apresentaram baixa AI, 9,2% baixo PI e 1,4% baixo PA. O sobrepeso chegou a 6,4%, segundo o IMCI. O baixo peso ao nascer e os materiais utilizados na construção das paredes das casas estiveram estatisticamente associados com déficits antropométricos. Este estudo mostra que as crianças Kaingáng estão inseridas em um contexto marcado por precárias condições de vida, que estão associadas com indicadores desfavoráveis do estado nutricional.

CEA. Sazonalidade e estado nutricional de populações indígenas: o caso Wari', Rondônia, Brasil

A despeito da relevância do tema, as condições de alimentação e nutrição das populações indígenas no Brasil permanecem largamente desconhecidas. O presente estudo examina o caso de uma comunidade Wari', povo indígena localizado em Rondônia, no sudoeste amazônico. Foram realizados dois inquéritos antropométricos de modo a investigar a situação nutricional da população e analisar variações sazonais. Nos inquéritos, seis meses aparte, foram examinados 279 e 266 indivíduos com idades entre zero e 87 anos. As prevalências de baixa estatura (61,7%) e peso (51,7%) entre as crianças menores de cinco anos estão entre as mais elevadas já registradas na literatura sobre populações indígenas no Brasil. Sobrepeso e obesidade não são expressivos na população, seja qual for a faixa etária considerada. Os perfis antropométricos indicam condições mais desfavoráveis durante os meses de chuva, quando as prevalências de desnutrição em crianças aumentam e adultos de ambos os sexos apresentam menores médias de peso corporal. Aponta-se para a necessidade de se considerar a sazonalidade na definição de rotinas de vigilância nutricional e na discussão dos perfis de nutrição de povos indígenas.