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Oliveira-Scussel ACDM, Ferreira PTM, Resende RDS, Ratkevicius-Andrade CM, Gomes ADO, Paschoini MC, De Vito FB, Farnesi-de-Assunção TS, da Silva MV, Mineo JR, Rodrigues DBR, Rodrigues V. Association of gestational diabetes mellitus and negative modulation of the specific humoral and cellular immune response against Toxoplasma gondii. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925762. [PMID: 36203592 PMCID: PMC9531261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate and compare the specific immune response of pregnant women (PW) chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii, with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and the humoral response of their respective newborns (NB), the study was carried out on 81 PW (34 GDM and 47 controls) from whose medical records the results of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were obtained, and blood samples were collected at the third trimester of pregnancy; also, on 45 NBs (20 GDM and 25 controls) from whom umbilical cord blood samples were obtained. Humoral immunity was analyzed by measuring anti-T. gondii total IgG, IgG subclasses and IgG avidity. To evaluate cellular immunity, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 32 PW (16 GDM and 16 controls) were cultured, supernatant cytokines were determined, and flow cytometry was performed to analyze the expression at lymphocytes of surface molecules, cytokines and transcription factors. All PW and NBs were positive for total IgG, and the prevalent subclass was IgG1. There was a negative correlation between the OGTT glycemia of PW and the levels of total IgG, IgG1 and IgG avidity. The IgG avidity of the GDM group was significantly lower than the control group. Patients from the GDM group had a higher number of T lymphocytes expressing markers of cell activation and exhaustion (CD28 and PD-1). In the presence of T. gondii soluble antigen (STAg) the amount of CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 was significantly lower in the GDM group, while there was no difference between groups in the number of CD4+ CD25HighFOXP3+LAP+ functional Treg cells. Additionally, under STAg stimulus, the secretion of IL-17, IL-4, TNF and IL-2 cytokines at PBMCs culture supernatant was lower in the GDM group. In conclusion, there was a correlation between the increase in blood glucose and the decrease in levels of anti-T. gondii antibodies, associated with the decreased IgG avidity in patients who develop GDM. Also, the GDM group had decreased immune responses in Th1, Th2 and Th17 profiles, suggesting an association between GDM and the negative modulation of the humoral and cellular immune responses against T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Morais Oliveira-Scussel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Tatiana Mutão Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata de Souza Resende
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristhianne Molinero Ratkevicius-Andrade
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angelica de Oliveira Gomes
- Laboratory of Cellular Interactions, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Carvalho Paschoini
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetricy, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bernadelli De Vito
- Laboratory of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís Soares Farnesi-de-Assunção
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunology “Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo”, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Marques BA, Carellos EVM, Silva VMN, Pereira FH, Guerra MRL, Iturra JAD, Januário JN, Andrade GMQD. Comparison between Enzyme Immunoassays Performed on Samples of Dried Blood and Serum for Toxoplasmosis Prenatal Screening: Population-based Study. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRÍCIA 2021; 43:351-356. [PMID: 34077987 PMCID: PMC10302860 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most prenatal screening programs for toxoplasmosis use immunoassays in serum samples of pregnant women. Few studies assess the accuracy of screening tests in dried blood spots, which are of easy collection, storage, and transportation. The goals of the present study are to determine the performance and evaluate the agreement between an immunoassay of dried blood spots and a reference test in the serum of pregnant women from a population-based prenatal screening program for toxoplasmosis in Brazil. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed to compare the immunoassays Imunoscreen Toxoplasmose IgM and Imunoscreen Toxoplasmose IgG (Mbiolog Diagnósticos, Ltda., Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brazil)in dried blood spots with the enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA, BioMérieux S.A., Lyon, France) reference standard in the serum of pregnant women from Minas Gerais Congenital Toxoplasmosis Control Program. RESULTS The dried blood spot test was able to discriminate positive and negative results of pregnant women when compared with the reference test, with an accuracy of 98.2% for immunoglobulin G (IgG), and of 95.8% for immunoglobulin M (IgM). CONCLUSION Dried blood samples are easy to collect, store, and transport, and they have a good performance, making this a promising method for prenatal toxoplasmosis screening programs in countries with continental dimensions, limited resources, and a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis, as is the case of Brazil.
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Mueller RAS, Frota ACC, Menna Barreto DD, Vivacqua DPF, Loria GB, Lebreiro GP, Martins MG, Potsch MV, Maia PD, Coutinho RLM, Abreu TF, Hofer CB. Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Missed Opportunities for Diagnosis and Prevention. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67:6024941. [PMID: 33280053 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify missed opportunities for the prevention and early diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) in infants followed up in a reference center for pediatric infectious diseases (PID) in Rio de Janeiro between January 2007 and December 2016. METHODS Descriptive study including infants with CT, diagnosis established based on Brazil's Ministry of Health's criteria. All data regarding the infants and their mother's prenatal care were collected from the medical records of the Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG)-a tertiary public pediatric university hospital. The study enrolled infants aged between 0 and 12 months followed up in the PID department of IPPMG and with confirmed infection by Toxoplasma gondii in the period between January 2007 and December 2016. All patients with diagnosis of CT registered in the PID database of the IPPMG and admitted in the above-mentioned period were included in the study. Patients whose records were not available, or who went to just one clinic appointment were excluded. RESULTS The obstetric history of all 44 women, whose infants (45) were diagnosed with CT, was analyzed. Their median age was 22 years. None had undergone preconception serological testing for toxoplasmosis. Only 20 (45%) of them started antenatal care during the first trimester of gestation, a total of 24 (55%) had more than six antenatal care visits, and 16% of those did not undergo serological testing for toxoplasmosis. None were adequately informed of preventive measures. The diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis was made in 50% of these pregnancies but 32% of the women were not treated. Only 10 children of these mothers were adequately screened and treated at birth. CONCLUSION Despite the existence of national recommendations, several opportunities were missed to prevent CT during the antenatal period and to diagnose and treat this condition in the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Aitken Soares Mueller
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Ana Cristina Cisne Frota
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Daniela Durão Menna Barreto
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Daniela Pires Ferreira Vivacqua
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Gabriela Bueno Loria
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Giuliana Pucarelli Lebreiro
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Mariana Guerreiro Martins
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Mariana Vigo Potsch
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Paula Dias Maia
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Raquel Lara Melo Coutinho
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Thalita Fernandes Abreu
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
| | - Cristina Barroso Hofer
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-912
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Oliveira GMSD, Simões JM, Schaer RE, Freire SM, Nascimento RJM, Pinheiro AMCDM, Carvalho SMS, Mariano APM, Carvalho RCD, Munhoz AD. Frequency and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women and their pets in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190250. [PMID: 31800920 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0250-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasmosis is an asymptomatic disease that can lead to systemic disease in the fetus of pregnant women with primary infection. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis, associated factors, and correlation between the serology of pregnant women and their pets, in the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in 196 pregnant women and their cats or dogs (n=89). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and serum samples from the pregnant women were tested to detect IgM and IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, and avidity tests were performed for IgM-positive samples. The serum collected from pets were tested for IgG antibodies, and IgM antibodies in cats. A non-conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to identify infection-associated factors. RESULTS IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 67.9% (133/196) and 1.5% (3/196) samples, respectively, for women with an avidity of over 60%. Age ≥ 25 and the presence of cats in the vicinity were found to be associated with infection, while the level of education and previous orientation toward prevention of toxoplasmosis were protective factors in pregnant women. IgG antibodies were detected in 46.1% (41/89) of the animals, and cats were found to be negative for IgM. For the animals, age ≥ 1 year was a factor associated with infection. There was no correlation between serology of the pregnant women and the animals (p=0.15). CONCLUSIONS An elevated prevalence of toxoplasmosis was detected in the region. Therefore, the adoption of preventive measures by public healthcare bodies is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juçara Magalhães Simões
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Robert Eduard Schaer
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Songeli Menezes Freire
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Roberto José Meyer Nascimento
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | | | - Ana Paula Melo Mariano
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Alexandre Dias Munhoz
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
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Moura IPDS, Ferreira IP, Pontes AN, Bichara CNC. Toxoplasmosis knowledge and preventive behavior among pregnant women in the city of Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:3933-3946. [PMID: 31577023 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320182410.21702017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess toxoplasmosis knowledge and preventive behavior, and relate these to socioeconomic, pre-natal and environmental issues among pregnant women served by the Family Health Strategy in the municipality of Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study performed by applying a structured and pre-tested questionnaire to a sample of 239 pregnant women. Only 23.4% of the pregnant women had good knowledge of the disease, primarily in the area of prevention, and 58.9% adopted suitable preventive behaviors. The results obtained show a significant association of various toxoplasmosis risk factors, such as drinking untreated water (OR = 2.1245; IC95% = 1.20-3.73; p = 0.0128), contact with cats (OR = 7.6875; IC95% = 4.22-13.97; p < 0,0001), cleaning cat feces (OR = 6.8738; IC95% = 3.02-15.60; p < 0.0001), eating raw meat (OR = 5.7405; IC95% = 3.21-10.24 and handling sand/cat litter OR = 10.7376; IC95% = 4.64-24.85; p < 0.0001). This shows a need for continued education on toxoplasmosis for the pregnant women seen by the Imperatriz FHS, and for more comprehensive preventive measures, with public health and education policies that take into consideration economic, social, environmental and cultural issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Pereira da Silva Moura
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará. Av. José Bonifácio 1289, Guamá. 66063-010 Belém, PA, Brasil.
| | - Ilma Pastana Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará. Av. José Bonifácio 1289, Guamá. 66063-010 Belém, PA, Brasil.
| | - Altem Nascimento Pontes
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará. Av. José Bonifácio 1289, Guamá. 66063-010 Belém, PA, Brasil.
| | - Cléa Nazaré Carneiro Bichara
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará. Av. José Bonifácio 1289, Guamá. 66063-010 Belém, PA, Brasil.
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Sousa JADS, Corrêa RDGCF, de Aquino DMC, Coutinho NPS, da Silva MACN, Nascimento MDDSB. Knowledge and perceptions on toxoplasmosis among pregnant women and nurses who provide prenatal in primary care. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e31. [PMID: 28591259 PMCID: PMC5459538 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is an infection that affects almost a third of the world population. In adults, it is often asymptomatic, although having important manifestation in children- infected by placental transmission. The prenatal is an important moment, requiring actions in women's care during pregnancy, in order to prevent diseases that could compromise the mother and the child's life. METHODS This is a descriptive study of qualitative approach aimed to understand the perception of nurses and pregnant women about toxoplasmosis during primary - prenatal care. The study was conducted in five selected primary health care units, in the municipality of São Luis - MA. The sample consisted of 15 nurses working in nursing consultation and 15 pregnant women attended in prenatal care. For data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire and an interview guide covering issues related to knowledge and conduct on toxoplasmosis were used. For analysis, the content analysis technique was used. RESULTS The answers were transcribed, organized and grouped thematically, where the following categories emerged: knowledge about examination requests; knowledge about toxoplasmosis; guidance during prenatal consultation; knowledge of nurses about the avidity test; procedures and guidelines on reagent cases. Pregnant women showed unawareness about toxoplasmosis and its effects. Nurses, although having basic knowledge about the subject, showed little applicability regarding pregnant women's guidance. CONCLUSION The nurse plays an important role in educational activities regarding pregnant women, contributing to the quality of prenatal care. Pregnant women were shown to have some knowledge about toxoplasmosis, although they said they did not have assurance about prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayra Adrianna da Silva Sousa
- Universidade Federal do MaranhãoUniversidade Federal do MaranhãoSão LuísMaranhãoBrazilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Gaduação em Saúde do Adulto e da Criança, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Rita da Graça Carvalhal Frazão Corrêa
- Universidade Federal do MaranhãoUniversidade Federal do MaranhãoSão LuísMaranhãoBrazilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Gaduação em Saúde do Adulto e da Criança, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Dorlene Maria Cardoso de Aquino
- Universidade Federal do MaranhãoUniversidade Federal do MaranhãoSão LuísMaranhãoBrazilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Nair Portela Silva Coutinho
- Universidade Federal do MaranhãoUniversidade Federal do MaranhãoSão LuísMaranhãoBrazilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Custódio Neto da Silva
- Universidade Federal do MaranhãoUniversidade Federal do MaranhãoFaculdade de MedicinaSão LuísMaranhãoBrazilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão, Faculdade de Medicina, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Maria do Desterro Soares Brandão Nascimento
- Universidade Federal do MaranhãoUniversidade Federal do MaranhãoSão LuísMaranhãoBrazilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Gaduação em Saúde do Adulto e da Criança, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Gontijo da Silva M, Clare Vinaud M, de Castro AM. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in patients from basic units of health from Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil, from 2012 to 2014. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141700. [PMID: 26558622 PMCID: PMC4641701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toxoplasmosis is a parasitary disease that presents high rates of gestational and congenital infection worldwide being therefore considered a public health problem and a neglected disease. Objective To determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis amongst pregnant women and vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in their newborns attended in the Basic Units of Health (BUH) from the city of Gurupi, state of Tocantins, Brazil. Methods A prevalence study was performed, including 487 pregnant women and their newborns attended in the BUH of the urban zone of the city of Gurupi, state of Tocantins, Brazil, during the period from February 2012 to February 2014. The selection of the pregnant women occurred by convenience. In the antenatal admission they were invited to participate in this study. Three samples of peripheral blood were collected for the detection of specific anti-T. gondii IgG, IgM and IgA through ELISA, for the polimerase chain reaction (PCR) and IgG avidity during pregnancy. When IgM antibodies were detected the fetal and newborn infection investigation took place. The newborn was investigated right after birth and after one year of age through serology and PCR to confirm/exclude the vertical transmission. The analyses were performed in the Studies of the Host-Parasite Relationship Laboratory (LAERPH, IPTSP-UFG), Goiania, state of Goias, Brazil. The results were inserted in a data bank in Epi-Info 3.3.2 statistic software in which the analysis was performed with p≤5%. Results The toxoplasmosis infection was detected in 68.37% (333/487, CI95%: 64.62–72.86). The toxoplasmosis chronic infection prevalence was of 63.03% (307/487, CI95%: 58.74–67.32). The prevalence of maternal acute infection was of 5.33% (26/487; CI95%: 3.3–7.3) suspected by IgM antibodies detection in the peripheral blood. The prevalence of confirmed vertical transmission was of 28% (7/25; CI95%: 10.4–45.6). Conclusions These results show an elevated prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and vertical transmission of T. gondii in the city of Gurupi, state of Tocantins, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Gontijo da Silva
- University Center UNIRG, Parasitology Laboratory, Av. Rio de Janeiro entre ruas 9 e 10, Centro, Gurupi—TO, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Clare Vinaud
- Federal University of Goias (UFG), Tropical Medicine and Public Health Institute (IPTSP), Tropical Medicine and Public Health Post-Graduation Programme, Studies of the Host-Parasite Relationship Laboratory (LAERPH), Rua 235 esq. 1a. Av. s/n Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605–050, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria de Castro
- Federal University of Goias (UFG), Tropical Medicine and Public Health Institute (IPTSP), Tropical Medicine and Public Health Post-Graduation Programme, Studies of the Host-Parasite Relationship Laboratory (LAERPH), Rua 235 esq. 1a. Av. s/n Setor Leste Universitário, CEP 74605–050, Goiânia, Brazil
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Contiero-Toninato AP, Cavalli HO, Marchioro AA, Ferreira EC, Caniatti MCDCL, Breganó RM, Navarro I, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Toxoplasmosis: an examination of knowledge among health professionals and pregnant women in a municipality of the State of Paraná. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:198-203. [PMID: 24861294 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0016-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of toxoplasmosis among professionals and pregnant women in the public health services in Paraná, Brazil. METHODS A cross-sectional observational and transversal study of 80 health professionals (44 nurses and 36 physicians) and 330 pregnant women [111 immunoglobulin M (IgM)- and IgG-non-reactive and 219 IgG-reactive] was conducted in 2010. An epidemiological data questionnaire was administered to the professionals and to the pregnant women, and a questionnaire about the clinical aspects and laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was administered to the professionals. RESULTS The participants frequently provided correct responses about prophylactic measures. Regarding the clinical and laboratory aspects, the physicians provided more correct responses and discussed toxoplasmosis with the pregnant women. The professionals had difficulty interpreting the avidity test results, and the physicians stated that they referred pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies to a county reference center. Of the professionals, 53 (91.4%) reported that they instructed women during prenatal care, but only 54 (48.6%) at-risk pregnant women and 99 (45.2%) women who were not at risk reported receiving information about preventive measures. The physicians provided verbal instructions to 120 (78.4%) women, although instructional materials were available in the county. The pregnant women generally lacked knowledge about preventive measures for congenital toxoplasmosis, but the at-risk pregnant women tended to respond correctly. CONCLUSIONS This study provides data to direct public health policies regarding the importance of updating the knowledge of primary care professionals. Mechanisms should be developed to increase public knowledge because prophylactic strategies are important for preventing congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helenara Osorio Cavalli
- Hospital Universitário de Cascavel, Universidade Estadual Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Italmar Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR
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Campos FA, Andrade GMQD, Lanna ADPS, Lage BF, Assumpção MVM, Pinto JA. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis among infants born to HIV-coinfected mothers: case series and literature review. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:609-17. [PMID: 25017666 PMCID: PMC9425224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a paucity of data on the occurrence of congenital toxoplasmosis in children born to mothers dually infected with HIV and Toxoplasma gondii. OBJECTIVE To evaluate aspects of the mother-infant pairs associated with vertical transmission of toxoplasmosis in women co-infected with HIV in a referral center for perinatally acquired infections in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS Descriptive study of HIV vertically exposed children, with congenital toxoplasmosis, followed at a referral center (cohort/Belo Horizonte). Prenatal and post-natal variables for the mother-infant pairs were evaluated. A literature review with no filtering for time and language was performed to identify reports of congenital toxoplasmosis in HIV vertically exposed children. RESULTS Among 2007 HIV vertically exposed children evaluated in the period from 1998 to 2011, 10 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis were identified (incidence: 0.5%, 95% confidence interval: 0.24-0.91). In searching the literature 22 additional cases in 17 reports were found. Combining the findings of our cohort with other reported cases, 50% (16/32) of congenital toxoplasmosis in HIV vertically exposed children were from Brazil. The cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in HIV vertically exposed children identified in Brazil occurred mainly in the post-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy era (p=0.002) and presented a lower death rate (p=0.003) than those from other countries. In the cohort/Belo Horizonte, HIV infection was identified mainly during gestation; T. gondii vertical transmission was observed in pregnant women with CD4(+)>500 cells/mm(3) and latent toxoplasmosis. High rates of ocular lesions (87.5%) and central nervous system involvement (70%) were detected. CONCLUSIONS The risk of vertical transmission of T. gondii in HIV-infected women is low and has been usually associated with maternal immunosuppression and elevated viral load. However, our findings of congenital toxoplasmosis in children born to HIV-infected mothers with latent toxoplasmosis and not immunosuppressed emphasize the need for careful follow-up in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Alves Campos
- Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Pediatrician, Children's Hospital João Paulo II, FHEMIG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge A Pinto
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Immunology Division, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Bichara CNC, Canto GADC, Tostes CDL, Freitas JJDS, Carmo ELD, Póvoa MM, Silveira EDC. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in the City of Belém, State of Pará, Northern Brazil, determined by a neonatal screening program: preliminary results. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:122-4. [PMID: 22370842 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determinate the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis among a group of newborns (NBs) from Belém using neonatal screening. METHODS Among the 6,000 newborns referred for investigation of genetic and metabolic diseases, 1,000 were selected for screening for congenital toxoplasmosis by determining the amount of IgM in the eluates of blood collected on filter paper. Positive tests were confirmed using paired serology of the NB and his mother. RESULTS Out of the 1,000 NBs assessed, one had a positive screening result that was confirmed by paired serology. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in Belém was 10/10,000 live NBs.
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Soares JAS, Carvalho SFG, Caldeira AP. Profile of pregnant women and children treated at a reference center for congenital toxoplasmosis in the northern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:55-9. [PMID: 22370829 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of pregnant women and children treated at a reference outpatient clinic for congenital toxoplasmosis. METHODS Pregnant women potentially exposed to Toxoplasma gondii were observed. Diagnoses were made using serologic tests compatible with acute toxoplasmosis. Children presenting with: Toxoplasma-specific antibodies (IgM or IgA or ascending IgG titers higher than maternal titers in the first 3 months of life) coupled with toxoplasmosis symptoms; intracranial calcifications (by transfontanelar ultrasound or cephalic segment tomography); or retinochoroiditis (by fundoscopy examination) in the first 8 months of life were also included in the study. RESULTS Fifty-eight mother-child pairs were observed (mean age of the mothers was 22.1 years). Most patients lived in urban areas (86.2%) and had attended less than 8 years of school (51.7%). Diagnosis was made after birth in 19 (32.8%) children. Thirty-four (58.6%) women received some type of treatment during pregnancy. Most (72.4%) of the children did not present with clinical alterations at birth. The main findings were ophthalmological: 20 (34.5%) children with retinochoroiditis, 17 (29.3%) with strabismus, and 7 (12.1%) with nystagmus. Of the children with retinochoroiditis, 9 presented with subnormal vision. Ten (32.3%) out of 31 children presented with intracranial calcifications by cephalic segment congenital toxoplasmosis, and 9 (42.9%) children presented with delayed psychomotor development. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight a critical situation. Protocols for follow-up of pregnant women and their children must be created to improve medical care and minimize sequelae.
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Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiology. Parasitology 2012; 139:1375-424. [PMID: 22776427 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infections by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are widely prevalent in humans and animals in Brazil. The burden of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans is considered to be very high. The high prevalence and encouragement of the Brazilian Government provides a unique opportunity for international groups to study the epidemiology and control of toxoplasmosis in Brazil. Many early papers on toxoplasmosis in Brazil were published in Portuguese and often not available to scientists in English-speaking countries. In the present paper we review prevalence, clinical spectrum, molecular epidemiology, and control of T. gondii in humans and animals in Brazil. This knowledge should be useful to biologists, public health workers, veterinarians, and physicians. Brazil has a very high rate of T. gondii infection in humans. Up to 50% of elementary school children and 50-80% of women of child-bearing age have antibodies to T. gondii. The risks for uninfected women to acquire toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and fetal transmission are high because the environment is highly contaminated with oocysts. The burden of toxoplasmosis in congenitally infected children is also very high. From limited data on screening of infants for T. gondii IgM at birth, 5-23 children are born infected per 10 000 live births in Brazil. Based on an estimate of 1 infected child per 1000 births, 2649 children with congenital toxoplasmosis are likely to be born annually in Brazil. Most of these infected children are likely to develop symptoms or signs of clinical toxoplasmosis. Among the congenitally infected children whose clinical data are described in this review, several died soon after birth, 35% had neurological disease including hydrocephalus, microcephaly and mental retardation, 80% had ocular lesions, and in one report 40% of children had hearing loss. The severity of clinical toxoplasmosis in Brazilian children may be associated with the genetic characteristics of T. gondii isolates prevailing in animals and humans in Brazil.
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Lopes-Mori FMR, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Capobiango JD, Inoue IT, Reiche EMV, Morimoto HK, Casella AMB, Bittencourt LHFDB, Freire RL, Navarro IT. Programs for control of congenital toxoplasmosis. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012; 57:594-9. [PMID: 22012297 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-42302011000500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital toxoplasmosis can cause miscarriage and neurological and/or eye damage to the fetus. Since Austria and France established the prenatal screening, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis has declined from 50% to 35% and 84% to 44%, respectively. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, have educational practices to reduce the risk of infection in seronegative pregnant women. In Brazil, prenatal screening is carried out in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais and the cities of Curitiba and Porto Alegre. In Londrina, state of Parana, the "Health Surveillance Program for Toxoplasmosis Acquired during Pregnancy and Congenital Toxoplasmosis" was established, which is based on serological screening, advising on prevention measures and quarterly serological monitoring in pregnant women that are initially seronegative, in addition to the monitoring of pregnant women and children with acute infection and case notification. In the first four years of implementation, the program evaluation showed a 63% reduction in the number of pregnant women and 42% in the number of children referred to reference services, resulting in the opening of vacancies for the care of patients with other diseases. As for medications, there was a 62% reduction in consumption of folic acid and 67% of sulfadiazine. Moreover, the definition of the protocols resulted in the standardization of care and safety for the decision-making by physicians. Therefore, as there are several protocols individualized in various departments and regions, the establishment of an ideal, consensual conduct with technical support, will result in implementing measures that will certainly save public resources, with the decrease in congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Maria Ruiz Lopes-Mori
- Departamento de Ciências Patológica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Costa FF, Gondim APS, de Lima MB, Braga JU, Vieira LJEDS, Araújo MAL. Preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis in pregnant adolescents in the state of Ceara, Brazil. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:73. [PMID: 22272659 PMCID: PMC3398295 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When toxoplasmosis is acquired during pregnancy, it can be transmitted to the fetus causing severe lesions in the first two gestational trimesters. This study analyzed the main factors associated with the preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis among pregnant adolescents in the city of Fortaleza in northeast Brazil. METHODS It is a cross-sectional study conducted from March 2009 to November 2010, with a sample of 320 pregnant adolescents, ages ranging from 12 to 19 years old, receiving prenatal care in the Public Health Care System. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model analyses were used to identify the association between preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis, and the independent variables and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS We observed that 16.3% of the pregnant adolescents showed preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis. The factors positively associated to the preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis were: age group between 12 and 14 years old (OR = 2.75; 95%CI 1.23-6.12) and more than two prenatal consultations (OR = 2.19; 95%CI 1.17-4.09). CONCLUSIONS Noteworthy is the importance of a serologic follow-up for pregnant adolescents with clearer and more precise information about risk factors and the importance of adopting preventive behaviors. Thus, it is necessary to establish educational measures for handling food and raising kittens during prenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabianne Ferreira Costa
- University of Fortaleza, Av. Washington Soares, 1321, Bairro Edson Queiroz, CEP 60.811-905 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.
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Albuquerque RA, Jorge MSB, Franco TB, Quinderé PHD. Produção do cuidado integral no pré-natal: itinerário de uma gestante em uma unidade básica de saúde da família. INTERFACE - COMUNICAÇÃO, SAÚDE, EDUCAÇÃO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1414-32832011005000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a produção do cuidado integral na atenção ao pré-natal de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com uma usuária, cujo pré-natal foi acompanhado por uma Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família, e observações sistemáticas de suas consultas pré-natais. A análise do material, realizada conforme o fluxograma analisador de Merhy, revelou: a burocratização do acolhimento na porta de entrada, uma sequência de direitos violados na relação equipe-usuária, e o pouco acesso da usuária às informações sobre o parto e puerpério. Conclui-se que o acolhimento, o vínculo e a responsabilização ainda não são dispositivos institucionalizados na equipe de saúde da família. O cuidado pauta-se nos valores individuais de cada profissional, o que, por si só, não possibilita a integralidade da assistência no pré-natal.
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Lopes-Mori FMR, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Capobiango JD, Inoue IT, Vissoci Reiche EM, Morimoto HK, Barbante Casella AM, de Barros Bittencourt LHF, Freire RL, Navarro IT. Programs for control of congenital toxoplasmosis. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0104-4230(11)70117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Lopes-Mori FMR, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Capobiango JD, Inoue IT, Vissoci Reiche EM, Morimoto HK, Barbante Casella AM, de Barros Bittencourt LHF, Freire RL, Navarro IT. Programs for control of congenital toxoplasmosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2255-4823(11)70117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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de Mattos CDCB, Spegiorin LCJF, Meira CDS, Silva TDC, Ferreira AIDC, Nakashima F, Pereira-Chioccola VL, de Mattos LC. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pregnant women and their newborn infants in the region of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. SAO PAULO MED J 2011; 129:261-6. [PMID: 21971902 PMCID: PMC10896019 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802011000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Toxoplasmosis transmission during pregnancy can cause severe sequelae in fetuses and newborns. Maternal antibodies may be indicators of risk or immunity. The aim here was to evaluate seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma gondii (anti-T. gondii) immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and IgG avidity in pregnant women and their newborn infants. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study in a high-risk pregnancy outpatient clinic. METHODS Serum samples from pregnant women (n = 87) and their respective newborns (n = 87) were evaluated for anti-T. gondii antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) (IgM and IgG), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (IgG) and an avidity test. RESULTS Anti-T. gondii antibodies were identified in 64.4% of the serum samples from the mothers and their infants (56/87). Except for two maternal serum samples (2.3%), all others were negative for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies, using IIF. The results showed that 92.9% of the pregnant women had high IgG avidity indexes (> 30%) and four samples had avidity indexes between 16 and 30%. Two women in the third trimester of pregnancy were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies; their babies had avidity indexes between 16 and 30%. The avidity indexes of serum from the other 83 newborns were similar to the results from their mothers. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that 2% of the pregnant women were at risk of T. gondii transmission during the gestational period. These data seem to reflect the real situation of gestational toxoplasmosis in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinara de Cássia Brandão de Mattos
- MSc. Doctoral student in Health Sciences, Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (Famerp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lígia Cosentino Junqueira Franco Spegiorin
- MD, MSc. Doctoral student in Health Sciences, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (Famerp), Hospital de Base, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina (Funfarme), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Ana Iara da Costa Ferreira
- MSc. Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (Famerp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Nakashima
- MSc. Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (Famerp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vera Lúcia Pereira-Chioccola
- PhD. Scientific Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Carlos de Mattos
- PhD. Full Professor, Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (Famerp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Seropositivity rates for toxoplasmosis, rubella, syphilis, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis and HIV among pregnant women receiving care at a Public Health Service, São Paulo State, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(10)70118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Higa LT, Araújo SM, Tsuneto L, Castilho-Pelloso M, Garcia JL, Santana RG, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. A prospective study of Toxoplasma-positive pregnant women in southern Brazil: a health alert. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:400-5. [PMID: 20138322 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM-reactive pregnant women seen at a high-risk pregnancy outpatient clinic. From March 2005 to January 2008 in Paraná, Brazil, pregnant women seen by the Brazilian Public Health System, in any gestational period, who were anti-T. gondii IgM-positive, were followed. Clinical symptoms were noted, and tests performed including IgA, IgG avidity, ultrasonogram, and amniocentesis (PCR/inoculation in mice). Of 75 patients, 8 showed low, 3 intermediate and 31 high IgG avidity. Of those who underwent the avidity test, 31 (70.5%) were in the second trimester of pregnancy. Thirty-two (42.7%) pregnant women received specific treatment. Six received triple combination treatment; in three, tachyzoites were isolated, although only one was PCR-positive, showing changes in the cerebral sonogram, borderline IgA, and the Sabin tetrad. One fetus died, and one non-reactive IgM pregnant woman showed ocular recurrence. The municipality of residence, contact with cats during adulthood, and ingestion of unpasteurized milk were shown to be important risk factors. Congenital toxoplasmosis was observed in a pregnancy referred late for treatment. Follow-up of children born to mothers with diagnosed or suspected acute toxoplasmosis is crucial in the management of the changes that toxoplasmosis may cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourenço T Higa
- Department of Medicine/University Hospital, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 1590 Mandacaru Avenue, CEP 87083-240 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Pappas G, Roussos N, Falagas ME. Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:1385-94. [PMID: 19433092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii's importance for humans refers mainly to primary infection during pregnancy, resulting in abortion/stillbirth or congenital toxoplasmosis. The authors sought to evaluate the current global status of T. gondii seroprevalence and its correlations with risk factors, environmental and socioeconomic parameters. Literature published during the last decade on toxoplasmosis seroprevalence, in women who were pregnant or of childbearing age, was retrieved. A total of 99 studies were eligible; a further 36 studies offered seroprevalence data from regions/countries for which no data on pregnancy/childbearing age were available. Foci of high prevalence exist in Latin America, parts of Eastern/Central Europe, the Middle East, parts of south-east Asia and Africa. Regional seroprevalence variations relate to individual subpopulations' religious and socioeconomic practices. A trend towards lower seroprevalence is observed in many European countries and the United States of America (USA). There is no obvious climate-related gradient, excluding North and Latin America. Immigration has affected local prevalence in certain countries. We further sought to recognise specific risk factors related to seropositivity; however, such risk factors are not reported systematically. Population awareness may affect recognition of said risks. Global toxoplasmosis seroprevalence is continuingly evolving, subject to regional socioeconomic parameters and population habits. Awareness of these seroprevalence trends, particularly in the case of women of childbearing age, may allow proper public health policies to be enforced, targeting in particular seronegative women of childbearing age in high seroprevalence areas.
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