Guias alimentares para crianças: aspectos históricos e evolução

Food-Based Dietary Guidelines for Infants in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review

Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are tools for promoting healthy eating habits. For the population of children under two years old in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), there is a lack of reviews analyzing the quality of these guidelines. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate publicly available FBDGs for the population under two years old in LAC until mid-2023. Guidelines aimed at caregivers of children were included, sourced from government websites in LAC countries and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) portal. Documents targeted at healthcare professionals were excluded. For qualitative analysis, the Agree II guidelines assessment tool and the FAO guide principles for developing healthy and sustainable diets were used. The results showed that more recently released and revised FBDGs with a greater number of pages obtained better scores in both assessments. Additionally, out of the 32 LAC countries, only 13 had these FBDGs available on websites for public access. As a limitation, this study faced challenges in standardizing the searches on government websites. The authors emphasize the need to develop FBDGs for the population under two years old that align with current health and sustainability needs and promote health education.

Food-based dietary guidelines for children and adolescents

Objective

This study aimed at reviewing food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) with content targeted at children and adolescents to present their main characteristics, thus enabling comparisons among countries.

Design

We conducted a search of the FBDGs available on the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website, followed by a scoping review with a gray literature search to find FBDGs for children or adolescents non-listed on the FAO's website. Data extraction included the year of publication, language, and guidelines for the target group.

Results

From FAO website searches, 109 documents were found, and 17 of them could not be translated. The Scoping review search conducted in 5,190 articles, and none led to new guidelines, nor from the gray literature. Regarding the 92 FBDGs explored, 41 were specific for infants under 24 months old, children, and/or adolescents, and 51 were for the general population with information for the studied group. Twelve percent of the general FBDG and 35% of the specific ones have food icons. All of the guidelines were published after 2001. Latin America and the Caribbean were the regions that presented more specific FBDGs and the majority of countries with guidelines for fruits and vegetables. The information about fat (15 countries) and sugar (26 countries) consumption reduction is frequent. Reduction of sodium intake appears to be in the majority of guidelines after 2015. Food hygiene guidelines are recurrent in Latin American documents. NOVA classification was adopted in five countries and 21 countries approach recommendations for mealtimes. Both exclusive and continued breastfeeding guidance and healthy complementary feeding orientation are present in over 50% of the specific FBDG for infants and children under 24 months old.

Conclusion

Food-based dietary guidelines are diverse due to both the nutritional and political aspects of each region. Latin America stands out for its orientations for the studied group. Further studies should measure the possible impacts and comprehension of FBDGs.

Validation of an educational tool on healthy eating for schoolchildren

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to validate the card game The Enigma of the Pyramid about healthy eating, using judges (expert) for the validation of content and design; and the target population (students from the 4th and 5th grades, aged 9-10 years) for the semantic validation (pilot test). Methods The Item-Level Content Validity Index was used to verify the degree of agreement among the experts’ opinions, item by item; and the Scale Level Content Validity Index to determine the arithmetic mean of the proportion of items that receive judgments of “non-disagreement” by the judges. The item that obtained Item-Level Content Validity Index greater or equal to 0.80 and Scale Level Content Validity Index greater or equal to 0.90 was considered validated, which was the coefficient of validity. The binominal test was used to select the items that should be revised/modified, using the p-value of ratio (reject H0 if p≤0.8). Items were validated at significance level of ≤0.05. Results Twenty-two judges and 12 schoolchildren participated in the study. Of the 23 items of the card game, nine were selected for review/modification, of which five were from the language component and four from the suitability component for the target population. Conclusion Once the modifications were made, they were all approved by all participating students, making this educational tool on healthy eating habits available for use with the student population.

O lúdico, a escola e a saúde: a educação alimentar no gibi

Resumo Atualmente, as histórias em quadrinhos são tratadas como ferramenta didático-pedagógica muito eficaz, com a capacidade, mediante seu currículo cultural, de divertir, sentir, viver e se comportar no mundo. Este artigo objetiva investigar o livro Almanaque Maluquinho: Julieta no mundo da culinária, reconhecendo o papel pedagógico das histórias em quadrinhos, a fim de perceber se essa publicação possibilita discussões que explorem diferentes áreas pertinentes à educação alimentar, podendo tornar-se uma estratégia para a sensibilização do tema com o público infantil. Fizemos uso da análise de discurso por ser uma ferramenta metodológica que nos conduz na interpretação dos sentidos de um texto/imagem. A análise se deu em três etapas: a do contexto narrativo, por meio da qual se tentou compreender o contexto em que os personagens do livro estão inseridos; a dos quadrinhos, para melhor entendimento dos elementos imagéticos presentes nas histórias; e a das receitas, que avaliou cada preparo contido no livro, de modo a perceber sua colaboração na discussão da educação alimentar. Por fim, a pesquisa buscou proporcionar uma sensibilização do olhar para as possibilidades de inserção da ludicidade em um campo do saber marcado pela prescrição.

[Nutritional counseling for children under two years of age: opportunities and obstacles as strategic challenges]

This article sought to conduct a critical analysis of the state of the art of the scientific production in counseling practices in nutrition for infants under two years of age, discussing the opportunities and obstacles in terms of strategic challenges for implementing healthy nutrition practices. It is a bibliographic study, with the core interest being counseling on infant nutrition. The majority (58.1 %) of the articles analyzed was published between 2008 and 2011. The educative actions of counseling on infant feeding were directed at health professionals and caregivers to children under two years of age. As opportunities in the practice of nutritional counseling the following stand out: an improvement in the performance of health professionals, the adoption of healthy eating practices by caregivers, and an improvement in the nutritional status of the children. As obstacles, the following stand out: a lack of training of caregivers and professionals regarding complementary healthy feeding and difficulties regarding the practice of counseling by a health care professional. This evidence reaffirms the importance of incorporating counseling guidance on infant feeding, as permanent practices in policies for child health care.

Imagens em guias alimentares como recursos para a educação alimentar em aulas de ciências: reflexões a partir de uma análise visual

A presença de imagens em materiais didáticos e seus diversos usos em contextos de ensino-aprendizagem vêm sendo discutidos pela pesquisa em educação em ciências. Diante da importância e uso frequente dessas imagens e das escassas discussões promovidas em torno do seu uso como ferramenta didática no contexto do ensino de ciências, o presente trabalho se propõe a contribuir na ampliação dessas discussões. Elegemos o tema alimentação, que está presente de forma marcante no debate contemporâneo e nos currículos. Para tal, alguns guias alimentares usados como recurso didático em um curso de formação continuada de professores foram analisados para ressaltar os limites e as possibilidades do uso dessas imagens para a educação alimentar de alunos do ensino fundamental. A análise demonstrou contradições e questões que abrangem os contextos sociais e culturais de produção e leitura dessas imagens, cuja relevância é inquestionável para as práticas educativas no ensino de ciências.

[Dietary guidelines for the Brazilian population: implications for the Brazilian National Policy on Oral Health]

Dietary guidelines are intended to orient dietary habits and policies for health promotion and disease prevention. This article discusses Brazil's national dietary guidelines, aiming to identify issues that can support the strategies proposed by the National Policy on Oral Health. The two currently available official guidelines produced by the Ministry of Health were reviewed: the Dietary Guidelines for Children under Two and the Population Dietary Guidelines. The guidelines recommend reduction in sugar intake, essential for caries prevention, and other measures to prevent tooth decay and oral cancer. These guidelines are thus a key part of an oral and overall health promotion strategy and should be integrated into the National Policy on Oral Health.

Atualizações em guias alimentares para crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão

OBJETIVO: apresentar uma revisão dos guias alimentares desenvolvidos para crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS: revisão sistemática conduzida nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs e em sites institucionais. Incluíram-se documentos publicados entre 2000-2010. RESULTADOS: foram identificados 17 guias alimentares publicados no mundo, sendo dez na América Latina, três na América do Norte, dois na Europa e dois na Ásia e Oceania. Os guias se diferenciaram quanto à sua estrutura, podendo ser organizados em diretrizes nutricionais, representações gráficas ou em ambas. O conteúdo das diretrizes nutricionais, bem como o número de grupos alimentares e a representação gráfica utilizada nos manuais também são variáveis conforme cultura alimentar da população. Dezesseis guias enfocaram orientações sobre alimentos em detrimento dos nutrientes, sendo que o guia japonês está organizado em recomendações de consumo de preparações de alimentos, se configurando em um instrumento de mais fácil compreensão. Todos os guias alimentares identificados para crianças menores de dois anos (n=5) foram elaborados na América Latina, além de terem sido detectados três manuais, cujas diretrizes se direcionam aos profissionais de saúde, denotando necessidade de capacitação e atualização dos mesmos. CONCLUSÕES: o estudo apontou para a relevância do emprego dos guias alimentares na abordagem à criança e adolescente, fornecendo bases teóricas para profissionais e órgãos de saúde.