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Ottonello M, Torselli E, Caneva S, Fiabane E, Vassallo C, Pistarini C. Mental Imagery Skills in Alcohol-Dependent Subjects and Their Associations With Cognitive Performance: An Exploratory Study During Residential Rehabilitation. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:741900. [PMID: 34912249 PMCID: PMC8666508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.741900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
People in alcohol-detoxification experience deficits in motor and non-motor functions including cognitive performance. Imagery, the cognitive process of generating visual, auditory or kinesthetic experiences in the mind without the presence of external stimuli, has been little studied in Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). This pilot study aims to observe the cognitive abilities useful for the inspection, maintenance, generation and manipulation of images in these patients during residential rehabilitation and investigate the relationships with their cognitive performance. Thirty-six subjects who completed the 28-day rehabilitation program for alcohol addiction, completed the Mental Imagery Test (MIT) and Neuropsychological Battery (ENB-2). The global score at MIT did not show pathological scores. The 11.1% of AUD patients showed an impaired global score in the cognitive performance and the 5.7% with scoring at limits of norm. Significant correlations were found between Mental Imagery abilities and ENB-2 subscale and stepwise regression analysis showed the close association between the ability of imagery (Mental Imagery Test) and the overall cognitive performance (ENB-2) in alcohol dependent patients and this relationship is stronger than other cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Ottonello
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine of Genova Nervi Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri Spa SB, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Torselli
- School of Psychotherapy, Miller Institute for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Caneva
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Fiabane
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine of Genova Nervi Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri Spa SB, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Vassallo
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine of Genova Nervi Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri Spa SB, Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Pistarini
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Medicine of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Spa SB, Pavia, Italy
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Formiga MB, Galdino MKC, Vasconcelos SC, Neves JWJS, Lima MDDC. Executive functions and emotion regulation in substance use disorder. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective The executive functions (EF) and emotion regulation (ER) and their relationship with the substance use disorder (SUD) were analyzed. Methods A cross-sectional design was used. The sample consisted of 130 volunteers divided into three groups: group 01 (n = 60), composed of participants who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for any type of SUD; group 02 (n = 51), with users with alcohol and/or tobacco use disorder; group 03 (n = 19), with users with multiple substance use disorder, including at least one illicit substance. Results Group 02 presented worse performance in EF and ER when compared to group 01, and showed a significant correlation between the working memory and the use of maladaptive ER. Group 03 showed great losses in EF and ER when compared to the other groups. Conclusion This study supports the idea that EF, ER and SUD are related. In addition, it was observed that people with SUD had worse performance in EF and ER when compared to people without SUD, greater damage being observed in people with SUD of polysubstances.
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Kumar R, Kumar KJ, Benegal V, Roopesh BN, Ravi GS. Effects of an integrated intervention program for alcoholism (IIPA) on learning, memory and quality of life (QOL) in persons with alcohol dependence at the Centre for Addiction Medicine, Bengaluru, India. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jhr-03-2020-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThis study aims to examine the effectiveness of an integrated intervention program for alcoholism (IIPA) for improving verbal encoding and memory, visuospatial construction, visual memory and quality of life (QoL) in persons with alcohol dependence.Design/methodology/approachThe sample comprised treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent persons (n = 50), allotted into two groups: (1) the treatment as usual (TAU) group (n = 25) and (2) the treatment group (n = 25)]. The groups were matched on age (±1 year) and education (±1 year). The TAU group received standard pharmacological treatment, psychotherapeutic sessions on relapse prevention and yoga for 18 days, while the treatment group received IIPA sessions in addition to the usual treatment. Auditory verbal learning test, complex figure test and QoL scale were administered at pre- and post-treatment along with screening measures.FindingsThe two groups were comparable on demographic variables, clinical characteristics and outcome measures at baseline. Pre- to post-treatment changes (gain scores) comparison between the treatment and TAU groups revealed a significant difference in verbal encoding, verbal and visual memory, verbal recognition, visuospatial construction and QoL.Research limitations/implicationsThis study suggests that IIPA is effective for improving learning and memory in both modality (verbal and visual) and QoL in persons with alcoholism. The IIPA may help in better treatment recovery.Practical implicationsThe IIPA may help in treatment for alcoholism and may enhance treatment efficacy.Originality/valueIIPA is effective for improving learning and memory in both modalities and QoL in persons with alcohol dependence. The IIPA may help in better treatment recovery.
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Karabanowicz E, Tyburski E, Karasiewicz K, Sokołowski A, Mak M, Folkierska-Żukowska M, Radziwiłłowicz W. Metaphor Processing Dysfunctions in Schizophrenia Patients With and Without Substance Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:331. [PMID: 32390887 PMCID: PMC7193109 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia have difficulties comprehending metaphors, which significantly impedes communication. However, this topic has not been thoroughly studied in people with a dual diagnosis. On this basis, we formulated two research aims: a) to compare the ability to comprehend metaphors in schizophrenia patients without (SZ) and with substance use disorder (SZ-SUD) and b) to determine the relationship between the processing of metaphorical content and the severity of psychopathological symptoms in both clinical groups. METHODS A total of 40 individuals with SZ and 40 individuals with SZ-SUD took part in the study. The control group was composed of 40 individuals without a psychiatric or neurological diagnosis. Four subtests from the Right Hemisphere Language Battery (Picture Metaphor Test, Written Metaphor Test, Picture Metaphor Explanation Test, Written Metaphor Explanation Test) were used to measure the ability to understand and explain metaphors. RESULTS Both groups of individuals with schizophrenia (SZ and SZ-SUD) scored lower than individuals from the control group on all tests of metaphor processing. However, no differences were observed between the two clinical groups. SZ-SUD patients had better results for Picture Metaphor Explanation than for Written Metaphor Explanation. Negative symptoms were found to be significant predictors of difficulties with understanding and explaining metaphors. CONCLUSION Individuals with schizophrenia, regardless of their substance use disorder (SUD) status, exhibit impaired metaphorical content processing. SUD in schizophrenia is not associated with significant impairments in understanding and explaining metaphorical content. Moreover, impairments in processing metaphorical content are associated with more severe negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Karabanowicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Sokołowski
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Monika Mak
- Independent Clinical Psychology Unit, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Folkierska-Żukowska
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Behavioural Genetics Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Ravindran O, Nandini G, Shanmugasundaram N, Kapil VV. Cognitive functions in alcohol use and cannabis use disorder: A cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_66_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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van Duijvenbode N, Didden R, VanDerNagel JE, Korzilius HP, Engels RC. Cognitive deficits in problematic drinkers with and without mild to borderline intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2018; 22:5-17. [PMID: 27555557 DOI: 10.1177/1744629516664840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined cognitive deficits in problematic drinkers with and without mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID). Problematic drinkers were expected to show a significantly lower estimated performance IQ (PIQ), but not a lower estimated verbal IQ (VIQ), compared to light drinkers. Participants ( N = 474) were divided into four groups based on IQ and severity of alcohol use-related problems. IQ was estimated using (a short form of) the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale third edition. Severity of alcohol use-related problems was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Overall, there were no significant differences between light and problematic drinkers on estimated VIQ. Within the group without MBID, estimated PIQ was significantly lower. Estimated PIQ was not lower in problematic drinkers with MBID compared to light drinkers with MBID. The results are indicative of cognitive deficits in problematic drinkers without MBID. Screening for cognitive deficits with additional instruments is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Didden
- Radboud University, the Netherlands; Trajectum, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne El VanDerNagel
- Aveleijn, the Netherlands; Radboud University, the Netherlands; Tactus, the Netherlands
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Nowakowska-Domagała K, Jabłkowska-Górecka K, Mokros Ł, Koprowicz J, Pietras T. Differences in the verbal fluency, working memory and executive functions in alcoholics: Short-term vs. long-term abstainers. Psychiatry Res 2017; 249:1-8. [PMID: 28063392 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess differences in verbal fluency, working memory and executive functions in two subgroups of alcohol-dependent patients, those undergoing short-term abstinence (STA) and those undergoing long-term abstinence (LTA), and to compare the level of cognitive functions in patients after long-term abstinence with healthy subjects. The study group consisted of 106 alcohol-dependent patients (53 immediately after drinking at least 3 days and 53 after at least one-year abstinence). The control group comprised 53 subjects, whose age, sex and education levels matched those of the patients in the experimental group. The dependence intensity was assessed using SADD and MAST scales. The neuropsychological assessment was based on the FAS Test, Stroop Test and TMT A&B Test. The results obtained for alcohol-dependent patients revealed significant disturbances of cognitive functions. Such results indicate the presence of severe frontal cerebral cortex dysfunctions. Frontal cortex dysfunctions affecting the verbal fluency and working memory subsystems and the executive functions also persisted during long-term abstinence periods. No significant correlations between the duration of dependence, quantity of alcohol consumed and efficiency of the working memory and executive functions were observed in alcohol-dependent subjects after short-term or long-term abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nowakowska-Domagała
- Department of Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences University of Lodz, Smugowa 10/12, 91-433 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Karolina Jabłkowska-Górecka
- Public Health Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Mokros
- Department Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, Lodz 91-153, Poland.
| | - Jacek Koprowicz
- Psychiatry Centre of Pabianice, Jana Pawla II 68, 95-200 Pabianice, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, Lodz 91-153, Poland.
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Castro Neto AGD, Silva DCND, Figueiroa MDS. Main mental disorders in crack-cocaine users treated at Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs in the city of Recife, Brazil. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016; 38:227-233. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Brazil's Northeast region has the highest crack-cocaine consumption in the country. Crack-cocaine has more intense effects than cocaine powder and can cause greater chemical dependence. Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) are public health services that provide treatment for drug dependence. It is common for drug users, and particularly crack-cocaine users, to develop mental disorders. Objective: To evaluate the most common mental disorders in crack-cocaine dependents in treatment at CAPSad in the city of Recife, Brazil. Methods: The research database "Between rocks and shots: user profiles, consumption strategies, and social impact of crack cocaine" (CEP/CCS/UFPE no. 206/11) was consulted to establish the areas of crack cocaine consumption in the city of Recife. Results: There were 885 patients in treatment for crack-cocaine use, with a mean age of 29.8±9.4 years. The mean duration of drug use was 6.1±4.6 years. Most of the patients were males (80.3%), had left school at some point between the 1st and 9th grades (45.6%), were unemployed and/or seeking employment (52%) and used drugs daily (56.4%). Cocaine chemical dependence was more significant when correlated with use of crack-cocaine and other drugs such as medications and hallucinogens (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Data from this study showed strong associations between crack-cocaine uses and development of mental disorders, particularly when abuse of multiple substances occurs. Based on these data, there is a clear need for coordination of related public policies for support and social reintegration to provide these people with comprehensive care.
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Nowakowska-Domagała K, Mokros Ł, Jabłkowska-Górecka K, Grzelińska J, Pietras T. The relationship between chronotype and personality among patients with alcohol dependence syndrome: Pilot study. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:1351-1358. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1213738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nowakowska-Domagała
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mokros
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Grzelińska
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Durazzo TC, Pennington DL, Schmidt TP, Mon A, Abé C, Meyerhoff DJ. Neurocognition in 1-month-abstinent treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent individuals: interactive effects of age and chronic cigarette smoking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1794-803. [PMID: 23682867 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing age and chronic cigarette smoking are independently associated with adverse effects on multiple aspects of neurocognition in those seeking treatment for alcohol use disorders. However, the potential interactive effects of age and cigarette smoking on neurocognition in early abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals (ALC) have not investigated. METHODS Cross-sectional performances of never-smoking healthy comparison participants (nvsCOM; n = 39) and 1-month-abstinent, treatment-seeking, never-smoking (nvsALC; n = 30), former-smoking (fsALC; n = 21), and actively smoking (asALC; n = 68) ALC were compared on a comprehensive neurocognitive battery. Domains of functioning evaluated were cognitive efficiency, executive functions, fine motor skills, general intelligence, learning and memory, processing speed, visuospatial functions and working memory. Participants were between 26 and 71 years of age at the time of assessment. RESULTS asALC showed steeper age-related effects than nvsCOM on the domains of visuospatial learning, auditory-verbal memory, cognitive efficiency, executive functions, processing speed, and fine motor skills. In pairwise comparisons, fsALC and asALC performed more poorly than both nvsCOM and nvsALC on multiple domains; nvsCOM and nvsALC showed no significant differences. Domain scores for the ALC groups generally fell in the low-to-high-average range of functioning. A clinically significant level of impairment was apparent in only 25% of ALC participants on visuospatial learning, visuospatial memory, and fine motor skills domains. Measures of alcohol use or consumption were not significantly related to neurocognition in the ALC cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The age-related findings suggest that the combination of active chronic smoking and alcohol dependence in this 1-month-abstinent ALC cohort was associated with greater than normal age-related effects in multiple domains. In general, a low level of clinically significant impairment was observed in the alcohol-dependent participants. The findings from this study, in conjunction with previous research, strongly support smoking cessation interventions for those seeking treatment for alcohol and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Durazzo
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND) , San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Pennington DL, Durazzo TC, Schmidt TP, Mon A, Abé C, Meyerhoff DJ. The effects of chronic cigarette smoking on cognitive recovery during early abstinence from alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1220-7. [PMID: 23432133 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders are related to neurocognitive abnormalities during early abstinence in those seeking treatment for alcohol dependence (ALC). Considerable evidence indicates that chronic cigarette smoking is associated with multiple neurocognitive deficiencies. However, very little is known about the effects of chronic smoking on neurocognitive recovery during early abstinence from alcohol. We evaluated whether cigarette smoking interferes with cognitive improvement during early abstinence from alcohol, a period thought important for maintaining long-term sobriety. METHODS Neurocognitive functions previously shown to be adversely affected by both alcohol use disorders and chronic cigarette smoking were evaluated. We assessed 35 smoking ALC (sALC) and 34 nonsmoking ALC (nsALC) at approximately 1 and 5 weeks of monitored abstinence. RESULTS Although neither group was clinically impaired, both cross-sectional and longitudinal deficiencies were observed in sALC versus nsALC in processing speed, working memory, and auditory-verbal learning and memory. Lifetime alcohol consumption, medical, and psychiatric comorbidities did not predict neurocognitive performance or improvement across assessments. Within sALC, greater drinking and smoking severities were synergistically (more than additively) related to less improvement on visuospatial learning and memory. Former smoking status in the nsALC-mediated group differences in auditory-verbal delayed recall. CONCLUSIONS Chronic cigarette smoking appears to negatively impact neurocognition during early abstinence from alcohol. Although the cognitive deficiencies observed in this cohort were not in a clinical range of impairment, they should be considered to enhance treatment efficacy. Our findings lend support to integrating smoking cessation as well as the individual assessment of cognition into early ALC treatment. Additionally, there is a need to elucidate the effects of current and former smoking status in future reports of neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Pennington
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Cunha PJ, Gonçalves PD, Ometto M, Dos Santos B, Nicastri S, Busatto GF, de Andrade AG. Executive cognitive dysfunction and ADHD in cocaine dependence: searching for a common cognitive endophenotype for addictive disorders. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:126. [PMID: 24155725 PMCID: PMC3801150 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine-dependent individuals (CDI) present executive cognitive function (ECF) deficits, but the impact of psychiatric comorbidities such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on neuropsychological functioning is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate if CDI with ADHD (CDI + ADHD) would have a distinct pattern of executive functioning when compared with CDI without ADHD (CDI). METHODS We evaluated 101 adults, including 69 cocaine-dependent subjects (divided in CDI and CDI + ADHD) and 32 controls. ECF domains were assessed with Digits Forward (DF), Digits Backward (DB), Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). DSM-IV criteria for ADHD were used for diagnosis and previous ADHD symptoms (in the childhood) were retrospectively assessed by the Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS). RESULTS There were no significant differences between CDI + ADHD, CDI, and controls in estimated intellectual quotient (IQ), socioeconomic background, education (in years), and pre-morbid IQ (p > 0.05). SCWT and WCST scores did not differ across groups (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, CDI and CDI + ADHD performed more poorly than controls in total score of the FAB (p < 0.05). Also, CDI + ADHD did worse than CDI on DF (F = 4.756, p = 0.011), DB (F = 8.037, p = 0.001), Conceptualization/FAB (F = 4.635, p = 0.012), and Mental flexibility/FAB (F = 3.678, p = 0.029). We did not find correlations between cocaine-use variables and neuropsychological functioning, but previous ADHD symptoms assessed by WURS were negatively associated with DF (p = 0.016) and with the total score of the FAB (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION CDI + ADHD presented more pronounced executive alterations than CDI and CDI exhibited poorer cognitive functioning than controls. Pre-existing ADHD symptoms may have a significant negative impact on executive dysfunction in CDI. It remains to be investigated by future studies if symptoms such as impulsivity or a pre-existing ECF dysfunction could represent underlying cognitive endophenotypes that would substantially increase the risk for acquiring addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Jannuzzi Cunha
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo, SP , Brazil ; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), USP , São Paulo, SP , Brazil ; Interdisciplinary Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (GREA), Faculty of Medicine, USP , São Paulo, SP , Brazil ; Equilibrium Program, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, USP , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
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Gonçalves PD, Cunha PJ, Malbergier A, do Amaral RA, de Oliveira LG, Yang JJ, de Andrade AG. The association between low alcohol use and traffic risk behaviors among Brazilian college students. Alcohol 2012; 46:673-9. [PMID: 22921955 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although there are a large number of studies focused on binge drinking and traffic risk behaviors (TRB), little is known regarding low levels of alcohol consumption and its association to TRB. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to examine the association of low to moderate alcohol intake pattern and TRB in college students in Brazil. 7037 students from a National representative sample were selected under rigorous inclusion criteria. All study participants voluntarily fulfilled a structured, anonymous, and self-questionnaire regarding alcohol and drug use, social-demographic data, and TRB. Alcohol was assessed according to the average number of alcoholic units consumed on standard occasions over the past 12 months. The associations between alcohol intake and TRB were summarized with odds ratio and their confidence interval obtained from logistic regression. Compared with abstainers students who consumed only one alcohol unit had the risk of being a passenger in a car driven by a drunk driver increased by almost four times, students who reported using five or more units were increased by almost five times the risk of being involved in a car crash. Compared with students who consumed one alcohol unit, the risk of driving under the influence of alcohol increased four times in students using three alcohol units. Age group, use of illicit drugs, employment status, gender, and marital status significantly influenced occurrence of TRB among college students. Our study highlights the potential detrimental effects of low and moderate pattern of alcohol consumption and its relation to riding with an intoxicated driver and other TRB. These data suggest that targeted interventions should be implemented in order to prevent negative consequences due to alcohol use in this population.
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Hess ARB, Almeida RMMD, Moraes AL. Comorbidades psiquiátricas em dependentes químicos em abstinência em ambiente protegido. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (NATAL) 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-294x2012000100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a frequência de comorbidades psiquiátricas, utilizando Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, em diferentes grupos de dependentes químicos em abstinência, em ambiente protegido, classificados de acordo com o tipo de droga utilizada: (1) grupo controle (n = 37); (2) dependentes em abstinência de álcool (n = 8); (3) dependentes em abstinência de álcool, maconha e crack/cocaína (n = 24); e (4) dependentes em abstinência de múltiplas substâncias psicoativas (n=25), ou seja, indivíduos que faziam uso de vários tipos de drogas sem apresentar uma droga de escolha. Participaram 94 homens, com idade média de 30,41 anos (DP = 9,88). O período de abstinência variou entre 30 e 240 dias. A maioria dos participantes tinha baixa escolaridade e era solteira. Os resultados apontaram maior ocorrência de psicopatologias e risco de suicídio nos grupos formados por pacientes com histórico de consumo múltiplo de substâncias, sugerindo a importância da avaliação de outros transtornos associados à dependência química.
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Brandão YST, Correia DS, de Farias MSJA, Antunes TMT, da Silva LA. The prevalence of alcohol consumption among the students newly enrolled at a public university. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2011; 3:345-9. [PMID: 21966154 PMCID: PMC3178940 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.84434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alcohol is the number one toxic substance consumed by people of all age groups, which makes its use a public health problem. The overall trend shows that university students are those who suffer the most pressure. Objective: To assess the prevalence of alcohol use among students newly enrolled at a public university in Alagoas, Brazil. Materials and Methods: We conducted an analytical sectional study at the Federal University of Alagoas, with 1435 (44% of total) newly enrolled students of all courses in 2006. They answered a questionnaire based on the CAGE. Some points such as sex, age, marital status, course, housing, family characteristics and how drugs fit into in the student life were studied with the resources of EpiInfo version 3.3.2. The survey was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Alagoas (number 000878/2005-17). Results: Of the group studied, 95.9% lived with family and 87.6% reported ever drinking alcohol at some time in their life. Of all the respondents, 55.4% of men reported having the habit of drinking with friends or colleagues (Odds = 0.71; CI = 0.58-0.88; P-value = 0.00088). Among all respondents, 17.7% of male students and 9.8% females skipped class after using alcohol (Odds = 0.52; CI = 0.38-0.72; P-value = 0.000023). The transition from adolescence to youth and study time at university is marked by greater vulnerability to alcohol abuse. The family is decisive for the initiation of alcohol use, and the university is a factor that increases the possibility of maintaining the practice. The fact that not all students were present in the classroom at the time of the application questionnaire may have limited the search because this was a sectional study. Conclusion: Alcohol consumption in this university is similar to that in other higher education institutions in the world, which is a cause for concern, since the external lesions are accentuated with the practice of using alcohol, characterizing the risk of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Silva Toledo Brandão
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus of Maceio, Maceio-AL, Brazil
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Fontes MA, Bolla KI, Cunha PJ, Almeida PP, Jungerman F, Laranjeira RR, Bressan RA, Lacerda ALT. Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 198:442-7. [PMID: 21628706 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have suggested that adolescence is a period of particular vulnerability to neurocognitive effects associated with substance misuse. However, few large studies have measured differences in cognitive performance between chronic cannabis users who started in early adolescence (before age 15) with those who started later. AIMS To examine the executive functioning of individuals who started chronic cannabis use before age 15 compared with those who started chronic cannabis use after 15 and controls. METHOD We evaluated the performance of 104 chronic cannabis users (49 early-onset users and 55 late-onset users) and 44 controls who undertook neuropsychological tasks, with a focus on executive functioning. Comparisons involving neuropsychological measures were performed using generalised linear model analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The early-onset group showed significantly poorer performance compared with the controls and the late-onset group on tasks assessing sustained attention, impulse control and executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS Early-onset chronic cannabis users exhibited poorer cognitive performance than controls and late-onset users in executive functioning. Chronic cannabis use, when started before age 15, may have more deleterious effects on neurocognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alice Fontes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas and Unidade de Pesquisas em Álcool e Drogas, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jhala SS, Hazell AS. Modeling neurodegenerative disease pathophysiology in thiamine deficiency: Consequences of impaired oxidative metabolism. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:248-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fontes MA, Bolla KI, Cunha PJ, Almeida PP, Jungerman F, Laranjeira RR, Bressan RA, Lacerda ALT. Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) is a simple tool for detecting executive deficits in chronic cannabis users. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2011; 33:523-31. [PMID: 21229432 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2010.535505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is the most used illicit drug in the world, and its use has been associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction, including deficits in executive functions (EF). Considering that EF may influence treatment outcome, it would be interesting to have a brief neuropsychological battery to assess EF in chronic cannabis users (CCU). In the present study, the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), a brief, easy to use neuropsychological instrument aimed to evaluate EF, was used to evaluate cognitive functioning of CCU. METHODS We evaluated 107 abstinent CCU with the FAB and compared with 44 controls matched for age, estimated IQ, and years of education. RESULTS CCU performed poorly as compared to controls (FAB total score = 16.53 vs. 17.09, p < .05). CCU had also a poor performance in the Motor Programming subtest (2.47 vs. 2.73, p < .05). CONCLUSION This study examined effects of cannabis in executive functioning and showed evidence that the FAB is sensitive to detect EF deficits in early abstinent chronic cannabis users. Clinical significance of these findings remains to be investigated in further longitudinal studies. FAB may be useful as a screening instrument to evaluate the necessity for a complete neuropsychological assessment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alice Fontes
- LiNC-Laboratorio Interdisciplinar de Neurociencias Clinicas, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Oliveira PAD, Oliveira CCCD, Rocca CCDA, Costa APG, Scivoletto S. The importance of multidisciplinary evaluation for differentiating between mental retardation and antisocial behavior in sex offenders: a case study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1847-8. [PMID: 22012063 PMCID: PMC3180157 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Approbato de Oliveira
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Cunha PJ, Bechara A, de Andrade AG, Nicastri S. Decision-making deficits linked to real-life social dysfunction in crack cocaine-dependent individuals. Am J Addict 2010; 20:78-86. [PMID: 21175924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Crack cocaine-dependent individuals (CCDI) present abnormalities in both social adjustment and decision making, but few studies have examined this association. This study investigated cognitive and social performance of 30 subjects (CCDI × controls); CCDI were abstinent for 2 weeks. We used the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Disadvantageous choices on the IGT were associated with higher levels of social dysfunction in CCDI, suggesting the ecological validity of the IGT. Social dysfunction and decision making may be linked to the same underlying prefrontal dysfunction, but the nature of this association should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Jannuzzi Cunha
- Interdisciplinary Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo College of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
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The frontal assessment battery (FAB) reveals neurocognitive dysfunction in substance-dependent individuals in distinct executive domains: Abstract reasoning, motor programming, and cognitive flexibility. Addict Behav 2010; 35:875-81. [PMID: 20584570 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance-dependence is highly associated with executive cognitive function (ECF) impairments. However, considering that it is difficult to assess ECF clinically, the aim of the present study was to examine the feasibility of a brief neuropsychological tool (the Frontal Assessment Battery - FAB) to detect specific ECF impairments in a sample of substance-dependent individuals (SDI). Sixty-two subjects participated in this study. Thirty DSM-IV-diagnosed SDI, after 2weeks of abstinence, and 32 healthy individuals (control group) were evaluated with FAB and other ECF-related tasks: digits forward (DF), digits backward (DB), Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). SDI did not differ from the control group on sociodemographic variables or IQ. However, SDI performed below the controls in DF, DB, and FAB. The SDI were cognitively impaired in 3 of the 6 cognitive domains assessed by the FAB: abstract reasoning, motor programming, and cognitive flexibility. The FAB correlated with DF, SCWT, and WCST. In addition, some neuropsychological measures were correlated with the amount of alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use. In conclusion, SDI performed more poorly than the comparison group on the FAB and the FAB's results were associated with other ECF-related tasks. The results suggested a negative impact of alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use on the ECF. The FAB may be useful in assisting professionals as an instrument to screen for ECF-related deficits in SDI.
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Home Visits in the Outpatient Treatment of Individuals Dependent on Alcohol. ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/adt.0b013e318196d4e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pombo S, Levy P, Bicho M, Ismail F, Cardoso JMN. Neuropsychological function and platelet monoamine oxidase activity levels in type I alcoholic patients. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 43:423-30. [PMID: 18408241 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore neuropsychological function in two differentiated patterns of platelet monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) activity in alcoholic patients. METHODS Neuropsychological examination and platelet MAO B activity extracted from blood were collected from 42 alcohol-dependent patients recruited in the alcoholism unit (NETER) of the Psychiatric Service of Santa Maria University Hospital. RESULTS Alcoholics presented significantly low levels of platelet MAO B activity, when compared with control subjects; platelet MAO B activity in alcoholics classified as "under average subgroup" showed significant lower scores in the Raven Progressive Matrix and higher scores in hostility dimension, when compared with platelet MAO B activity in "above average subgroup." CONCLUSIONS Results suggested platelet MAO B as a trait marker also to type I alcohol-dependent patients and the two observed associations between platelet MAO B activity with neurocognitive measures of executive functions (nonverbal reasoning) and psychopathological dimension such as hostility may support the notion about the effect of platelet MAO B activity in the further development of an impulsive cognitive style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pombo
- Psychiatric Service of Santa Maria General Hospital, Núcleo de Estudos e Tratamento do Etilo-Risco (NETER), Lisbon, Portugal.
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Sharma S, Ebadi M. SPECT neuroimaging in translational research of CNS disorders. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:352-62. [PMID: 17904694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High resolution SPECT imaging is an emerging field and there are only limited studies as yet available in this direction. Still there is continuous effort to achieve better spatial and temporal resolution in order to obtain detailed structural and functional information of different brain regions in small experimental animals. Recently, SPECT imaging system has been used to perform in vivo imaging using specific radioligands to further elucidate the role of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission in relation to regional cerebral blood flow in various human CNS disorders and in gene-manipulated mouse models of neurodegeneration. Although in vivo and non-invasive translational research can be performed by high-resolution microPET imaging system, its limited spatial resolution restricts detailed anatomical and functional information of different brain regions involved in disease process. Recently developed NanoSPECT/CT imaging system has a better spatial resolution hence can be used to correlate and confirm microPET imaging data and determine the precise structural and functional anatomy of CNS disorders and their remission. Moreover SPECT imaging system reduces the cost and number of animals and provides detailed information of CNS disorders at the cellular, molecular and genetic level. Furthermore, SPECT system is economical, provides less radiation burden, and can be used to study bio-distribution of newly synthesized radioligands with increased target to non-target ratios, quality control, and clinical applications. It is envisaged that high-resolution SPECT imaging system will further improve in vivo non-invasive translational research on CNS disorders of unknown etiopathogenesis and their treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Sharma
- Cyclotron & Positron Imaging Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Neurosciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Neurobehavioral Therapies in the 21st Century: Summary of an Emerging Field and an Extended Example of Cognitive Control Training for Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-006-9118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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