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Liu F, Li H, Hong X, Liu Y, Yu Z. Research progress of neuron-specific enolase in cognitive disorder: a mini review. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1392519. [PMID: 39040086 PMCID: PMC11260780 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1392519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that neuron-specific enolase (NSE) serves as a distinctive indicator of neuronal injury, with its concentration in blood reflecting the extent and magnitude of nervous system damage, and the expression of serum NSE is correlated with cognitive dysfunction. The assessment of NSE holds significant importance in diagnosing cognitive dysfunction, assessing disease severity, predicting prognosis, and guiding treatment. In this review, the research progress of NSE in cognitive dysfunction was reviewed, and the value of serum NSE level in predicting disease severity and prognosis of patients with cognitive dysfunction was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine/Geriatrics, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine/Geriatrics, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaqing Hong
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine/Geriatrics, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Laboratory of Cytobiology and Molecular Biology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
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Du W, Li H, Sun J, Xia Y, Zhu R, Zhang X, Tian R. The Prognostic Value of Serum Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) and S100B Level in Patients of Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4510-4515. [PMID: 29959890 PMCID: PMC6057265 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The correlation between serum concentration of neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100B, and the prognosis of patients with acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) remains controversial. Material/Methods Sixty patients with confirmed diagnosis of ASCI were recruited for this study from February 2015 to January 2017. The serum level of NSE and S100B were dynamically measured: on the day of injury and for 2 weeks. The 60 cases were divided into Group A (1 or more than 1 ASIA grade improved at 6 months after the injury) and Group B (ASIA grades changed <1 at 6 months after the injury). The serum level of the 2 groups were compared at different time points. And the prognostic value of serum NSE and S100B as biomarkers in patients with ASCI were calculated by Bayes theorem. Results The serum levels of NSE in Groups A and B on the 2nd day of injury reached a peak at 66.80±13.76 g/L and 98.87±20.12 μg/L, respectively, and then declined gradually. On the 14th day of injury, the serum levels of NSE in both groups were 21.23±8.45 and 39.32±16.31 μg/L, respectively, which were much lower than those on the 2nd day (P<0.05). The serum levels of S100B in Groups A and B rose after the injury and reached a peak on the 4th day of injury. Then, the levels declined gradually to 1.14±0.64 and 1.97±0.98 μg/L, respectively, 2 weeks after the injury. Serum levels of NSE and S100B were good biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of ASCI patients with the sensitivity of 74.35% and 71.79%, the specificity of 71.43% and 66.67%. The cutoff value for serum NSE and S100B were 29.07 μg/L and 1.67 μg/L respectively. The AUCs were 0.78 (95% CI: 0.66–0.89) and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63–0.89) respectively for serum NSE and S100B. Conclusions Serum levels of NSE and S100B protein can reflect the degree of spinal cord injury and could be potential biomarkers for the prognosis of acute spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Du
- Spine Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center (Tianjin People's Hospital), Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Huinan Li
- Spine Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center (Tianjin People's Hospital), Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Juan Sun
- Spine Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center (Tianjin People's Hospital), Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yingpeng Xia
- Spine Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center (Tianjin People's Hospital), Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Rusen Zhu
- Spine Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center (Tianjin People's Hospital), Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Spine Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center (Tianjin People's Hospital), Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Tian
- Spine Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center (Tianjin People's Hospital), Tianjin, China (mainland)
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Shao X, Tang Y, Long H, Gu H, Zhang J, Deng P, Zhao Y, Cen X. HMG-CoA synthase 2 drives brain metabolic reprogramming in cocaine exposure. Neuropharmacology 2017; 148:377-393. [PMID: 28987936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a high energy-consuming organ that typically utilizes glucose as the main energy source for cerebral activity. When glucose becomes scarce under conditions of stress, ketone bodies, such as β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone, become extremely important. Alterations in brain energy metabolism have been observed in psychostimulant abusers; however, the mode of brain metabolic programming in cocaine dependence remains largely unknown. Here, we profiled the metabolites and metabolic enzymes from brain nucleus accumbens (NAc) of mice exposed to cocaine. We found that cocaine modified energy metabolism and markedly activated ketogenesis pathway in the NAc. The expression of HMG-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a critical rate-limiting ketogenesis enzyme, was markedly up-regulated. After switching metabolic pathways from ketogenesis to glycolysis through activation of glucokinase, cocaine-evoked metabolic reprogramming regained homeostasis, and the cocaine effect was attenuated. Importantly, both the pharmacological and genetic inhibition of HMGCS2 significantly suppressed cocaine-induced ketogenesis and behavior. In conclusion, cocaine induces a remarkable energy reprogramming in the NAc, which is characterized by HMGCS2-driven ketogenesis. Such effect may facilitate adaptations to cocaine-induced energy stress in the brain. Our findings establish an important link between drug-induced energy reprogramming and cocaine effect, and may have implication in the treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Shao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yunxuan Tang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hailei Long
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hui Gu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Pengchi Deng
- Analytical &Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Rawson RA, Woody G, Kresina TF, Gust S. The globalization of addiction research: capacity-building mechanisms and selected examples. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2015; 23:147-56. [PMID: 25747927 PMCID: PMC4356020 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the amount and variety of addiction research around the world has increased substantially. Researchers in Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States, and western Europe have significantly contributed to knowledge about addiction and its treatment. However, the nature and context of substance use disorders and the populations using drugs are far more diverse than is reflected in studies done in Western cultures. To stimulate new research from a diverse set of cultural perspectives, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has promoted the development of addiction research capacity and skills around the world for over 25 years. This review will describe the programs NIDA has developed to sponsor international research and research fellows and will provide some examples of the work NIDA has supported. NIDA fellowships have allowed 496 individuals from 96 countries to be trained in addiction research. The United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia have recently developed funding to support addiction research to study, with advice from NIDA, the substance use disorder problems that affect their societies. Examples from Malaysia, Tanzania, Brazil, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Republic of Georgia, Iceland, China, and Vietnam are used to illustrate research being conducted with NIDA support. Health services research, collaboratively funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and Department of State, addresses a range of addiction service development questions in low- and middle-income countries. Findings have expanded the understanding of addiction and its treatment, and are enhancing the ability of practitioners and policy makers to address substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Rawson
- Professor and Co-Director, UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
| | - George Woody
- Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Principal Investigator, Delaware Valley Node of Clinical Trials Network, Treatment Research Institute
| | - Thomas F. Kresina
- Division of Pharmacologic Therapies, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Steve Gust
- Director, International Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, United States National Institutes of Health
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Blood levels of S-100 calcium-binding protein B, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 for changes in depressive symptom severity after coronary artery bypass grafting: prospective cohort nested within a randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111110. [PMID: 25329583 PMCID: PMC4203837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional and retrospective studies have associated major depressive disorder with glial activation and injury as well as blood-brain barrier disruption, but these associations have not been assessed prospectively. Here, we aimed to determine the relationship between changes in depressive symptom severity and in blood levels of S-100 calcium-binding protein B (S-100B), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 following an inflammatory challenge. METHODS Fifty unselected participants were recruited from a randomized, controlled trial comparing coronary artery bypass grafting procedures performed with versus without cardiopulmonary bypass for the risk of neurocognitive decline. Depressive symptom severity was measured at baseline, discharge, and six-month follow-up using the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). The primary outcome of the present biomarker study was acute change in depressive symptom severity, defined as the intra-subject difference between baseline and discharge BDI-II scores. Blood biomarker levels were determined at baseline and 2 days postoperative. RESULTS Changes in S-100B levels correlated positively with acute changes in depressive symptom severity (Spearman ρ, 0.62; P = 0.0004) and accounted for about one-fourth of their observed variance (R2, 0.23; P = 0.0105). This association remained statistically significant after adjusting for baseline S-100B levels, age, weight, body-mass index, or β-blocker use, but not baseline BDI-II scores (P = 0.064). There was no statistically significant association between the primary outcome and baseline S-100B levels, baseline high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or interleukin-6 levels, or changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or interleukin-6 levels. Among most participants, levels of all three biomarkers were normal at baseline and markedly elevated at 2 days postoperative. CONCLUSIONS Acute changes in depressive symptom severity were specifically associated with incremental changes in S-100B blood levels, largely independent of covariates associated with either. These findings support the hypothesis that glial activation and injury and blood-brain barrier disruption can be mechanistically linked to acute exacerbation of depressive symptoms in some individuals.
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Narvaez JCM, Magalhães PV, Fries GR, Colpo GD, Czepielewski LS, Vianna P, Chies JAB, Rosa AR, Von Diemen L, Vieta E, Pechansky F, Kapczinski F. Peripheral toxicity in crack cocaine use disorders. Neurosci Lett 2013; 544:80-4. [PMID: 23597759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that crack cocaine misuse has widespread systemic and cognitive consequences, but little attention has been given to its systemic pathophysiology. We report here changes in inflammation markers, oxidative damage and brain derived neurotrophic factor in a sample of outpatients with crack cocaine use disorders. Fifty-three outpatients were recruited for this cross-sectional study and matched with fifty control subjects. The focus of this report is in between group differences in cytokines, oxidative damage and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Crack cocaine use was associated with higher BDNF levels when compared to controls, present only in those who used crack cocaine in the last month. Patients also had higher circulating levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 when compared to controls. There were no significant differences in oxidative damage between patients and controls. These results represent a first demonstration that crack cocaine use disorders entail an activation of the reward, immune and inflammatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana C M Narvaez
- Bipolar Disorders Program & INCT Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Weich TM, Tochetto TM, Seligman L. Brain stem evoked response audiometry of former drug users. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 78:90-6. [PMID: 23108826 PMCID: PMC9450772 DOI: 10.5935/1808-8694.20120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit drugs are known for their deleterious effects upon the central nervous system and more specifically for how they adversely affect hearing. Objective This study aims to analyze and compare the hearing complaints and the results of brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) of former drug user support group goers. Methods This is a cross-sectional non-experimental descriptive quantitative study. The sample consisted of 17 subjects divided by their preferred drug of use. Ten individuals were placed in the marijuana group (G1) and seven in the crack/cocaine group (G2). The subjects were further divided based on how long they had been using drugs: 1 to 5 years, 6 to 10 years, and over 15 years. They were interviewed, and assessed by pure tone audiometry, acoustic impedance tests, and BERA. Results No statistically significant differences were found between G1 and G2 or time of drug use in absolute latencies and interpeak intervals. However, only five of the 17 individuals had BERA results with adequate results for their ages. Conclusion Marijuana and crack/cocaine may cause diffuse disorders in the brainstem and compromise the transmission of auditory stimuli regardless of how long these substances are used for.
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Camargo JA, Bertolucci PHF. Quantification of Fas protein in CSF of patients with neurocysticercosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2012; 70:262-6. [PMID: 22510737 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2012000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic disease that affects the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between neuronal death evaluated by the quantification of Fas apoptotic factor and the different evolutive forms of neurocysticercosis accompanied or not by epileptic seizures. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 36 patients with a diagnosis of neurocysticercosis divided into the following groups: active cystic form (n=15), 9 patients with and 6 without seizures, and calcified form (=21), 9 with and 12 without seizures. Fourteen patients comprised the control group. Fas protein concentrations were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Only the group of patients with calcified cysts without seizures presented cerebrospinal fluid levels of Fas similar to those of the control group. Higher levels were observed for the other groups. CONCLUSIONS The present finding suggests high cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble Fas protein, except for patients with calcified cysts without seizures. Significant differences were observed for the group with calcified cysts and seizures, suggesting greater neuronal damage in these patients. Replacement of the term inactive cyst with reactive inactive cyst is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Augusto Camargo
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Hospital São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pei H, Su X, Zhao L, Li H, Guo Y, Zhang M, Xin H. Primary study for the therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in treating cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2551-2562. [PMID: 22489110 PMCID: PMC3317673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the optimal therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II for treating cerebral ischemic injury in rats according to the orthogonal test. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models were established by intraluminally inserting a thread into middle cerebral artery (MCA) from left external carotid artery (ECA). The successful rat models were randomly divided into 16 groups according to the orthogonal layout of [L16(45)] and treated by injecting picroside II intraperitoneally with different doses at various times. The neurological behavioral function was evaluated by Bederson’s test and the cerebral infarction volume was measured by tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The expressions of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and neuroglial mark-protein S-100 were determined by immunohistochemisty assay. The results indicated that the optimal compositions of the therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in treating cerebral ischemic injury were ischemia 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg body weight according to Bederson’s test, 1.0 h with 20 mg/kg body weight according to cerebral infarction volume, 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg body weight according to the expressions of NSE and S-100 respectively. Based on the principle of the minimization of medication dose and maximization of therapeutic time window, the optimal composition of the therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in treating cerebral ischemic injury should be achieved by injecting picroside II intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg body weight at ischemia 1.5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Pei
- Department of Emergency Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.P.); (X.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Xi Su
- Department of Emergency Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.P.); (X.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mail:
| | - Hongyun Li
- Department of Emergency Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.P.); (X.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-0532-829-115-23; Fax: +86-0532-829-118-40
| | - Menizeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mail:
| | - Hui Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mail:
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Effects of chronic guanosine treatment on hippocampal damage and cognitive impairment of rats submitted to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:985-97. [PMID: 22167652 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion contributes to a cognitive decline related to brain disorders. Its experimental model in rats is a permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO). Overstimulation of the glutamatergic system excitotoxicity due to brain energetic disturbance in 2VO animals seems to play a pivotal role as a mechanism of cerebral damage. The nucleoside guanosine (GUO) exerts extracellular effects including antagonism of glutamatergic activity. Accordingly, our group demonstrated several neuroprotective effects of GUO against glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated a chronic GUO treatment effects in rats submitted to 2VO. We evaluated the animals performance in the Morris water maze and hippocampal damage by neurons and astrocytes immunohistochemistry. In addition, we investigated the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serum S100B levels. Additionally, the purine CSF and plasma levels were determined. GUO treatment did not prevent the cognitive impairment promoted by 2VO. However, none of the 2VO animals treated with GUO showed differences in the hippocampal regions compared to control, while 20% of 2VO rats not treated with GUO presented loss of pyramidal neurons and increased glial labeling cells in CA1 hippocampal region. In addition, we did not observe differences in CSF BDNF nor serum S100B levels among the groups. Of note, both the 2VO surgery and GUO treatment changed the purine CSF and plasma profile. In conclusion, GUO treatment did not prevent the cognitive impairment observed in 2VO animals, but our data suggest that GUO could be neuroprotective against hippocampal damage induced by 2VO.
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Williams SK, Lauder JM, Johns JM. Prenatal Cocaine Disrupts Serotonin Signaling-Dependent Behaviors: Implications for Sex Differences, Early Stress and Prenatal SSRI Exposure. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:478-511. [PMID: 22379462 PMCID: PMC3151602 DOI: 10.2174/157015911796557957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine (PC) exposure negatively impacts the developing nervous system, including numerous changes in serotonergic signaling. Cocaine, a competitive antagonist of the serotonin transporter, similar to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), also blocks dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, leaving the direct mechanism through which cocaine disrupts the developing serotonin system unclear. In order to understand the role of the serotonin transporter in cocaine's effect on the serotonergic system, we compare reports concerning PC and prenatal antidepressant exposure and conclude that PC exposure affects many facets of serotonergic signaling (serotonin levels, receptors, transporters) and that these effects differ significantly from what is observed following prenatal SSRI exposure. Alterations in serotonergic signaling are dependent on timing of exposure, test regimens, and sex. Following PC exposure, behavioral disturbances are observed in attention, emotional behavior and stress response, aggression, social behavior, communication, and like changes in serotonergic signaling, these effects depend on sex, age and developmental exposure. Vulnerability to the effects of PC exposure can be mediated by several factors, including allelic variance in serotonergic signaling genes, being male (although fewer studies have investigated female offspring), and experiencing the adverse early environments that are commonly coincident with maternal drug use. Early environmental stress results in disruptions in serotonergic signaling analogous to those observed with PC exposure and these may interact to produce greater behavioral effects observed in children of drug-abusing mothers. We conclude that based on past evidence, future studies should put a greater emphasis on including females and monitoring environmental factors when studying the impact of PC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Williams
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jean M Lauder
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josephine M Johns
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Kessler F, Woody G, De Boni R, Von Diemen L, Benzano D, Faller S, Pechansky F. Evaluation of psychiatric symptoms in cocaine users in the Brazilian public health system: need for data and structure. Public Health 2009; 122:1349-55. [PMID: 19014831 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies of comorbidity among cocaine users have been undertaken in Brazil, despite the fact that cocaine is one of the most commonly used illegal drugs in the country. The aim of this paper is to review existing data on psychiatric evaluations of cocaine users, and present data from two studies that have addressed this issue as it pertains to the Brazilian public health system. STUDY DESIGN Review and results from two studies (cross-sectional and matched control). METHODS The Brazilian literature on PubMed, Lilacs, Psychinfo and DATASUS was searched using the key words: 'psychiatric symptoms', 'diagnosis', 'evaluation', 'assessment', 'cocaine disorders' and others related to this issue. Intake data from two studies of male and female cocaine users were also analysed with regard to psychiatric symptoms as measured by the Symptom Check List - 90 Revised (SCL-90). RESULTS The literature review found no specific studies regarding psychiatric evaluation of cocaine users in Brazil. Analyses from the two studies presented showed high levels of psychiatric symptoms in this population. In the first study, psychiatric symptoms were measured at treatment entry and their prevalence was high, ranging from 27.4% to 53.4%. In the second study, SCL-90R scores at programme admission were higher in cocaine users than normal controls, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to high. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first article to discuss psychiatric evaluations of comorbidity among cocaine users in Brazil. The results indicate a need to: pay more attention to the evaluation of psychiatric symptoms in cocaine users; emphasize the importance of standardized data collection in this area; and evaluate the course of these symptoms, their impact on outcome, and how they are best addressed in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kessler
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Sharma HS, Muresanu D, Sharma A, Patnaik R. Cocaine-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and neurotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 88:297-334. [PMID: 19897082 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)88011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Role of cocaine in influencing blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is still unknown. Available evidences suggest that cocaine administration results in acute hyperthermia and alterations in brain serotonin metabolism. Since hyperthermia is capable to induce the breakdown of the BBB either directly or through altered serotonin metabolism, a possibility exists that cocaine may induce neurotoxicity by causing BBB disruption. This hypothesis is discussed in this review largely based on our own laboratory investigations. Our observations in rats demonstrate that cocaine depending on the dose and routes of administration induces profound hyperthermia, increased plasma and brain serotonin levels leading to BBB breakdown and brain edema formation. Furthermore, cocaine was able to enhance cellular stress as seen by upregulation of heat shock protein (HSP 72 kD) expression and resulted in marked neuronal and glial cell damages at the time of the BBB dysfunction. Taken together, these observations are the first to suggest that cocaine-induced BBB disruption is instrumental in precipitating brain pathology. The possible mechanisms of cocaine-induced BBB breakdown and neurotoxicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari S Sharma
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Jeon JP, Buono RJ, Han BG, Jang EY, Kim SC, Yang CH, Hwang M. Proteomic and Behavioral Analysis of Response to Isoliquiritigenin in Brains of Acute Cocaine Treated Rats. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:5094-102. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800237s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Pil Jeon
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Russell J. Buono
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Bok Ghee Han
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Eun Young Jang
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Meeyul Hwang
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
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