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Zahid S, Usman M, Ishaq HM, Haider MF, Saleem MM, Elahi U, Hussain M, Latif HRA, Saleem K, Ahmad S, Ebeid TA. Impact of different range areas on behavior, welfare, and performance of Naked Neck chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:227. [PMID: 39095552 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different environmental enrichment tools on behavior, welfare, productive performance, and egg quality traits of Naked Neck chickens. A total of 1080 Naked Neck female chickens (30 weeks old) were used in the present study. A completely randomized experimental design, with 3 treatments having 4 replicates of 90 birds each, was applied. Treatments consisted of 3 different range areas A (121.9 m2), B (152.4 m2), and C (190.5 m2). Behavior (walking, feeding/foraging, sitting, aggressiveness wing flapping, perching, dust bathing, and range use), welfare (foot pad dermatitis, lameness, gait score, and feather pecking), productive performance (egg weight, egg production %, egg mass, and feed intake), egg quality traits (morphometry, egg weight, shell, albumen, and yolk characteristics) were evaluated. There was no influence (P > 0.05) of different range area on bird's behavior, and egg quality traits except walking and rang usage. The range area C promoted productive performance including egg weight, egg production %, egg mass and feed intake, but it did not influence welfare traits. It might be concluded that Naked Neck chicken when reared in free range with different range enrichments did not reveal any difference regarding behavioral parameters, egg morphometry, and egg quality traits. The range area within minimum length and effectively used environmental enrichments (perching and dust bathing area) should be used for backyard poultry to obtain ideal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Zahid
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Mian Mubashar Saleem
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Usman Elahi
- Faculty of Agriculture & Veterinary Sciences, Superior University, 17-KM Main Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Murrawat Hussain
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Rao Abdul Latif
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kinza Saleem
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Tarek Amin Ebeid
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
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Bouba I, A. Videla Rodriguez E, Smith VA, van den Brand H, Rodenburg TB, Visser B. A two-step Bayesian network approach to identify key SNPs associated to multiple phenotypic traits in four purebred laying hen lines. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297533. [PMID: 38547081 PMCID: PMC10977676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
When purebred laying hen chicks hatch, they remain at a rearing farm until approximately 17 weeks of age, after which they are transferred to a laying farm. Chicks or pullets are removed from the flocks during these 17 weeks if they display any rearing abnormality. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rearing success of 4 purebred White Leghorns layer lines by implementing a Bayesian network approach. Phenotypic traits and SNPs of four purebred genetic White Leghorn layer lines were available for 23,000 rearing batches obtained between 2010 and 2020. Associations between incubation traits (clutch size, embryo mortality), rearing traits (genetic line, first week mortality, rearing abnormalities, natural death, rearing success, pullet flock age, and season) and SNPs were analyzed, using a two-step Bayesian Network (BN) approach. Furthermore, the SNPs were connected to their corresponding genes, which were further explored in bioinformatics databases. BN analysis revealed a total of 28 SNPs associated with some of the traits: ten SNPs were associated with clutch size, another 10 with rearing abnormalities, a single SNP with natural death, and seven SNPs with first week mortality. Exploration via bioinformatics databases showed that one of the SNPs (ENAH) had a protein predicted network composed of 11 other proteins. The major hub of this SNP was CDC42 protein, which has a role in egg production and reproduction. The results highlight the power of BNs in knowledge discovery and how their application in complex biological systems can help getting a deeper understanding of functionality underlying genetic variation of rearing success in laying hens. Improved welfare and production might result from the identified SNPs. Selecting for these SNPs through breeding could reduce stress and increase livability during rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismalia Bouba
- Hendrix Genetics Research Technology & Services B.v, Hendrix Genetics, Boxmeer, North Brabant, The Netherlands
- Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - V. Anne Smith
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Henry van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - T. Bas Rodenburg
- Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Visser
- Hendrix Genetics Research Technology & Services B.v, Hendrix Genetics, Boxmeer, North Brabant, The Netherlands
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Evans L, Brooks GC, Anderson MG, Campbell AM, Jacobs L. Environmental Complexity and Reduced Stocking Density Promote Positive Behavioral Outcomes in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2074. [PMID: 37443872 PMCID: PMC10339985 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the impacts of a complex environment and stocking density on Ross 708 broiler chicken behaviors. Eight pens contained either high complexity (HC) or low complexity (LC) environments, and high (HD) or low (LD) density. Through focal-animal sampling, the frequency and duration of behaviors were recorded continuously for 5 min at two timepoints for one day in weeks 2, 4, and 7. Birds were active for 30% of the observed time, with birds showing more activity in HC compared with LC. Birds in HC pens spent more time preening and foraging than birds in LC pens, which was interpreted as a positive outcome. Dustbathing and play were not impacted by complexity, possibly due to the observation method. Birds were more frequently active at HD compared with LD, but did not spend more time being active, suggesting disturbances. Birds foraged, drank, and ate less frequently in HD compared with LD, presumably because birds had more difficulty accessing resources. Activity and active behaviors reduced as birds aged, while preening frequency increased, possibly due to frustration, but this was not confirmed. Perching was unaffected by age, showing a persistent motivation to perform the behavior. Our results indicate that a complex environment provides positive stimulation for foraging, locomotion, preening, and overall activity. Despite reduced activity, many benefits of the tested environmental complexity and low density persisted as birds aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Evans
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (L.E.); (M.G.A.); (A.M.C.)
| | - George C. Brooks
- Virginia Tech, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Mallory G. Anderson
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (L.E.); (M.G.A.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Andrew M. Campbell
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (L.E.); (M.G.A.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Leonie Jacobs
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (L.E.); (M.G.A.); (A.M.C.)
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Lourenço-Silva MI, Ulans A, Campbell AM, Almeida Paz ICL, Jacobs L. Social-pair judgment bias testing in slow-growing broiler chickens raised in low- or high-complexity environments. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9393. [PMID: 37296295 PMCID: PMC10256692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Impacts of environmental complexity on affective states in slow-growing broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are unknown. Chickens' performance in judgment bias tests (JBT) can be limited as they are tested individually, causing fear and anxiety. The objectives were to apply a social-pair JBT to assess the effect of environmental complexity on slow-growing broiler chickens` affective states, and assess the impact of fearfulness, anxiety, and chronic stress on JBT performance. Six-hundred Hubbard Redbro broilers were housed in six low-complexity (similar to commercial) or six high-complexity (permanent and temporary enrichments) pens. Twelve chicken pairs were trained (1 pair/pen, n = 24 chickens) using a multimodal approach (visual and spatial cues), with reward and neutral cues of opposing color and location. Three ambiguous cues were tested: near-positive, middle, and near-neutral cues. Approach and pecking behavior were recorded. Eighty-three percent of chickens (20/24) were successfully trained in 13 days. Fearfulness, anxiety, and chronic stress did not impact chickens' performance. Chickens successfully discriminated between cues. Low-complexity chickens approached the middle cue faster than high-complexity chickens, indicating that they were in a more positive affective state. The environmental complexity provided in this study did not improve affective states in slow-growing broiler chickens compared to a control. A social-pair JBT resulted in excellent learning and testing outcomes in slow-growing broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Lourenço-Silva
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (FMVZ), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - A Ulans
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - A M Campbell
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - I C L Almeida Paz
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (FMVZ), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Jacobs
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Anderson G, Johnson A, Arguelles-Ramos M, Ali A. Impact of Body-worn Sensors on Broiler Chicken Behavior and Agonistic Interactions. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36876919 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2023.2186788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Technology, like body-worn sensors, enables data collection from similar-looking individuals in large groups but may alter behavior. We aimed to evaluate the impact of body-worn sensors on broiler behavior. Broilers were housed in 8 pens (10 birds/m2). At 21 days-old, 10 birds/pen were fitted with a harness contained a sensor (HAR), while the remaining 10-birds were unharnessed (NON). Behaviors were recorded on days 22-26 using scan sampling (126 scans/day for 5 days). Percent of birds performing behaviors were calculated daily for each group (HAR-or-NON), and agonistic interactions were identified based on birds involved (two NON-birds (N-N), NON-aggressor to HAR-recipient (N-H), HAR-aggressor to NON-recipient (H-N), or two HAR-birds (H-H)). HAR-birds performed locomotory behavior and explored less often than NON-birds (p<0.05). Consummatory behavior was unaffected by treatment on any day (p>0.05). Agonistic interactions occurred more often between NON-aggressor and HAR-recipient birds than other categories on days 22 and 23 (p<0.05). HAR-broilers showed no behavioral differences when compared to NON-broilers after 2 days; thus, a similar acclimation period is required before using body-worn sensors to evaluate broiler welfare without altering behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracie Anderson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Alexa Johnson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | - Ahmed Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Animal Behavior and Management, Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Bird Welfare in Zoos and Aquariums: General Insights across Industries. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg3020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare is a priority across accredited zoological institutions; however, historically, research has been prioritized for mammals. Bird-focused studies accounted for less than 10% of welfare research in zoos and aquariums over the last ten years. Due to the lack of scientific publications on bird welfare, zoo scientists and animal practitioners can look to other industries such as agriculture, laboratories, and companion animal research for insight. This qualitative review highlights findings across industries to inform animal care staff and scientists on the welfare needs of birds within zoos and aquariums. Specifically, the review includes an overview of research on different topics and a summary of key findings across nine resources that affect bird welfare. We also highlight areas where additional research is necessary. Future welfare research in zoos and aquariums should prioritize studies that consider a diversity of bird species across topics and work to identify animal-based measures with empirical evidence. Moving forward, research from other industries can help develop innovative research on bird welfare within zoos and aquariums.
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Snyder AM, Riley SP, Robison CI, Karcher DM, Wickware CL, Johnson TA, Weimer SL. Behavior and Immune Response of Conventional and Slow-Growing Broilers to Salmonella Typhimurium. Front Physiol 2022; 13:890848. [PMID: 35586720 PMCID: PMC9108930 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.890848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast growth rate in broiler chickens comes with welfare concerns and the contribution of growth rate to pathogen resistance and sickness behavior is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological and behavioral responses of conventional (CONV) and slow-growing (SG) male broilers challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. CONV (n = 156) and SG (n = 156) chicks were raised in a pen with wood litter shavings until day 7 of age, when birds were transferred to 24 isolators (n = 11 chicks/isolator). On day 14 of age, half of the birds (n = 12 isolators) were challenged with S. Typhimurium (ST) and the other half (n = 12 isolators) received a control (C). On days 7, 13, 17, 21, and 24, body weight was recorded, and blood, jejunum and ileum sections were collected from 2 birds/isolator (n = 48 birds/sampling) to measure plasma IgA and IgG and intestinal histomorphology, respectively. On days 12, 16, 21, and 23, video was recorded to evaluate bird postures (sitting, standing, or locomoting) and behaviors (eating, drinking, preening, stretching, sham foraging, allopreening, and aggression). CONV birds were 70 g heavier (p = 0.03) on day 21 and 140 g heavier (p = 0.007) on day 24 than SG. On day 7, CONV jejunum villus height and crypt depth were 22 and 7 μm greater (p ≤ 0.001), respectively, than SG. On day 24, ST ileum villus height was 95 μm shorter (p = 0.009) than C. IgA increased after day 17 for all birds and at day 21, CONV IgA was greater (p = 0.01) than SG. Although SG IgG was 344 μg/ml greater (p = 0.05) than CONV on day 7, CONV IgG increased with age (p < 0.0001) to greater (p ≤ 0.03) concentrations than SG on day 21 and day 24 by 689 μg/ml and 1,474 μg/ml, respectively, while SG IgG remained at similar concentrations after day 13. Generally, a greater proportion of birds sham foraged as they aged (p < 0.0001). A greater proportion of CONV tended to sit (p = 0.09) and fewer locomoted (p < 0.0001) than SG as they aged. The results illustrate conventional and slow-growing broilers differ in their behavior, immunity, and response to Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn M. Snyder
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sean P. Riley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Cara I. Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Darrin M. Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Carmen L. Wickware
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Timothy A. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Shawna L. Weimer
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Shawna L. Weimer,
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Abstract
Lameness or leg weakness is the main cause of poor poultry welfare and serious economic losses in meat-type poultry production worldwide. Disorders related to the legs are often associated with multifactorial aetiology which makes diagnosis and proper treatment difficult. Among the infectious agents, bacteria of genus Staphylococcus are one of the most common causes of bone infections in poultry and are some of the oldest bacterial infections described in poultry. Staphylococci readily infect bones and joints and are associated with bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), spondylitis, arthritis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC), bumblefoot, dyschondroplasia with osteomyelitis and amyloid arthropathy. Overall, 61 staphylococcal species have been described so far, and 56% of them (34/61) have been isolated from clinical cases in poultry. Although Staphylococcus aureus is the principal cause of poultry staphylococcosis, other Staphylococcus species, such as S. agnetis, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. hyicus, S. simulans, have also been isolated from skeletal lesions. Antimicrobial treatment of staphylococcosis is usually ineffective due to the location and type of lesion, as well as the possible occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains. Increasing demand for antibiotic-free farming has contributed to the use of alternatives to antibiotics. Other prevention methods, such as better management strategies, early feed restriction or use of slow growing broilers should be implemented to avoid rapid growth rate, which is associated with locomotor problems. This review aims to summarise and address current knowledge on skeletal disorders associated with Staphylococcus spp. infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaw M Szafraniec
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Szeleszczuk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Behavioural Response and Weight of Broiler Chickens Reared Under Different Artificial Light Sources. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study evaluated the behavioural response and weight of broiler birds at the 4th and 6th week of age when raised under incandescent (ICD) and compact fluorescent light (CFL). At 2 weeks of age, a total of 216 Arbor Acres birds were randomly allotted into 3 treatments: Control (no artificial light), ICD (60 watts, 800 lm) and CFL (40 watts, 2000 lm). Artificial lighting was provided from 8 p. m. to 4 a. m. daily. Data collected were subjected to One-way ANOVA using Minitab 17 through a general linear model (GLM) procedure and means were separated using Tukey’s test software. At 4 weeks of age, the presence of light significantly increased (P < 0.05) the weight, as well as the occurrence of feeding, drinking, sitting, standing, walking, running and jumping behaviour. ICD and CFL had similar effects on feeding and jumping behaviour. At 6 weeks of age, the presence of light had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the frequency of drinking and jumping behaviour. However, the weight, the frequency of feeding, standing, walking and running behaviour increased (P < 0.05) under the two light sources compared to the control. Also, birds raised under CFL displayed a higher frequency (P < 0.05) of inactive/resting and locomotor behaviour compared to birds reared under ICD which had a higher frequency of drinking behaviour. From this study, the use of CFL throughout the production stages is encouraged in poultry facilities due to the resultant increase in the activity levels of broilers and the reduced energy cost.
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Lourenço da Silva MI, Almeida Paz ICDL, Chaves GHC, Almeida ICDL, dos Ouros CC, de Souza SRL, Milbradt EL, Caldara FR, Satin AJG, da Costa GA, Glavina ASG. Behaviour and animal welfare indicators of broiler chickens housed in an enriched environment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256963. [PMID: 34570782 PMCID: PMC8476007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the influence of adding straw bales, step platforms, and laser projectors as environmental enrichment resources on the behaviour and welfare indicators of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). A sample of 4,000 day-old male Cobb® 500 birds was used. The experimental treatments consisted of No Environmental Enrichment (NEE)-similar to a conventional environment; and Environmental Enrichment (EE)-environment enriched with straw bales, step platforms, and laser projectors, with four replicates per treatment of 500 animals. Behavioural characteristics (ethological observation through cameras, grab test, and modified touch test) and animal welfare indicators (pododermatitis and dorsal cranial myopathy) were assessed. The birds submitted to the EE treatment exhibited greater exploratory activity and expression of behaviours associated with comfort and welfare, whereas those in the NEE group were less active. Locomotion and play fighting behaviour decreased and behaviours associated with comfort increased as age advanced. The frequencies of interaction with laser spots and birds lying around straw bales were the highest in the 1st week (P<0.01). The behaviours of pecking at straw bales (P<0.0004), using the step platforms (P = 0.0001) and being on top of straw bales (P<0.0002) gradually increased. The chickens accessed the feeding troughs the most in the period of 0800 hours (P<0.0001) and expressed the highest frequencies of behaviours associated with comfort in the 1400 hours and 1700 hours periods. The birds in the EE group were calmer in face of human presence and touch and scored higher in animal welfare indicators. Adding straw bales, step platforms, and laser projectors increased locomotion, reduced expression of fear, and improved animal welfare indicators of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marconi Italo Lourenço da Silva
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ibiara Correia de Lima Almeida Paz
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Coelho Chaves
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ianê Correia de Lima Almeida
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar dos Ouros
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Lucas de Souza
- Department of Rural Engineering, School of Agronomic Science (FCA), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisane Lenita Milbradt
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Ribeiro Caldara
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Garcia Satin
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Augusto da Costa
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia Soares Gonçalves Glavina
- Department of Rural Engineering, School of Agronomic Science (FCA), São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kim DH, Lee YK, Lee SD, Kim SH, Lee KW. Physiological and behavioral responses of laying hens exposed to long-term high temperature. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103017. [PMID: 34420645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of a 42 d period of heat stress on laying hens with respect to rectal temperature, body-surface temperature, heart rate, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio), corticosterone (CORT) in plasma and yolk samples, and video-assessed behaviors. A total of one hundred twenty 56-week-old ISA-brown laying hens were continuously exposed to one of three temperature regimes: optimal (LT; 22 °C), moderate (MT; 27 °C), and high (HT; 32 °C). The relative humidity was maintained at 50% in all treatments. HT vs. MT and LT increased rectal temperature, heart rate, and body-surface temperature on all days (P < 0.05). HT vs. LT raised (P < 0.05) the H/L ratio in blood at day 42 following heat exposure. On the other hand, both HT- and MT-exposed laying hens had higher (P < 0.05) plasma CORT compared with those on LT group only at 28 and 42 d following heat treatment. Yolk CORT was elevated (P < 0.05) in the HT vs. MT and LT groups at 3 and 14 d following heat treatment. Panting and wing elevation were the most relevant behaviors in laying hens exposed to HT vs. MT and LT. The study shows that rectal and body-surface temperature, heart rate, and behavior, but not CORT or H/L ratio, are the reliable indicators for assessing the stress status of laying hens over extended period of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoo-Kyung Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (NIAS-RDA), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Dae Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (NIAS-RDA), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Ho Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (NIAS-RDA), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Anderson MG, Campbell AM, Crump A, Arnott G, Jacobs L. Environmental complexity positively impacts affective states of broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16966. [PMID: 34417475 PMCID: PMC8379235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Affective state can bias an animal's judgement. Animals in positive affective states can interpret ambiguous cues more positively ("optimistically") than animals in negative affective states. Thus, judgement bias tests can determine an animal's affective state through their responses to ambiguous cues. We tested the effects of environmental complexity and stocking density on affective states of broiler chickens through a multimodal judgement bias test. Broilers were trained to approach reinforced locations signaled by one color and not to approach unreinforced locations signaled by a different color. Trained birds were tested for latencies to approach three ambiguous cues of intermediate color and location. Broilers discriminated between cues, with shorter latencies to approach ambiguous cues closest to the reinforced cue than cues closest to the unreinforced cue, validating the use of the test in this context. Broilers housed in high-complexity pens approached ambiguous cues faster than birds in low-complexity pens-an optimistic judgement bias, suggesting the former were in a more positive affective state. Broilers from high-density pens tended to approach all cues faster than birds from low-density pens, possibly because resource competition in their home pen increased food motivation. Overall, our study suggests that environmental complexity improves broilers' affective states, implying animal welfare benefits of environmental enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Anderson
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - A. M. Campbell
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - A. Crump
- grid.13063.370000 0001 0789 5319Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - G. Arnott
- grid.4777.30000 0004 0374 7521School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - L. Jacobs
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
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13
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Fernandes AM, de Lucca Sartori D, de Oliveira Morais FJ, Salgado DD, Pereira DF. Analysis of Cluster and Unrest Behaviors of Laying Hens Housed under Different Thermal Conditions and Light Wave Length. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072017. [PMID: 34359145 PMCID: PMC8300204 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The effects of lighting wavelength on the behavior of laying hens are not yet completely known. This study observed three groups of birds housed under different lighting colors (blue, green, and red) for 90 days. Important differences were found regarding the unrest and cluster behaviors of the birds. It was found that, at shorter wavelengths (blue light), birds became more agitated, while, at longer wavelengths (red light), birds became more clustered. When subjected to cold or heat stress, birds expressed unrest and cluster behaviors in different ways, indicating that further studies should be conducted to better clarify the effects of lighting on the behavior and well-being of laying hens. Abstract Laying hens are affected by the intensity, wavelength, and duration of light, and the behavioral patterns of these animals are important indicators of stress. The objective of the present study was to evaluate cluster and unrest behaviors of lying hens submitted to three environments with different treatments of monochromatic lighting (blue, green, and red). For 29 weeks, 60 laying hens from the Lohmann variety were divided into three groups and monitored by surveillance cameras installed on each shed ceiling and directed to the floor. Each group was housed in a small-scale shed and maintained under a monochromatic lighting treatment. The recordings were made at two times of the day, 15 min in the morning and 15 min in the afternoon, and the videos were processed, segmented, and analyzed computationally. From the analysis of the images, the cluster and unrest indexes were calculated. The results showed the influence of lighting on these behaviors, displaying that the birds were more agitated in the treatments with shorter wavelengths. Cluster behavior was higher in birds housed under red light. There was an interaction between the lighting treatments and the thermal environment, indicating that more studies should be carried out in this area to better understand these behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Mirella Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Agribusiness and Development, School of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University, Tupã 17602-496, Brazil;
| | - Diogo de Lucca Sartori
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University, Tupã 17602-496, Brazil; (D.d.L.S.); (F.J.d.O.M.); (D.D.S.)
| | - Flávio José de Oliveira Morais
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University, Tupã 17602-496, Brazil; (D.d.L.S.); (F.J.d.O.M.); (D.D.S.)
| | - Douglas D’Alessandro Salgado
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University, Tupã 17602-496, Brazil; (D.d.L.S.); (F.J.d.O.M.); (D.D.S.)
| | - Danilo Florentino Pereira
- Graduate Program in Agribusiness and Development, School of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University, Tupã 17602-496, Brazil;
- Department of Management, Development and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, Sao Paulo State University, Tupã 17602-496, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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14
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Sokołowicz Z, Dykiel M, Topczewska J, Krawczyk J, Augustyńska-Prejsnar A. The Effect of the Type of Non-Caged Housing System, Genotype and Age on the Behaviour of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2450. [PMID: 33371385 PMCID: PMC7767380 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the welfare of laying hens in different non-caged housing systems, namely a deep-litter barn system (BS), a free-range system (FRS) and an organic system (OS). The study was conducted on 270 hens of a native breed Green-legged Partridge (Z-11) and 270 Hy-Line Brown hybrids. Visual scans were performed to record behaviour of hens. Hens were housed in groups of 30 and observed over the course of one day at 20, 36 and 56 weeks of age. Dustbathing, scratching, wing stretching, wing flapping and preening were recorded as comfort behaviours. Pecking, fighting, threatening and chasing were recorded as agonistic behaviours. The percentage of run use was higher in native hens than in commercial hens (p < 0.05). The proportion of hens exhibiting comfort behaviours housed in the FRS and OS was similar but over twice as high as in the BS (p < 0.05). In the FRS and OS, the percentage of hens displaying comfort behaviours increased with age (p < 0.05). In all the production systems, the percentage of birds displaying comfort behaviours was higher in native breed hens than in commercial breeds (p < 0.05). In the BS, the higher proportion of hens displaying an agonistic behaviour was seen more in commercial breed than in the native breed hens (p < 0.05). The percentage of birds displaying an agonistic behaviour declined with hen age, both in commercial and native breed hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Sokołowicz
- Department of Animal Production and Poultry Products Evaluation, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (Z.S.); (A.A.-P.)
| | - Magdalena Dykiel
- Department of Food Production and Safety, Carpathion State College in Krosno, Rynek 1, 38-400 Krosno, Poland;
| | - Jadwiga Topczewska
- Department of Animal Production and Poultry Products Evaluation, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (Z.S.); (A.A.-P.)
| | - Józefa Krawczyk
- Department of Poultry Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska Street 1, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Augustyńska-Prejsnar
- Department of Animal Production and Poultry Products Evaluation, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza Street 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland; (Z.S.); (A.A.-P.)
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15
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Nwaigwe CU, Ihedioha JI, Shoyinka SV, Nwaigwe CO. Evaluation of the hematological and clinical biochemical markers of stress in broiler chickens. Vet World 2020; 13:2294-2300. [PMID: 33281369 PMCID: PMC7704311 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2294-2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Stress significantly affects health and productivity of animals. There is need for affordable and easy-to-assay markers of physiological stress in broilers. This study evaluated hematological and serum biochemical markers of physiologic stress in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Thirty day-old broiler chickens were assigned to three groups of ten broilers each during the 56-day study. Group 1 broilers served as the control and were not exposed to any stressors; Group 2 broilers were stocked at the stress density of 50 kg BW m–2 from day 49 to 56 while Group 3 broilers had their feed withdrawn 36 h before blood collection on day 56. Blood samples were collected on day 49 (pre-stress sample) and day 56 (post-stress sample) from all the birds and subjected to hematological and serum biochemical analysis. Results: The parameters did not vary significantly (p>0.05) pre-stress. Post-stress, there were significant variations in the heterophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts and in the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio across the three groups. The concentrations of the plasma fibrinogen and serum albumins, sodium, and sodium to potassium ratio of the broilers varied significantly across the groups. Conclusion: Heterophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte counts, the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, plasma fibrinogen, serum albumin, sodium, and sodium to potassium ratio are significant markers of physiological stress in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma U Nwaigwe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - John I Ihedioha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Shodeinde V Shoyinka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuemeka O Nwaigwe
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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16
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How Are Information Technologies Addressing Broiler Welfare? A Systematic Review Based on the Welfare Quality® Assessment. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12041413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to explore how information technologies (ITs) are currently used to monitor the welfare of broiler chickens. The question posed for the review was “which ITs are related to welfare and how do they monitor this for broilers?”. The Welfare Quality® (WQ) protocol for broiler assessment was utilized as a framework to analyse suitable articles. A total of 57 studies were reviewed wherein all principles of broiler welfare were addressed. The “good health” principle was the main criteria found to be addressed by ITs and IT-based studies (45.6% and 46.1%, respectively), whereas the least observed principle was “good feeding” (8.8%). This review also classified ITs and IT-based studies by their utilization (location, production system, variable measured, aspect of production, and experimental/practical use). The results show that the current focus of ITs is on problems with conventional production systems and that less attention has been given to free-range systems, slaughterhouses, and supply chain issues. Given the valuable results evidenced by the exploitation of ITs, their use in broiler production should continue to be encouraged with more attention given to farmer adoption strategies.
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17
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Usman M, Mahmud A, Hussain J, Javid A. Morphology, Blood Chemistry and Behavioral Response of Crossbred Chickens Reared Under Alternative Production Systems. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Usman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A Mahmud
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - J Hussain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A Javid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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18
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Frediani MH, Pizzutto CS, Alves MBR, Pereira RJG. Effect of simple and low-cost enrichment items on behavioral, clinical, and productive variables of caged laying hens. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 22:139-148. [PMID: 29607700 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1448984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Housing layers in battery cages is a practice still used by many countries but it has been criticized because of its influence on behavioral repertoire of birds. We investigated whether simple and affordable enrichment devices alone impact behavior, foot condition and performance of laying hens housed in conventional cages. Hens were divided into plain cages (CON), cages with perches (PER), and cages with tassels and scratch-pads (ENR), and parameters were evaluated before and after enrichment placement. After perch placement inactivity, drinking and competition for space reduced 35.6%, 40.8% and 70.3%, respectively, whereas social interaction increased 19.3%. Both modifications decreased locomotion (75.0% and 42.4% for PER and ENR respectively) and abnormal behaviors (62.5% and 43.9.4% for PER and ENR respectively). None of the performance variables were affected by ENR or PER. Thermography was more efficient than visual inspection in detecting subclinical bumblefoot, and it confirmed that PER reduced subclinical and clinical cases. Our findings indicate that perches increased welfare-related behaviors and foot health of hens, supporting the use of these inexpensive and highly adaptable alternatives for the enrichment of battery cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra H Frediani
- a Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Pizzutto
- a Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maíra B R Alves
- a Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ricardo J G Pereira
- a Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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19
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Sgavioli S, de Faria Domingues CH, Castiblanco DMC, Praes MFFM, Andrade-Garcia GM, Santos ET, Baraldi-Artoni SM, Garcia RG, Junqueira OM. Silicon in broiler drinking water promotes bone development in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:693-698. [PMID: 27355845 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal abnormalities, bone deformities and fractures cause significant losses in broiler production during both rearing and processing. Silicon is an essential mineral for bone and connective tissue synthesis and for calcium absorption during the early stages of bone formation. Performance was not affected by the addition of silicon. However, broilers receiving silicon showed a significant increase of phosphorus, zinc, copper, manganese and ash in the tibia. In conclusion, broiler performance was not impaired by adding the tested silicon product to the drinking water. In addition, bone development improved, as demonstrated by higher mineral and ash content. Further studies are required to determine the optimal concentration of silicon, including heat stress simulations, to better understand the effects of silicon on bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sgavioli
- a College of Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados , Brazil
| | - C H de Faria Domingues
- b Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology , São Paulo State University , Jaboticabal , Brazil
| | - D M C Castiblanco
- b Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology , São Paulo State University , Jaboticabal , Brazil
| | - M F F M Praes
- b Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology , São Paulo State University , Jaboticabal , Brazil
| | - Giuliana M Andrade-Garcia
- b Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology , São Paulo State University , Jaboticabal , Brazil
| | - E T Santos
- b Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology , São Paulo State University , Jaboticabal , Brazil
| | - S M Baraldi-Artoni
- b Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology , São Paulo State University , Jaboticabal , Brazil
| | - R G Garcia
- a College of Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados , Brazil
| | - O M Junqueira
- c Regional Jataí, College of Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Goiás , Jataí , Brazil
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20
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Pilotto F, Ribeiro AML, Cargnelutti Filho A, Klein VA. Development and Performance of a Mechanical Egg Collection System Versus the Hand-Operated Dutch Nest. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1704523-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - AML Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - VA Klein
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Brazil
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21
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Sans ECO, Federici JF, Dahlke F, Molento CFM. Evaluation of Free-Range broilers using the welfare quality® protocol. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1603297-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ECO Sans
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - F Dahlke
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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