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Bilal RM, Hassan FU, Farag MR, Nasir TA, Ragni M, Mahgoub HAM, Alagawany M. Thermal stress and high stocking densities in poultry farms: Potential effects and mitigation strategies. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:102944. [PMID: 34420608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental changes pose significant threats to agricultural activities particularly animal production. These changes have induced major concerns which will negatively affect the poultry health and productivity under the current climate changes. Moreover, they also alter the immunological status of the exposed birds and make them susceptible to different diseases. The adverse effects of environmental stress also include poor performance of birds (reduced feed intake, growth, feed efficiency, immunity, and egg production) and inferior product quality. The adverse effect of heat stress on different quail breeds like Japanese quail, bobwhite quail, scaled quail, and Gambel's quail ranged from decreased growth rates (11.0-14.5%), body weight (7.7-13.2%), feed intake (6.1-21.6%), feed efficiency (4.3-8.6%), and egg production (6.6-23.3%). Also, birds reared under heat stress (34 °C) had significantly decreased Haugh units by 10.8% and egg weight by 14.3% in comparison with the control group (reared at 22 °C). On the other hand, increasing stoking density from 30 to 45 kg/m2 also negatively affected the feed intake and body weight. Recent studies have focused on evaluating the potential adverse effects of different environmental stresses on poultry performance, behavior, welfare, and reproduction. It is imperative to understand better the interaction of different environmental factors and their subsequent effects on avian physiology, to spotlights on the effective management and nutritional strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of different stresses in poultry. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of physiological manifestations of major environmental stresses including thermal stress (heat and cold stress) and high stocking densities on poultry health and production. Moreover, we have also critically evaluated the scope and efficacy of some potential strategies to mitigate the influences of these environmental stressors in different poultry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Muhammad Bilal
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal & Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Taquir Ali Nasir
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sargodha, Punjb, Pakistan
| | - Marco Ragni
- Department of Agro-Environmental and Territorial Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Hany A M Mahgoub
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Lee S, Kim DH, Keum MC, Han E, An BK, Chang HH, Choi YH, Moon BH, Lee KW. Effects of fumonisin B1 and mycotoxin binders on growth performance, tibia characteristics, gut physiology, and stress indicators in broiler chickens raised in different stocking densities. Poult Sci 2018; 97:845-854. [PMID: 29272444 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of stocking density, fumonisin B1 (FB), and mycotoxin binder (TB) on growth performance, bone quality, physiological stress indicators, and gut health in broiler chickens. Day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks (n = 1,440/experiment) were randomly allocated to 72 floor pens in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, using 3 stocking densities (12.5 birds/m2 [HSD], 10 birds/m2 [MSD], or 7.5 birds/m2 [LSD]), 2 levels of purified FB (0 or 10 ppm), and 2 levels of TB (0 or 0.2%). Each treatment had 6 replicates (n = 6/treatment) and experiments lasted 34 days. All data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA with stocking density level, FB, and TB as main factors. Body weight gain and feed intake were lower (P < 0.05) in broilers kept at HSD and MSD compared to LSD-housed counterparts. Birds fed an FB-contaminated diet exhibited a higher feed-to-gain ratio compared with those fed an FB-free diet (P < 0.05). None of the treatments affected intestinal morphology or ileal secretory immunoglobulin A levels. Stocking density affected tibia breaking strength (P < 0.05), which was lower in chickens housed at HSD compared with LSD-housed chickens. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio) was elevated (P < 0.05) in HSD and MSD groups compared with the LSD group. Serum nitric oxide (NO) levels were elevated (P < 0.05) in chickens fed the FB-contaminated diet compared with the control diet-fed counterparts. Significant interaction (P < 0.05) between FB and TB on serum NO levels was noted. In summary, increasing stocking density lowered growth performance and bone quality, but increased the H/L ratio. Dietary TB did not affect FB-induced increases in the feed-to-gain ratio. No interaction was observed between stocking density and FB for the measured variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - D-H Kim
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - M-C Keum
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - E Han
- BIOMIN Singapore Ltd., 3791 Jalan Bukit Merah, 159471 Singapore
| | - B-K An
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - H-H Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Y-H Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - B-H Moon
- Celltech, Co., Ltd., Eumseong-gun, Chungbuk, 27622, South Korea
| | - K-W Lee
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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