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Bianco A, Normanno G, Capozzi L, Del Sambro L, Di Fato L, Miccolupo A, Di Taranto P, Caruso M, Petruzzi F, Ali A, Parisi A. High Genetic Diversity and Virulence Potential in Bacillus cereus sensu lato Isolated from Milk and Cheeses in Apulia Region, Southern Italy. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071548. [PMID: 37048369 PMCID: PMC10094235 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group includes species that act as food-borne pathogens causing diarrheal and emetic symptoms. They are widely distributed and can be found in various foods. In this study, out of 550 samples of milk and cheeses, 139 (25.3%) were found to be contaminated by B. cereus sensu lato (s.l.). One isolate per positive sample was characterized by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and for the presence of ten virulence genes. Based on MLST, all isolates were classified into 73 different sequence types (STs), of which 12 isolates were assigned to new STs. Virulence genes detection revealed that 90% and 61% of the isolates harboured the nheABC and the hblCDA gene cluster, respectively. Ninety-four percent of the isolates harboured the enterotoxin genes entS and entFM; 8% of the isolates possessed the ces gene. Thirty-eight different genetic profiles were identified, suggesting a high genetic diversity. Our study clearly shows the widespread diffusion of potentially toxigenic isolates of B. cereus s.l. in milk and cheeses in the Apulia region highlighting the need to adopt GMP and HACCP procedures along every step of the milk and cheese production chain in order to reduce the public health risk linked to the consumption of foods contaminated by B. cereus s.l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Normanno
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Di Fato
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Miccolupo
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Taranto
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marta Caruso
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Petruzzi
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Ashraf Ali
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
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Meng L, Zhang R, Dong L, Hu H, Liu H, Zheng N, Wang J, Cheng J. Characterization and spoilage potential of Bacillus cereus isolated from farm environment and raw milk. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:940611. [PMID: 36177462 PMCID: PMC9514233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.940611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus sensu lato (B. cereus sl) is important spoilage bacteria causing milk structure and flavor changes and is ubiquitous in the environment. This study addresses the biodiversity, toxicity, and proteolytic activity of B. cereus sl from 82 environmental samples and 18 raw bovine milk samples from a dairy farm in the region of Tianjin. In sum, 47 B. cereus sl isolates were characterized through biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and panC gene analysis. Fourteen sequence types (STs) of B. cereus sl were found in raw bovine milk samples, and five new STs (ST2749, ST2750, ST2751, ST2752, and ST2753) were identified in this study. ST1150 was the dominant ST, associated with fecal, air, drinking water, teat skin, teat cup, and teat dip cup. The results of toxin gene analyses showed that 12.77% and 8.51% of isolates carried hblACD and nheABC operons, respectively. In addition, the detection rate of emetic cesB gene was 21.28%. B. cereus sl demonstrated high spoilage potentials even at 7°C, which has the proteolytic activity of 14.32 ± 1.96 μmol of glycine equivalents per ml. Proteolytic activities were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased after the heat treatment. The residual activity of protease produced at 7°C was significantly higher than that produced at 25°C and 37°C after treatment at 121°C for 10 s and 135°C for 5 s (p < 0.01). Together, the results provide insights into the characteristics of B. cereus sl from farm environment and raw bovine milk and revealed that B. cereus sl contamination should also be monitored in raw milk for ultra-high temperature (UHT) products. This knowledge illustrates that strict cleaning management should be implemented to control B. cereus sl and assure high-quality milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Meng
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, Teaching and Research Centre (TERRA), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqi Wang
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Fraccalvieri R, Bianco A, Difato LM, Capozzi L, Del Sambro L, Simone D, Catanzariti R, Caruso M, Galante D, Normanno G, Palazzo L, Tempesta M, Parisi A. Toxigenic Genes, Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacillus cereus Group Isolated from Ice Cream and Characterized by Whole Genome Sequencing. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162480. [PMID: 36010481 PMCID: PMC9407285 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is isolated from a variety of foods where it may cause food spoilage and/or food poisoning due to its toxigenic and pathogenic nature. In this study, we identified members of B. cereus groups in 65% of the ice cream samples analyzed, which were characterized based on multi locus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The MLVA revealed that 36 strains showed different allelic profiles. Analyses of WGS data enabled the identification of three members of the B. cereus group: B. cereus sensu stricto, B. mosaicus and B. thuringiensis. Based on the multi locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme, the strains were classified in 27 sequence types (STs), including ST26 that causes food poisoning. Toxin genes’ detection revealed the presence of the genes encoding nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE), hemolysin BL (HBL), cytotoxin K (cytK) and cereulide (ces) in 100%, 44%, 42% and 8% of the strains, respectively. The identification of eleven antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes predicted the resistance to five different antimicrobials, and the resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics was confirmed with a phenotypic antimicrobial test. Taken together, the results showed that the B. cereus strains isolated from ice cream were a potential hazard for consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fraccalvieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Angelica Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-4057858; Fax: +39-080-4057753
| | - Laura Maria Difato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenico Simone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberta Catanzariti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marta Caruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenico Galante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Normanno
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and the Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Lucia Palazzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS PB), Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
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4
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A novel Bacillus cereus bacteriophage DLn1 and its endolysin as biocontrol agents against Bacillus cereus in milk. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 369:109615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Walser V, Kranzler M, Dawid C, Ehling-Schulz M, Stark TD, Hofmann TF. Distribution of the Emetic Toxin Cereulide in Cow Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080528. [PMID: 34437398 PMCID: PMC8402402 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is frequently associated with food-borne intoxications, and its emetic toxin cereulide causes emesis and nausea after consumption of contaminated foods. The major source for contamination is found within contaminated raw materials containing the highly chemically resistant cereulide, independent of vegetative bacteria cells. Up to date, non-existing removal strategies for cereulide evoke the question of how the toxin is distributed within a food sample, especially cow milk. Milk samples with different milk fat contents were incubated with purified cereulide, separated by centrifugation into a lipid and an aqueous phase, and cereulide was quantified in both fractions by SIDA-LC-MS/MS. By artificially increasing the milk fat content from 0.5% to 50%, the amount of cereulide recovered in the lipid phase and could be augmented from 13.3 to 78.6%. Further, the ratio of cereulide increased in the lipid phase of milk with additional plant-based lipid (sunflower oil) to 47.8%. This demonstrated a clear affinity of cereulide towards the hydrophobic, lipid phase, aligning with cereulide's naturally strong hydrophobic properties. Therefore, an intensified cereulide analysis of lipid enriched dairy products to prevent severe cereulide intoxications or cross-contamination in processed foods is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Walser
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (V.W.); (C.D.); (T.F.H.)
| | - Markus Kranzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (V.W.); (C.D.); (T.F.H.)
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Timo D. Stark
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (V.W.); (C.D.); (T.F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-8161-71-2911
| | - Thomas F. Hofmann
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (V.W.); (C.D.); (T.F.H.)
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6
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Bianco A, Capozzi L, Miccolupo A, Iannetti S, Danzetta ML, Del Sambro L, Caruso M, Santagada G, Parisi A. Multi-locus sequence typing and virulence profile in Bacillus cereus sensu lato strains isolated from dairy products. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 9:8401. [PMID: 33532366 PMCID: PMC7844584 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Bacillus cereus group are important food contaminants and they are of relevant interest in food safety and public heath due to their ability to cause two distinct forms of food poisoning, emetic and diarrhoeal syndrome. In the present study, 90 strains of B. cereus isolated from dairy products, have been typed using Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) analysis and investigated for the occurrence of 10 enterotoxigenic genes (hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK, entFM, entS and bceT) and one emetogenic gene (ces), to determine their genetic diversity. A total of 58 sequence types were identified and among these 17 were signalled as new profiles. Among the virulence genes, the majority of our strains carried the entS (92%), entFM (86%), nhe (82%) and cytK (72%) genes. All remaining genes were identified in at least one strain with different prevalence, stressing the genetic diversity, how even the different grade of pathogenicity of B. cereus isolated from dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Miccolupo
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Simona Iannetti
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Del Sambro
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marta Caruso
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Parisi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
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7
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Fei P, Xie Q, Jiang Y, Feng H, Chang Y, Kang H, Xing M, Chen J. Genotyping, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biofilm Formation of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Powdered Food Products in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:8-15. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fei
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Market Supervision and Management, MuLing Food Inspection Testing Center, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Hongxia Feng
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunhe Chang
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huaibin Kang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Min Xing
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Junliang Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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8
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Rasooly R, Do P, Hernlem B. Quantitative bioluminescence assay for measuring Bacillus cereus nonhemolytic enterotoxin complex. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238153. [PMID: 32998160 PMCID: PMC7527251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen causing emesis and diarrhea in those affected. It is assumed that the non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) plays a key role in B. cereus induced diarrhea. The ability to trace Nhe activity is important for food safety. While assays such as PCR and ELISA exist to detect Nhe, those methods cannot differentiate between active and inactive forms of Nhe. The existing rabbit ileal loop bioassay used to detect Nhe activity is ethically disfavored because it uses live experimental animals. Here we present a custom built low-cost CCD based luminometer and applied it in conjunction with a cell-based assay using Vero cells transduced to express the luciferase enzyme. The activity of Nhe was measured as its ability to inhibit synthesis of luciferase as quantified by reduction of light emission by the luciferase reaction. Emitted light intensity was observed to be inversely proportional to Nhe concentration over a range of 7 ng/ml to 125 ng/ml, with a limit of detection of 7 ng/ml Nhe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center, Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States of America
| | - Paula Do
- Western Regional Research Center, Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States of America
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Western Regional Research Center, Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States of America
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Hamidpour M, Mahdavi S. Prevalence of ces and cytk Genes of Bacillus cereus Isolated From Raw Milk in Tabriz, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2020.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium which is widespread in nature. It also has been known as a major foodborne pathogen that often plays a role in the contamination of ready-to-eat and dairy products. It causes two different types of food poisoning in human: the diarrheal type and the emetic type. Objective: The current study was planned to determine the prevalence of ces and cytk genes of Bacillus cereus isolated from raw milk in Tabriz, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 B. cereus strains isolated from cow raw milk, that had already been identified phenotypically, were assessed for molecular confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Then, they were evaluated for presence of ces and cytK genes by specific primers. Results: Of 40 B. cereus strains, 39 strains were confirmed molecularly. The frequency of cytK and ces genes was reported 38 (97.43%) and 0 (0%), respectively. Conclusion: The results of present study showed that B. cereus strains isolated from raw milk had high potential in causing diarrhea poisoning. Therefore, using procedures to reduce the bacterial contamination during the processing of dairy product is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Hamidpour
- Department of Microbiology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saman Mahdavi
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran
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10
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Enterotoxin and Emetic Toxin Genes Profiles and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Food, Environmental and Clinical Samples in Serbia. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2020-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bacillus cereus, usually ingested by food, can cause two types of disease due to the presence of toxins: vomiting and diarrhea syndrome. Systemic infections can also occur. The aim was to detect genes for enterotoxins (hblA, entFM) and emetic toxin (cer) and to investigate the genetic heterogeneity of B. cereus isolates from food, environment and human stool. Identification of B. cereus was performed by means of selective medium, classical biochemical test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Toxin genes were detected by PCR. Typing was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). EntFM gene was present in all stool and food samples and in 28/30 environmental isolates. HblA gene was present in 29/30 stool, 23/30 food and 24/30 environmental isolates. Cer gene was present in 30/30 stool, 28/30 food and 25/30 environmental isolates. The RAPD results show high heterogeneity among the isolates from each group. In the cumulative dendrogram, representative isolates from all three groups formed two clusters with a difference of 53%. The detection of toxin genes in all B. cereus isolates indicated these bacteria as potentially pathogenic and a serious threat for human health. The presence of isolates from all three groups in the same cluster suggests the existence of similar strains in the environment, food and patients, which is in line with the circulation of strains in nature through the food chain.
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11
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Adame-Gómez R, Muñoz-Barrios S, Castro-Alarcón N, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Toribio-Jiménez J, Ramírez-Peralta A. Prevalence of the Strains of Bacillus cereus Group in Artisanal Mexican Cheese. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:8-14. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Adame-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Salvador Muñoz-Barrios
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunotoxigenómica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Natividad Castro-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | | | - Jeiry Toribio-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Arturo Ramírez-Peralta
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, México
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12
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Rossi GAM, Silva HO, Aguilar CEG, Rochetti AL, Pascoe B, Méric G, Mourkas E, Hitchings MD, Mathias LA, de Azevedo Ruiz VL, Fukumasu H, Sheppard SK, Vidal AMC. Comparative genomic survey of Bacillus cereus sensu stricto isolates from the dairy production chain in Brazil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4780294. [PMID: 29390131 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of 262 Bacillus cereus isolates were analyzed including 69 isolates sampled from equipment, raw milk and dairy products from Brazil. The population structure of isolates showed strains belonging to known phylogenetic groups II, III, IV, V and VI. Almost all the isolates obtained from dairy products belonged to group III. Investigation of specific alleles revealed high numbers of isolates carrying toxin-associated genes including cytK (53.62%), hblA (59.42%), hblC (44.93%), hblD (53.62%), nheA (84.06%), nheB (89.86%) and nheC (84.06%) with isolates belonging to groups IV and V having significant higher prevalence of hblACD and group IV of CytK genes. Strains from dairy products had significantly lower prevalence of CytK and hblACD genes compared to isolates from equipment and raw milk/bulk tanks. Genes related to sucrose metabolism were detected at higher frequency in isolates obtained from raw milk compared to strains from equipment and utensils. The population genomic analysis demonstrated the diversity of strains and variability of putative function among B. cereus group isolates in Brazilian dairy production, with large numbers of strains potentially able to cause foodborne illness. This detailed information will contribute to targeted interventions to reduce milk contamination and spoilage associated with B. cereus in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Higor Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Gamero Aguilar
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arina Lázaro Rochetti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Evangelos Mourkas
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | | | - Luis Antonio Mathias
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Letticie de Azevedo Ruiz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ana Maria Centola Vidal
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fei P, Yuan X, Zhao S, Yang T, Xiang J, Chen X, Zhou L, Ji M. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Raw Milk and Cattle Farm Environments. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:1355-1360. [PMID: 31324956 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus not only has adverse effects on the nutrition and shelf life of dairy products but also seriously endanger people's health. This study was conducted to reveal the prevalence and genetic diversity of B. cereus strains isolated from raw milk and cattle farm environments. A total 56 of B. cereus strains were detected from 300 environmental samples (soil, water, fodder, air, milk pails, milking machines, cowsheds, bedding, excrement, cow surfaces, udders, overalls, soles, and staff hand samples) and 50 raw milk samples, and divided into 18 sequence types (STs) using multilocus sequence typing method. These STs included ST27, ST61, ST92, ST142, ST168, ST208, ST378, ST427, ST766, ST 857, ST1098, ST1140, ST1194, ST1236, ST1336, ST1339, ST1341, and ST1348, among them, ST857 (7/56, 12.5%) was the dominant ST, and were detected from air, cowsheds, bedding, excrement, and raw milk samples. Our findings could reveal the distribution and genetic diversity of B. cereus strains in raw milk and cattle farm environments, and provide a theoretical basis for controlling the potential harm of this pathogenic bacteria in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fei
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Xiujuan Yuan
- Anda Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Anda, 151400, China
| | - Shengjuan Zhao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Tongxiang Yang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jinle Xiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Lianxin Zhou
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Mengdi Ji
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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14
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Osman KM, Kappell AD, Orabi A, Al-Maary KS, Mubarak AS, Dawoud TM, Hemeg HA, Moussa IMI, Hessain AM, Yousef HMY, Hristova KR. Poultry and beef meat as potential seedbeds for antimicrobial resistant enterotoxigenic Bacillus species: a materializing epidemiological and potential severe health hazard. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11600. [PMID: 30072706 PMCID: PMC6072766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Bacillus cereus is of particular concern in food safety and public health, the role of other Bacillus species was overlooked. Therefore, we investigated the presence of eight enterotoxigenic genes, a hemolytic gene and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of Bacillus species in retail meat samples. From 255 samples, 124 Bacillus isolates were recovered, 27 belonged to B. cereus and 97 were non-B. cereus species. Interestingly, the non-B. cereus isolates carried the virulence genes and exhibited phenotypic virulence characteristics as the B. cereus. However, correlation matrix analysis revealed the B. cereus group positively correlates with the presence of the genes hblA, hblC, and plc, and the detection of hemolysis (p < 0.05), while the other Bacillus sp. groups are negatively correlated. Tests for antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics revealed extensive drug and multi-drug resistant isolates. Statistical analyses didn't support a correlation of antibiotic resistance to tested virulence factors suggesting independence of these phenotypic markers and virulence genes. Of special interest was the isolation of Paenibacillus alvei and Geobacillus stearothermophilus from the imported meat samples being the first recorded. The isolation of non-B. cereus species carrying enterotoxigenic genes in meat within Egypt, suggests their impact on food safety and public health and should therefore not be minimised, posing an area that requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamelia M Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anthony D Kappell
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khalid S Al-Maary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman S Mubarak
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Clinical Laboratory sciences, college of Applied Medical sciences, Taibah University, Taibah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab M I Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashgan M Hessain
- Department of Health Science, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend M Y Yousef
- Central Administration of Preventive Medicine, General Organization for Veterinary Service, Giza, Egypt.
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15
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Gao T, Ding Y, Wu Q, Wang J, Zhang J, Yu S, Yu P, Liu C, Kong L, Feng Z, Chen M, Wu S, Zeng H, Wu H. Prevalence, Virulence Genes, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus cereus Isolated From Pasteurized Milk in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:533. [PMID: 29632521 PMCID: PMC5879084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a common and important food-borne pathogen that can be found in various food products. Due to low-temperature sterilization for a short period of time, pasteurization is not sufficient for complete elimination of B. cereus in milk, thereby cause severe economic loss and food safety problems. It is therefore of paramount importance to perform risk assessment of B. cereus in pasteurized milk. In this study, we isolated B. cereus from pasteurized milk samples in different regions of China, and evaluated the contamination situation, existence of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance profile and genetic polymorphism of B. cereus isolates. Intriguingly, 70 samples (27%) were found to be contaminated by B. cereus and the average contamination level was 111 MPN/g. The distribution of virulence genes was assessed toward 10 enterotoxigenic genes (hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK, entFM, bceT, and hlyII) and one emetic gene (cesB). Forty five percent strains harbored enterotoxigenic genes hblACD and 93% isolates contained nheABC gene cluster. The positive rate of cytK, entFM, bceT, hlyII, and cesB genes were 73, 96, 75, 54, and 5%, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility assessment showed that most of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and rifampicin, but susceptible to other antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Total multidrug-resistant population was about 34%. In addition, B. cereus isolates in pasteurized milk showed a high genetic diversity. In conclusion, our findings provide the first reference on the prevalence, contamination level and characteristics of B. cereus isolated from pasteurized milk in China, suggesting a potential high risk of B. cereus to public health and dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shubo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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Fogele B, Granta R, Valciņa O, Bērziņš A. Occurrence and diversity of Bacillus cereus and moulds in spices and herbs. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Genotypes and the persistence survival phenotypes of Bacillus cereus isolated from UHT milk processing lines. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Acosta AC, Santos SJD, Albuquerque L, Soares KDA, Mota RA, Medeiros ESD. Frequência de genes codificadores de toxinas em Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de tanques expansão comunitários. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: A capacidade de produção de toxinas pelo Staphylococcus aureus no leite e produtos derivados está relacionado com surtos de intoxicação alimentar. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa, estudar a ocorrência de genes que codificam para enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (sea, seb, sed, seg, seh e sei) e toxinas α e β hemolítica (hla e hlb) em S. aureus isolados de 53 amostras de leite de tanques expansão comunitários no Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Foram identificados 27 isolados (50,94%) como S. aureus pela amplificação do gene nuc. 13/27 isolados (48,1%) foram positivos para pelo menos um gene das enterotoxinas estudadas, sendo as frequências dos genes sea 33,3%, seh 18,5%, sei 11,1% e sed 7,4%; não entanto não foram identificados os genes seb e seg nestas bactérias. Para as toxinas hemolíticas, 51,9% dos isolados portavam ambos genes (hla e hlb), sendo a frequência para o gene hla de 81,5% e para o gene hlb de 51,9%. A frequência de genes das toxinas avaliadas é alta o que constitui um risco potencial para a saúde pública em especial, as enterotoxinas por serem termoestáveis e estarem asssociados com surtos de intoxicação alimentar.
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Saleh-Lakha S, Leon-Velarde CG, Chen S, Lee S, Shannon K, Fabri M, Downing G, Keown B. A Study To Assess the Numbers and Prevalence of Bacillus cereus and Its Toxins in Pasteurized Fluid Milk. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1085-1089. [PMID: 28561637 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a pathogenic adulterant of raw milk and can persist as spores and grow in pasteurized milk. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of B. cereus and its enterotoxins in pasteurized milk at its best-before date when stored at 4, 7, and 10°C. More than 5.5% of moderately temperature-abused products (stored at 7°C) were found to contain >105 CFU/mL B. cereus , and about 4% of them contained enterotoxins at a level that may result in foodborne illness; in addition, more than 31% of the products contained >105 CFU/mL B. cereus and associated enterotoxins when stored at 10°C. Results from a growth kinetic study demonstrated that enterotoxin production by B. cereus in pasteurized milk can occur in as short as 7 to 8 days of storage at 7°C. The higher B. cereus counts were associated with products containing higher butterfat content or with those produced using the conventional high-temperature, short-time pasteurization process. Traditional indicators, aerobic colony counts and psychrotrophic counts, were found to have no correlation with level of B. cereus in milk. The characterization of 17 representative B. cereus isolates from pasteurized milk revealed five toxigenic gene patterns, with all the strains carrying genes encoding for diarrheal toxins but not for an emetic toxin, and with one strain containing all four diarrheal enterotoxin genes (nheA, entFM, hblC, and cytK). The results of this study demonstrate the risks associated even with moderately temperature-abused pasteurized milk and the necessity of a controlled cold chain throughout the shelf life of fluid milk to enhance product safety and minimize foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleema Saleh-Lakha
- 1 Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
| | - Carlos G Leon-Velarde
- 1 Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
| | - Shu Chen
- 1 Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
| | - Susan Lee
- 1 Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
| | - Kelly Shannon
- 1 Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
| | - Martha Fabri
- 2 Food Safety Science Unit, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 1 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 4Y2
| | - Gavin Downing
- 2 Food Safety Science Unit, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 1 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 4Y2
| | - Bruce Keown
- 2 Food Safety Science Unit, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 1 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 4Y2
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20
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Chaves JQ, de Paiva EP, Rabinovitch L, Vivoni AM. Molecular Characterization and Risk Assessment of Bacillus cereus Sensu Lato Isolated from Ultrahigh-Temperature and Pasteurized Milk Marketed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1060-1065. [PMID: 28556679 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Bacillus cereus in milk is a major concern in the dairy industry. In this study 27 Bacillus cereus sensu lato isolates from pasteurized and ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) milk (24 whole UHT and 4 pasteurized samples) collected at supermarket chains in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were evaluated to assess the potential risk for food poisoning. Toxigenic and virulence profiles were defined by gene-specific PCR. Affiliation to phylogenetic groups was assigned by panC sequencing. Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of B. cereus s.l. in eight (33.3%) brands (six brands of UHT and two brands of pasteurized milk). Twenty-seven isolates were recovered (13 B. cereus and 14 Bacillus thuringiensis ). Predominant toxigenic patterns were type I (contains all toxin genes except ces) and type II (does not contain cytK and ces), with seven (25.9%) isolates each. Predominant virulence patterns were type 2 (does not contain hlyII or shp) and type 3 (contains all virulence genes), with five (18.5%) isolates each. All isolates belonged to phylogenetic groups III and IV. Presence of hbl, piplc, and sph was associated with group IV isolates. Our results suggest that B. thuringiensis and B. cereus sensu stricto should be considered potential foodborne pathogens. Because the majority of the milk isolates studied have the potential to cause food poisoning because of the high prevalence of toxin and virulence genes and the specific phylogenetic group affiliations, these milk products can be potentially hazardous for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane Q Chaves
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Bacteriana, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eislaine P de Paiva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Bacteriana, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leon Rabinovitch
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Bacteriana, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana M Vivoni
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Bacteriana, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Owusu-Kwarteng J, Wuni A, Akabanda F, Tano-Debrah K, Jespersen L. Prevalence, virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance of Bacillus cereus sensu lato isolated from dairy farms and traditional dairy products. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:65. [PMID: 28288581 PMCID: PMC5348786 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background B. cereus are of particular interest in food safety and public health because of their capacity to cause food spoilage and disease through the production of various toxins. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance profile of B. cereus sensu lato isolated from cattle grazing soils and dairy products in Ghana. A total of 114 samples made up of 25 soil collected from cattle grazing farm land, 30 raw milk, 28 nunu (yoghurt-like product) and 31 woagashie (West African soft cheese). Ninety-six B. cereus sensu lato isolates from 54 positive samples were screened by PCR for the presence of 8 enterotoxigenic genes (hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK and entFM), and one emetic gene (ces). Phenotypic resistance to 15 antibiotics were also determined for 96 B. cereus sensu lato isolates. Results About 72% (18 of 25 soil), 47% (14 of 30 raw milk), 35% (10 of 28 nunu) and 39% (12 of 31 woagashi) were positive for B. cereus sensu lato with mean counts (log10 cfu/g) of 4.2 ± 1.8, 3.3 ± 2.0, 1.8 ± 1.4 and 2.6 ± 1.8 respectively. The distribution of enterotoxigenic genes revealed that 13% (12/96 isolates) harboured all three gene encoding for haemolytic enterotoxin HBL complex genes (hblA, hblC and hblD), 25% (24/96 isolates) possessed no HBL gene, whereas 63% (60/96 isolates) possessed at least one of the three HBL genes. All three genes encoding for non-haemolytic enterotoxin (nheA, nheB and nheC) were detected in 60% (57/96) isolates, 14% (13/96) harboured only one gene, 19% (18/96) whereas 8% possessed none of the NHE genes. The detection rates of cytk, entFM, and ces genes were 75, 67 and 9% respectively. Bacillus cereus s. l. isolates were generally resistant to β-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin (98%), oxacillin (92%), penicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), and cefepime (100%) but susceptible to other antibiotics tested. Conclusions Bacillus cereus s. l. is prevalent in soil, raw milk and dairy products in Ghana. However, loads are at levels considered to be safe for consumption. Various enterotoxin genes associated with virulence of B. cereus are widespread among the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Owusu-Kwarteng
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box 24,, Navrongo campus, Navrongo, Ghana.
| | - Alhassan Wuni
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Fortune Akabanda
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box 24,, Navrongo campus, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Kwaku Tano-Debrah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Kovac J, Miller RA, Carroll LM, Kent DJ, Jian J, Beno SM, Wiedmann M. Production of hemolysin BL by Bacillus cereus group isolates of dairy origin is associated with whole-genome phylogenetic clade. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:581. [PMID: 27507015 PMCID: PMC4979109 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus cereus group isolates that produce diarrheal or emetic toxins are frequently isolated from raw milk and, in spore form, can survive pasteurization. Several species within the B. cereus group are closely related and cannot be reliably differentiated by established taxonomical criteria. While B. cereus is traditionally recognized as the principal causative agent of foodborne disease in this group, there is a need to better understand the distribution and expression of different toxin and virulence genes among B. cereus group food isolates to facilitate reliable characterization that allows for assessment of the likelihood of a given isolate to cause a foodborne disease. RESULTS We performed whole genome sequencing of 22 B. cereus group dairy isolates, which represented considerable genetic diversity not covered by other isolates characterized to date. Maximum likelihood analysis of these genomes along with 47 reference genomes representing eight validly published species revealed nine phylogenetic clades. Three of these clades were represented by a single species (B. toyonensis -clade V, B. weihenstephanensis - clade VI, B. cytotoxicus - VII), one by two dairy-associated isolates (clade II; representing a putative new species), one by two species (B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides - clade I) and four by three species (B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis - clades III-a, b, c and IV). Homologues of genes encoding a principal diarrheal enterotoxin (hemolysin BL) were distributed across all, except the B. cytotoxicus clade. Using a lateral flow immunoassay, hemolysin BL was detected in 13 out of 18 isolates that carried hblACD genes. Isolates from clade III-c (which included B. cereus and B. thuringiensis) consistently did not carry hblACD and did not produce hemolysin BL. Isolates from clade IV (B. cereus, B. thuringiensis) consistently carried hblACD and produced hemolysin BL. Compared to others, clade IV was significantly (p = 0.0001) more likely to produce this toxin. Isolates from clade VI (B. weihenstephanensis) carried hblACD homologues, but did not produce hemolysin BL, possibly due to amino acid substitutions in different toxin-encoding genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that production of diarrheal enterotoxin hemolysin BL is neither inclusive nor exclusive to B. cereus sensu stricto, and that phylogenetic classification of isolates may be better than taxonomic identification for assessment of B. cereus group isolates risk for causing a diarrheal foodborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rachel A Miller
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Laura M Carroll
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - David J Kent
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jiahui Jian
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sarah M Beno
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Bamnia M, Kaul G. Cereulide and diarrheal toxin contamination in milk and milk products: a systematic review. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1063070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Rasooly R, Hernlem B, He X, Friedman M. Plant compounds enhance the assay sensitivity for detection of active Bacillus cereus toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:835-45. [PMID: 25767986 PMCID: PMC4379528 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is an important food pathogen, producing emetic and diarrheal syndromes, the latter mediated by enterotoxins. The ability to sensitively trace and identify this active toxin is important for food safety. This study evaluated a nonradioactive, sensitive, in vitro cell-based assay, based on B. cereus toxin inhibition of green fluorescent protein (GFP) synthesis in transduced monkey kidney Vero cells, combined with plant extracts or plant compounds that reduce viable count of B. cereus in food. The assay exhibited a dose dependent GFP inhibition response with ~25% inhibition at 50 ng/mL toxin evaluated in culture media or soy milk, rice milk or infant formula, products associated with food poisonings outbreak. The plant extracts of green tea or bitter almond and the plant compounds epicatechin or carvacrol were found to amplify the assay response to ~90% inhibition at the 50 ng/mL toxin concentration greatly increasing the sensitivity of this assay. Additional studies showed that the test formulations also inhibited the growth of the B. cereus bacteria, likely through cell membrane disruption. The results suggest that the improved highly sensitive assay for the toxin and the rapid inactivation of the pathogen producing the toxin have the potential to enhance food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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