Características das mães adolescentes e de seus recém-nascidos e fatores de risco para a gravidez na adolescência em Campinas, SP, Brasil

Risks of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Early Adolescent Pregnancy Using Group Prenatal Care as a Strategy for Public Health Policies: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Brazil

Background: Adolescent pregnancy is a public health concern and many studies have evaluated neonatal outcomes, but few have compared younger adolescents with older using adequate prenatal care. Objective: To compare the risks of adverse neonatal outcomes in younger pregnant adolescents who are properly followed through group prenatal care (GPC) delivered by specialized public services. Methods: This retrospective cohort study followed pregnant adolescents (aged 10-17 years) who received GPC from specialized public services in Brazil from 2009 to 2014. Data were obtained from medical records and through interviews with a multidisciplinary team that treated the patients. The neonatal outcomes (low birth weight, prematurity, Apgar scores with 1 and 5 min, and neonatal death) of newborns of adolescents aged 10-13 years were compared to those of adolescents aged 14-15 years and 16-17 years. Incidence was calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and compared over time using a chi-squared test to observe trends. Poisson Multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding variables. The results are presented as adjusted relative risks or adjusted mean differences. Results: Of the 1,112 adolescents who were monitored, 758 were included in this study. The overall incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes (low birth weight and prematurity) was measured as 10.2% (95% CI: 9.7-11.5). Apgar scores collected at 1 and 5 min were found to be normal, and no instance of fetal death occurred. The incidence of low birth weight was 16.1% for the 10-13 age group, 8.7% for the 14-15 age group and 12.1% for the 16-17 age group. The incidence of preterm was measured at 12, 8.5, and 12.6% for adolescents who were 10-13, 14-15, and 16-17 years of age, respectively. Neither low birth weight nor prematurity levels significantly differed among the groups (p > 0.05). The infants born to mothers aged 10-13 years presented significantly (p < 0.05) lower Apgar scores than other age groups, but the scores were within the normal range. Conclusions: Our findings showed lower incidence of neonatal adverse outcomes and no risk difference of neonatal outcomes in younger pregnancy adolescents. It potentially suggests that GPC model to care pregnant adolescents is more important than the age of pregnant adolescent, however further research is needed.

A populational based study on the prevalence of neonatal near miss in a city located in the South of Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Abstract Objectives: to identify the prevalence of neonatal near miss morbidity in the city of Joinville, SC and the associated factors. Methods: a populational based cross-sectional study including all live births in 2012 registered at SINASC. The near miss cases were identified based on the weight <1500g, Apgar scores at 5th minute <7, gestational age <32 weeks, use of mechanical ventilation or presence of congenital malformation. The gross odds ratios (OR) and its respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated and the logistic regression was performed to obtain the adjusted odds ratios and its respective 95% CI. Results: the prevalence of near miss was 33 per thousand live births (95% CI: 29-37). In the final model, a risk classification of live births according to the City Program (Programa Municipal) (ORaj= 19.7; 95% CI: 14.2 to 27.2), cesarean section (ORaj= 2.1; 95% CI:1.5 to 2.8) and public hospital (ORaj= 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.3) remained associated to morbidity near miss. Conclusions: near miss morbidity was 7.3 times higher than neonatal mortality. To know its determinants in different national contexts may include some changes in the focus of public health actions by redirecting to preventive interventions.

Longitudinal effects of contextual and proximal factors on mother-infant interactions among Brazilian adolescent mothers

Adolescent mothers often come from vulnerable backgrounds which might impact the quality of both maternal and infant behavior. Despite the negative impact of adolescent motherhood for maternal and infant behavior, social support may decrease the risks and promote maternal behavior toward the infant. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinally the effects of proximal (maternal behavior) and distal (mother's perceived social support) variables on infant development in a sample of Brazilian adolescent mothers and their infants. Thirty-nine adolescent mothers (Mage=17.26years; SD=1.71) were observed interacting with their infants at 3 and 6 months postpartum and reported on social support. Results revealed that maternal and infant behavior were associated within and across times. Mothers' perceived social support at 3 months had an indirect effect on infant behavior at 6 months, totally mediated by maternal behavior at 6 months. Our findings revealed the mutual influence between maternal and infant behavior, revealing a proximal process. The results also underscored the importance of the passage of time in the interplay between mother-infant interactions and their developmental context.

[The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors: a cross-sectional study of teenage mothers between 14 and 16 years of age in the city of Porto Alegre in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]

This is a cross-sectional study to verify the prevalence and associated factors related to exclusive breastfeeding in adolescent mothers between 14 and 16 years of age with 6-month-old or younger babies, born in Porto Alegre in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2009. The sample was based on 50% of the newborn babies from the population surveyed. A total of 341 adolescent mothers were interviewed in their homes. The variables considered as potential determinants of exclusive breastfeeding were social and demographic, pre- and post-natal assistance, emotional aspects of the mother, birth conditions and baby characteristics. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by Poisson regression by means of hierarchical analysis. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding ranged from 47.8% in the first month of life up to 13.8% after six months and declined, on average, 24% for each month of life (RP = 0.76; CI95%: 0.68-0.85). Besides the baby's age, the factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding were maternal education (PR=1.53; CII95%: 1.18-1.98) and multiple births (PR=1.57; CI95%:1.02-2.46), the latter observed in only 4.7% of the sample. Teenage mothers with higher schooling and with live children from earlier pregnancies manifested higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding.

Prevalence and factors associated with nutritional deviations in women in the pre-pregnancy phase in two municipalities of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and potential factors associated with pre-pregnancy nutritional status of women. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study carried out between December 2007 and November 2008 with 1,535 women in the first trimester of pregnancy and randomly selected in health units of the Brazilian public health system (SUS) in the municipalities of Queimados and Petrópolis in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The diagnosis of nutritional deviations was based on the Body Mass Index, according to the classification of the Institute of Medicine, and the following categories were obtained: underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity. In the statistical analysis, the multinomial logistic regression model was used and an odds ratio and confidence interval of 95% were estimated. RESULTS: The sample included women between 13 and 45 years. The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were 10, 18 and 11%, respectively. Women living in Queimados, adolescents, women who did not live with a partner and smokers had a higher proportion of low pre-pregnancy weight. There was an association between hypertension, overweight and obesity. Adolescents presented lower chance to overweight and obesity. Living in Queimados reduced the odds of overweight. CONCLUSION: The proportion of pre-pregnancy nutritional deviations was high, and recognizing factors that lead to them is very important for an early identification of women at nutritional risk, with view to interventions to reduce the adverse effects of malnutrition on maternal and child health.

Ser adolescente e ser pai/mãe: gravidez adolescente em uma amostra brasileira

O estudo teve por objetivo investigar as características associadas à gravidez adolescente em uma amostra de adolescentes brasileiros de ambos os sexos. Estudo transversal (N = 226) com 64,2% dos participantes do sexo feminino. A média de idade dos participantes foi 18,86 anos (DP = 1,35). Os participantes responderam a um questionário que investigava aspetos como: (1) vida sexual; (2) sentimentos com relação à gravidez; (3) relações com escola; (4) trabalho; e (5) família. Não foram encontradas diferenças de sexo para idade de início da vida sexual nem para o número de gravidezes relatadas. Constatou-se, no entanto, que a gravidez gerou mais sentimentos de vergonha nas meninas (p < 0,01) e indicação de necessidade de buscar trabalho para os meninos (p < 0,001). Os meninos revelaram maior número de repetições de ano e de expulsões da escola em relação às meninas (p < 0,05). Esses resultados sugerem que gravidez adolescente toma diferentes significados para os adolescentes, em função do seu sexo.

Sexualidade, reprodução e saúde: experiências de adolescentes que vivem em município do interior de pequeno porte

O objetivo deste artigo é escrever experiências de adolescentes escolares de ambos os sexos, de um município do interior do Rio de Janeiro, referentes à vida afetivo-sexual, à reprodução e à saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Estudo transversal com 200 adolescentes de escolas públicas de Silva Jardim, de 15 a 19 anos, com aplicação de questionário estruturado. A iniciação sexual das meninas ocorreu entre 15 e 19 anos e dos meninos entre 12 a 14 anos. Eles se iniciaram com parceiros de 12 a 19 anos e elas com parceiros mais velhos. Meninas receberam mais informações sobre relações sexuais do que meninos e conversaram mais com parceiros sobre prevenção de gravidez na ocasião da iniciação sexual. Fontes de informações sobre sexualidade e contracepção são principalmente os pais. A farmácia é o principal local de aquisição de contraceptivos. Informações sobre doenças sexualmente transmissíveis provêm principalmente da escola. A comparação desses resultados com os de outros estudos com adolescentes escolares de grandes centros urbanos e populações que incluem jovens fora da escola evidencia aproximações e distanciamentos entre suas experiências. Fatores relacionados ao contexto sociocultural e institucional de pequenos municípios, diferenciais de gênero e escolaridade ajudam a compreendê-las.

Idade materna e fatores associados a resultados perinatais

OBJETIVO: Analisar e comparar os resultados perinatais de gestantes adolescentes e em idade tardia com mulheres entre 20 a 34 anos, a partir dos dados do Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com coleta de dados retrospectiva de 18009 nascidos vivos a partir de consultas aos dados do Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos. Os registros dos nascidos vivos foram distribuídos em três grupos: grupo I (adolescentes) - 10 a 19 anos; grupo II - 20 a 34 anos e grupo III (idade tardia) - 35 anos ou mais. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram riscos perinatais relacionados à prematuridade (OR 1,35) e Apgar quinto minuto menor que sete (OR 1,44) em mães adolescentes. O baixo peso ao nascer apresentou risco de 1,22 e 1,24 vezes entre as gestantes do grupo I e III. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apontaram elevados índices de nascimento pré-termo, baixo peso ao nascer e Apgar no quinto minuto menor que sete nas gestações ocorridas em adolescentes e em mulheres com idade igual ou superior aos 35 anos.

Preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis in pregnant adolescents in the state of Ceara, Brazil

BACKGROUND

When toxoplasmosis is acquired during pregnancy, it can be transmitted to the fetus causing severe lesions in the first two gestational trimesters. This study analyzed the main factors associated with the preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis among pregnant adolescents in the city of Fortaleza in northeast Brazil.

METHODS

It is a cross-sectional study conducted from March 2009 to November 2010, with a sample of 320 pregnant adolescents, ages ranging from 12 to 19 years old, receiving prenatal care in the Public Health Care System. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model analyses were used to identify the association between preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis, and the independent variables and 95% confidence interval.

RESULTS

We observed that 16.3% of the pregnant adolescents showed preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis. The factors positively associated to the preventive behavior for toxoplasmosis were: age group between 12 and 14 years old (OR = 2.75; 95%CI 1.23-6.12) and more than two prenatal consultations (OR = 2.19; 95%CI 1.17-4.09).

CONCLUSIONS

Noteworthy is the importance of a serologic follow-up for pregnant adolescents with clearer and more precise information about risk factors and the importance of adopting preventive behaviors. Thus, it is necessary to establish educational measures for handling food and raising kittens during prenatal care.

[Socio-spatial inequality expressed by indicators from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC)]

Variables from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC) were geocoded for municipalities from Greater Metropolitan Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil, for 19 population expansion areas (PEA). Thematic maps and the Moran I statistic and local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) were used to evaluate autocorrelation between teenage motherhood, low schooling, black/brown race/color, insufficient number of prenatal visits, cesarean delivery, prematurity, low birth weight, and 5-minute Apgar less than 8. Low schooling, black/brown race/color, and 5-minute Apgar < 8 were concentrated in the peripheral PEA, with significant autocorrelation (Moran I: 0.50; 0.67; and 0.63, respectively), while high cesarean rates were concentrated in the central PEA (Moran I = 0.59), where "low-low" patterns were observed, with black or brown teenage mothers with low schooling. High-risk clusters were identified in the peripheral PEA of Greater Metropolitan Maringá, showing that PEA is a feasible methodological alternative, together with the SINASC, for monitoring socio-spatial inequalities in maternal and child health.

Gravidez na adolescência e características socioeconômicas dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: análise espacial

A gravidez na adolescência é um problema de saúde pública comum em todo o mundo. O objetivo deste estudo ecológico é estudar o padrão espacial da associação entre os percentuais de gravidez na adolescência e características socioeconômicas dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para isso, foi utilizado um modelo bayesiano com uma distribuição espacial que segue uma estrutura condicional autorregressiva (CAR), baseado em algoritmos Monte Carlo em cadeias de Markov (MCMC). Foram usados dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Verificou-se que a ocorrência de gravidezes precoces apresentou-se maior nos municípios de menor produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita, com maior incidência de pobreza, de menor tamanho populacional, menor índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e maior percentual de indivíduos com índice paulista de vulnerabilidade social (IPVS) igual a 5 ou 6, ou seja, mais vulneráveis. O estudo demonstra uma estreita associação entre gravidez na adolescência e indicadores econômicos e sociais.

[Profile of parturients and their newborn babies receiving care in a university hospital in northwestern Paraná]

The study had the purpose to outline the profile of parturients and their newborn babies receiving care in a school hospital, based on the Live Birth Information System - Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos - SINASC. For so, a descriptive, exploratory study was elaborated, identifying the characteristics of all the parturients and their newborns receiving care at Hospital Universitário de Maringá - HUM in 2006. It was observed that 27.1% of the parturients were adolescents, 68.4% had no partner, 59.3% lived outside Maringá, and 63.6% had seven or more pre-natal appointments. The ratio of cesarian sections was 50.4%. The newborns, mostly, had good vitality at birth, although 25.5% were preterms and 23.6% had low weight at birth. With the results, it was possible to outline the profile of the parturients and their newborns receiving care at the HUM, show the possibility of using the SINASC as an instrument of health evaluation in tertiary units and propose interventions capable of preventing maternal-child morbimortality.