Degree of threat to the biological diversity in the Ilha Grande State Park (RJ) and guidelines for conservation

Organohalogen compounds in a hotspot for chemical pollution: Assessment in free-ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis)

The assessment of chemical pollution in free-ranging living mammals is viable using remote biopsies and portrays a comprehensive scenario of environmental health. The Southwestern Atlantic Ocean holds incredible biodiversity, but it is under the constant and invisible threat of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of anthropogenic origin, such as pesticides, brominated flame retardants, and industrial-use compounds (e.g., PCBs). Thus, this study aimed to assess the bioaccumulation of POPs (PCBs, DDTs, HCB, mirex and PBDEs) and natural organobromine compounds (MeO-BDEs) using gas-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in biopsy samples of Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis, n = 20) that inhabit and forage both inside and in adjacent areas to degraded (Guanabara Bay) and conserved (Ilha Grande Bay) coastal bays in the Southeastern Brazil. Among the studied compounds, PCBs were predominant in the contamination profile with median concentration of 97.0 μg.g-1 lipid weight (lw), followed by the sum of the p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD, and DDE of 11.0 μg.g-1 lw, the brominated flame retardants PBDEs of 1.6 μg.g-1 lw, and the other organochlorine pesticides mirex of 0.78 μg.g-1 lw, and HCB of 0.049 μg.g-1 lw. The MeO-BDEs were detected with a median concentration of 22.8 μg.g-1 lw. 85 % of the Atlantic spotted dolphins analyzed in this study presented PCB concentration that exceeded even the less conservative threshold limits for adverse health effects (41 μg.g-1 lw). This study shows that despite the conservation status of preserved bays, cetacean species foraging in these locations are still under increased threat. Hence chemical pollution demands local and global efforts to be mitigated.

Tree species composition in Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract In the present study a specific and comprehensive analysis of the arboreal flora of Ilha Grande, located in the municipality of Angra dos Reis, on the southern coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is presented. Unpublished data and contributions from studies already carried out at the site that investigated issues related to the composition and richness of tree species, the degree of threat, endemism and the history of occupation and/or changes in land use were gathered and analyzed. This study is part of the PPBio Mata Atlântica – Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade (Biodiversity Research Program) which, through phytosociological inventories of the tree component, has been contributing, since 2010, to the increase in the floristic knowledge of Ilha Grande. The inventory identified 509 tree species, belonging to 220 genera and 74 families. Of these, 34 species were categorized as threatened, two of which are critically endangered, 18 are endangered and 14 are vulnerable. 53 exotic tree species were indicated. The results presented here reinforce the importance of these inventories as indispensable tools for the construction of strategies and actions for conservation, restoration and management of diversity in the context of the Atlantic Forest.

Habitat filtering drives the local distribution of congeneric species in a Brazilian white-sand flooded tropical forest

The investigation of ecological processes that maintain species coexistence is revealing in naturally disturbed environments such as the white-sand tropical forest, which is subject to periodic flooding that might pose strong habitat filtering to tree species. Congeneric species are a good model to investigate the relative importance of ecological processes that maintain high species diversity because they tend to exploit the same limiting resources and/or have similar tolerance limits to the same environmental conditions due to their close phylogenetic relationship. We aim to find evidence for the action and relative importance of different processes hypothesized to maintain species coexistence in a white-sand flooded forest in Brazil, taking advantage of data on the detailed spatial structure of populations of congeneric species. Individuals of three Myrcia species were tagged, mapped, and measured for diameter at soil height in a 1-ha plot. We also sampled seven environmental variables in the plot. We employed several spatial point process models to investigate the possible action of habitat filtering, interspecific competition, and dispersal limitation. Habitat filtering was the most important process driving the local distribution of the three Myrcia species, as they showed associations, albeit of different strength, to environmental variables related to flooding. We did not detect spatial patterns, such as spatial segregation and smaller size of nearby neighbors, that would be consistent with interspecific competition among the three congeneric species and other co-occurring species. Even though congeners were spatially independent, they responded to differences in the environment. Last, dispersal limitation only led to spatial associations of different size classes for one of the species. Given that white-sand flooded forests are highly threatened in Brazil, the preservation of their different habitats is of utmost importance to the maintenance of high species richness, as flooding drives the distribution of species in the community.

Encounter rate and behavior of Alouatta guariba clamitans in the Ilha Grande State Park, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera, 1940 is an endemic species of the Atlantic Forest that occurs from south Bahia, Brazil, extending south to the province of Misiones, Argentina. In Rio de Janeiro state, the species was classified as threatened, indicating that attention is needed for the conservation of this taxon. Additionally, an outbreak of yellow fever spread throughout the southeastern states of Brazil from January 2017 until March 2018 seriously threatening Rio de Janeiro populations of the species. Herein, we aimed to provide the first estimates of A. g. clamitans encounter rate, density, and population size in the Ilha Grande State Park (PEIG), which is part of the Atlantic Forest biome of Brazil. Data were collected in two different periods, the first between December 2003 and May 2005, and the second from August 2009 to May 2010, and information on encounter rates and behavior was collected to better understand aspects of species' ecology. The estimated encounter rate in the first period through the distance sampling method was 0.04 ± 0.01 individuals per kilometer. Nine groups were recorded in the second period of the study, with 47 individuals along 3 km. Our estimates of encounter rate, density and population size were low and reinforces the need to initiate species monitoring and assess the impact that yellow fever outbreaks may have on PEIG populations. The results presented here can be a starting point to support future strategic actions for the species, to measure impacts and to the management of the species, and for a conservation program.

Epífitas vasculares da mata de restinga da Praia do Sul, Ilha Grande, RJ, Brasil

Resumo Plantas epífitas apresentam elevada riqueza e importância ecológica em ecossistemas de Mata Atlântica. O presente estudo visa contribuir para o conhecimento da flora de epífitas vasculares da mata de restinga na Praia do Sul, Ilha Grande, RJ. Demarcamos 52 subparcelas de 100 m2 na Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (RBEPS), onde todas as árvores foram vistoriadas e tiveram suas epífitas registradas. Foram identificadas 31 espécies de epífitas vasculares, 21 gêneros e nove famílias, sendo nove novos registros para a ilha. As angiospermas foram responsáveis por 80,6% das espécies. Araceae e Philodendron foram família e gênero com maior riqueza (22,6% e 16,1%, respectivamente). A principal categoria ecológica em relação à fidelidade ao substrato é holoepífita (74,2%), a forma de polinização é a entomofilia (64%) e de dispersão, a zoocoria (58,1%). A maior parte das espécies é endêmica da Mata Atlântica (63%) e possui status de conservação desconhecido (74%). Este é o primeiro estudo sobre epífitas vasculares na Praia do Sul e destaca a importância da preservação da área de estudo para a conservação das epífitas vasculares da Ilha Grande e do Rio de Janeiro.

Assessing the population density of the spotted paca, Cuniculus paca, (Rodentia: Cuniculidae) on an Atlantic Forest island, southeastern Brazil

The spotted paca,Cuniculuspaca (Linnaeus, 1766), is a Neotropical, opportunistic, frugivorous caviomorph rodent, that inhabits primarily broadleaf forests. We aimed to provide the first estimates of density of C.paca for the Ilha Grande, an island located in the Atlantic Rain Forest biome of Brazil. Density and population size were estimated using the total number of individuals observed along each trail through the program DISTANCE 7. Our estimates of density and population size reinforces the importance of the Ilha Grande as an important reservoir of the species. Therefore, the results presented herein can be a starting point to support future action plans for the species, making predictions regarding the ecosystem and management and conservation of the spotted paca. Furthermore, the results can be used as a surrogate for other regions in which the species occurs.

Bird assemblage mist-netted in an Atlantic Forest area: a comparison between vertically-mobile and ground-level nets

Mist nets may be opened at different heights in the forest, but they are seldom used over 3 m above the ground. We used two different methods to compare species richness, composition, and relative abundance and trophic structure of the bird assemblage at Ilha Grande (with a 290 birds standardization): conventional ground-level nets (0-2.4 m height range) and elevated nets (0-17 m) with an adjustable-height system (modified from Humphrey et al., 1968) that we call vertically-mobile nets. There were significant differences in capture frequencies between methods for about 20% of the species (Chi-squared test, P<0.05), and the two methods caught different assemblages. Ground-level nets recorded less species, and they comparatively overestimated mainly Suboscine insectivores and underestimated frugivores and nectarivores. Different sampling methods used at the same location may result in very different diagnoses of the avifauna present, both qualitatively and quantitatively. We encourage studies involving mist net sampling to include the upper strata to more accurately represent the avifauna in Atlantic Forest.

About rats and jackfruit trees: modeling the carrying capacity of a Brazilian Atlantic Forest spiny-rat Trinomys dimidiatus (Günther, 1877) - Rodentia, Echimyidae - population with varying jackfruit tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) abundances

We carried out a six-year study aimed at evaluating if and how a Brazilian Atlantic Forest small mammal community responded to the presence of the invasive exotic species Artocarpus heterophyllus, the jackfruit tree. In the surroundings of Vila Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, RJ, 18 grids were established, 10 where the jackfruit tree was present and eight were it was absent. Previous results indicated that the composition and abundance of this small mammal community were altered by the presence and density of A. heterophyllus. One observed effect was the increased population size of the spiny-rat Trinomys dimidiatus within the grids where the jackfruit trees were present. Therefore we decided to create a mathematical model for this species, based on the Verhulst-Pearl logistic equation. Our objectives were i) to calculate the carrying capacity K based on real data of the involved species and the environment; ii) propose and evaluate a mathematical model to estimate the population size of T. dimidiatus based on the monthly seed production of jackfruit tree, Artocarpus heterophyllus and iii) determinate the minimum jackfruit tree seed production to maintain at least two T. dimidiatus individuals in one study grid. Our results indicated that the predicted values by the model for the carrying capacity K were significantly correlated with real data. The best fit was found considering 20~35% energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels. Within the scope of assumed premises, our model showed itself to be an adequate simulator for Trinomys dimidiatus populations where the invasive jackfruit tree is present.

Leishmaniasis transmission in an ecotourism area: potential vectors in Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

BACKGROUND

The south coast of Rio de Janeiro State, in Brazil, is endemic for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases and is frequently visited by tourists from different parts of the world. Since the complex epidemiology of leishmaniases demands local studies, the goal of this study was to investigate the phlebotomine sand fly fauna and leishmaniases transmission in Ilha Grande, an ecotourism area of Angra dos Reis municipality.

METHODS

Sand fly fauna was sampled in three monitoring stations using HP light traps in domiciles, peridomiciles and forests. Species abundance was evaluated by the Index of Species Abundance. A Leishmania natural infection survey was done using multiplex PCR and dot blot hybridization.

RESULTS

During 15 consecutive months of sand fly monitoring, 1093 specimens from 16 species were captured. The potential leishmaniases vectors found were Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia, L. migonei, L. (N.) flaviscutellata, L. (Psychodopygus) ayrozai and L. (Lutzomyia) longipalpis. Five species were new records in Ilha Grande: L. (Sciopemyia) microps, L. termitophila, L. firmatoi, L. rupicola and L. (P.) ayrozai. Higher species richness was found inside forest areas, although potential leishmaniases vectors were present in deforested areas, peridomiciles and inside houses. Lutzomyia (N.) intermedia and L. migonei were the most abundant species. Females of L. migonei showed a high rate (10.3%) of natural infection by Leishmania (Viannia) sp., probably Leishmania (V.) braziliensis.

CONCLUSIONS

The detection of leishmaniases transmission and potential vectors in Ilha Grande is of public health concern, especially because tourists are frequently visiting the island. Besides reinforcing the epidemiological importance of L. (N.) intermedia in Rio de Janeiro State, the role of L. migonei in cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission is highlighted with its high rate of Leishmania natural infection. The finding of L. (L.) longipalpis confirmed the human autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis from the island. The presence of L. (N.) flaviscutellata in peridomestic areas is also an important finding, since the species is involved in the transmission of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Health education practices directed to the local community and tourists are important control actions that can be taken in Ilha Grande to reduce the burden of leishmaniases.

Modelling the population control of the domestic cat: an example from an island in Brazil

The domestic cat is an invasive species that often causes great impacts where introduced due to its high predatory and reproductive potential, especially on islands. In this study, carried out on Ilha Grande (RJ, Brazil), we aimed to: i) estimate the population density of domestic cats, ii) calculate the number of animals preyed upon annually by domestic cats, and iii) evaluate the efficiency of methods to control the cat population. We used the Vortex program to project the population growth of domestic cats in fifty years, and simulated different scenarios of population control (without control, castration, spay and harvest). Population density of owned cats was 662 cats/km². The annual predation rate was 1.97 prey animals/cat which is an average of 1497.96 prey/year. The population would only be reduced if 70% of females were spayed or removed annually. Measures to control the domestic cat population must be undertaken urgently, since uncontrolled growth of this predator has the potential to seriously impact the biodiversity of Ilha Grande.

Desmodus rotundus (Mammalia: Chiroptera) on the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

Since the 1990s, attacks by hematophagous bats on humans and domestic animals have been reported both on the continent and on the islands on the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro state. The density of vampire bats was investigated based on percentage of captures during control of Desmodus rotundus samplings and during bat diversity research. In the present work, 203 individuals of D. rotundus were captured from 1993 to 2009, which corresponds to 11.88% of all bat captures carried out for species control in local villages and 1.58% of all captures in faunistic inventories. The density of D. rotundus is high even on the recently occupied islands where domestic animals have been introduced. It is probable that this species dispersed from the continent to the islands due to the introduction of domestic animals.

Edge effects on fern community in an Atlantic Forest remnant of Rio Formoso, PE, Brazil

We have investigated how edge effects influence the fern community of Jaguarão Forest (08º 35' 49" S and 35º 15' 39" W), located in the district of Rio Formoso, Pernambuco, Brazil. A comparative analysis was made of the interior and edge of the fragment of forest, regarding the richness, abundance and diversity of ferns in the two areas. Six plots of 10 × 20 m were chosen, three in each area. A total of 381 ferns were recorded, which were distributed among 25 species, 17 genera and 12 families. The two areas (edge and interior) were found to differ, with distinct relative air humidities and temperatures (p = 0.00254 and p = 0.00019, respectively). The interior showed higher diversity (t = 7.251 and p = 0.018) and richness (t = 6.379 and p = 0.023) than the edge area, but the same abundance (t = 1.728; p = 0.226) as the edge. Regarding the composition of the flora, it was clear that the interior is a habitat completely distinct from the edge with regard to the fern community, given that only one species, Adiantum petiolatum Desv., was common to both environments. It was concluded that the edge effect causes a decrease in richness and abundance of the fern species found in Jaguarão Forest, where the more sensitive species are being replaced by species that are tolerant to the disturbance caused by the creation of an edge.

Bromeliaceae da Ilha Grande, RJ: revisão da lista de espécies

A Ilha Grande, localizada no sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, vem se destacando como importante área para fins conservacionistas, especialmente por ser um fragmento representativo de Floresta Atlântica e por apresentar um elevado número de estudos sobre a flora e a fauna local. Este estudo visa analisar o atual status do conhecimento sobre a família Bromeliaceae nesta localidade e analisar o incremento da lista de espécies desta família ao longo do tempo de estudo e do esforço amostral. Foram registradas 58 espécies de Bromeliaceae para a Ilha Grande, das quais 47 foram amostradas apenas com a metodologia empregada neste estudo e constituem registros novos para a Ilha Grande.

Habitat disturbance and small mammal richness and diversity in an Atlantic rainforest area in southeastern Brazil

Since disturbance is an important ecological factor affecting species diversity in natural environments, the increasing human occupation rate in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, which supports about 50% of Brazil's human population, has resulted in intense habitat degradation and fragmentation. Within this rainforest, animal and plant species have been lost at a high rate, and biological and diversity is presently vulnerable. Various animals community studies along a gradient of environmental disturbances have shown that the highest species diversities occur in habitats with intermediate levels of disturbance frequency and intensity. In the present study, which was carried out in the Atlantic forest of Ilha Grande (23 degrees 11' S and 44 degrees 12' W), an island located on the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil, we estimated species richness, diversity, and abundance of small mammals in three forest areas having different disturbance levels. This was done, in each of these areas and in an anthropic area that they surround, by establishing trails 200 m long, in which points were marked at 20 m intervals. The work involved a total effort of 4800 trap/nights. We also measured some habitat variables at each site in order to evaluated their disturbance levels. Our data showed that the two most conserved forests had the lower species richness and small mammal diversity, while in the anthropic area wild species were absent. The forest with an intermediary level of disturbance showed higher values for species richness and diversity, with the anthropic area presenting the highest disturbance level.

Disponibilidade e uso de recursos alóctones por Bryconamericus microcephalus (Miranda-Ribeiro) (Actinopterygii, Characidae), no córrego Andorinha, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no córrego Andorinha, localizado na vertente oriental da Ilha Grande, e teve como objetivo relacionar a disponibilidade de presas alóctones no ambiente e sua utilização como recurso alimentar para Bryconamericus microcephalus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908). No período de maio de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003 foram realizadas as coletas para a quantificação do material alóctone importado, sendo paralelamente realizadas coletas de indivíduos da espécie para análise da dieta. A seletividade da espécie, no que se refere a dieta, foi estabelecida com base no tamanho e tipo das presas consumidas, considerando jovens e adultos separadamente. O índice de eletividade de Ivlev (IEI) foi aplicado com base na abundância dos itens disponíveis no ambiente e dos itens ingeridos pela espécie. Homoptera (IEI = 0,94), Coleoptera (IEI = 0,57) e Diptera (IEI = 0,50) apresentam preferência na dieta dos adultos e Hemiptera (0,98), Diptera (0,60) e Homoptera (0,98) apresentam preferência na dieta dos jovens. Hymenoptera (IEI = -0,15; -0,42) e Orthoptera (IEI = -0,52; -1), apesar de estarem entre os mais abundantes no ambiente e serem consumidos pela espécie, não são itens preferenciais na dieta dos adultos e jovens, respectivamente, sugerindo que seu consumo é função da sua abundância. Os resultados apresentados indicam que jovens e adultos de B. microcephalus têm preferências distintas.

Aspectos da história de vida de Bryconamericus microcephalus (Miranda Ribeiro) (Characiformes, Characidae) de um riacho costeiro de Mata Atlântica, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Aspectos da história de vida de Bryconamericus microcephalus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1908) do córrego Andorinha (23º11'12"S, 44º12'02"W) foram analisados pela descrição da estrutura de tamanho, relação peso-comprimento e estratégia reprodutiva. Os exemplares estudados foram obtidos bimestralmente, por redes de espera e "picarés" (malhas entre 0,5 e 1,0 cm) entre novembro de 1999 e setembro de 2003. A estrutura de tamanho indicou que as fêmeas alcançaram maiores tamanhos que os machos e que ocorreram maior número de fêmeas nas classes de tamanho superiores a 5,3 cm. A relação peso-comprimento mostrou-se significativamente diferente entre os sexos e indicou que, para uma mesma classe de tamanho, as fêmeas foram mais pesadas que os machos. A proporção sexual foi de 2,2:1 (fêmea:macho). O tamanho médio da primeira maturação foi 4,2 cm sem diferenças entre os sexos. Foram registrados exemplares reprodutivos entre julho e fevereiro, com pico de reprodução entre setembro e dezembro, sem diferenças no padrão reprodutivo de exemplares de duas classes de tamanho. Os valores médios do Índice Gonadossomático de fêmeas maduras indicou que o investimento reprodutivo foi superior entre os exemplares de maior tamanho. A fecundidade variou de 1025 a 408 ovócitos para fêmeas de 7,0 cm e 5,4 cm, respectivamente. A relação entre o Pt e o número de ovócitos/g de Pt foi positiva indicando que espécimes maiores têm fecundidade mais elevada.

Contribuição da matéria autóctone e alóctone para a dieta de Bryconamericus microcephalus (Miranda-Ribeiro) (Actinopterygii, Characidae), em dois trechos de um riacho de Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

O hábito alimentar de Bryconamericus microcephalus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908) foi analisado com o objetivo de se avaliar suas diferenças relacionadas às características ambientais. Coletas bimestrais foram realizadas durante dois ciclos anuais (Agosto/2001 a Setembro/2003), em duas localidades, 80 m de extensão, que diferem pela densidade da cobertura vegetal (LF - localidade fechada) e (LA - localidade aberta). Em cada ocasião de coleta e localidade foram amostrados 15 exemplares de B. microcephalus. O conteúdo estomacal de cada exemplar foi analisado pelos métodos da Freqüência Numérica e Freqüência de Ocorrência. Os itens alimentares foram classificados como autóctone ou alóctone, de acordo com sua origem. Os insetos foram o principal item alimentar consumido pelos indivíduos de ambas as localidades. Considerando-se a análise de LF não foram registradas diferenças no consumo dos itens alóctones e autóctone. Por outro lado, foi detectada predominância de presas autóctones em LA. A análise espaço-temporal da participação dos itens alóctones e autóctones, durante o primeiro ano de estudo, indicaram que as presas autóctones predominaram na estação seca de LF e na estação chuvosa de LA; não foram registradas diferenças significativas durante o segundo ano de estudo. Conclui-se que as variações espaço-temporais do hábito alimentar de B. microcephalus não seguiram um padrão previsível.