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Triques MC, Oliveira D, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG, de Menezes-Oliveira VB. Assessing single effects of sugarcane pesticides fipronil and 2,4-D on plants and soil organisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111622. [PMID: 33396142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growth in global population since the beginning of the 20th century result in the necessity of food and energy provision favoring the intensive use of agricultural products such as pesticides. Although pesticides are important to prevent losses in the conventional chemically based agriculture, they frequently present side effects, which goes against agricultural production. The use of pesticides cause direct and indirect effects to soil organisms unbalancing essential soil processes (e.g. primary production, organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling). Under tropical conditions, very little is known regarding the effects of pesticides to terrestrial organisms. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess the ecotoxicological effects of the herbicide DMA® 806 BR (active ingredient: 2,4-D) and the insecticide Regent® 800 WG (active ingredient: fipronil), on terrestrial plant species (the dicot Raphanus sativus var. acanthioformis and the monocot Allium cepa), and soil invertebrates (the collembolan Folsomia candida and the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus), using natural (NS) and artificial soils (TAS). For both pesticides, negative effects on non-target species were observed at concentrations lower than the doses recommended to prevent pests in sugarcane fields. For both soils, the dicot species was the most affected by the herbicide (R. sativus > A. cepa > F. candida > E. crypticus) and the collembolan species was the most affected by the insecticide (F. candida > E. crypticus = R. sativus = A. cepa). Although the order of the organisms' sensitivity for both pesticides was the same in both soils, results showed that the extent of the effects was soil dependent. Considering the ecologically relevant concentrations tested, and their severe effects to non-target organisms, it may be concluded that the use of fipronil and 2,4-D under recommended conditions may pose a risk to the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Triques
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dayane Oliveira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bezerra de Menezes-Oliveira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Campus Sorocaba, Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring Post-Graduate Program, CCTS, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Coordination of Environmental Engineering, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Muszyński P, Brodowska MS, Paszko T. Occurrence and transformation of phenoxy acids in aquatic environment and photochemical methods of their removal: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1276-1293. [PMID: 31788729 PMCID: PMC6994553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The article presents the behavior of phenoxy acids in water, the levels in aquatic ecosystems, and their transformations in the water environment. Phenoxy acids are highly soluble in water and weakly absorbed in soil. These highly mobile compounds are readily transported to surface and groundwater. Monitoring studies conducted in Europe and in other parts of the world indicate that the predominant phenoxy acids in the aquatic environment are mecoprop, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), dichlorprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and their metabolites which are chlorophenol derivatives. In water, the concentrations of phenoxy acids are effectively lowered by hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photodegradation, and a key role is played by microbial decomposition. This process is determined by the qualitative and quantitative composition of microorganisms, oxygen levels in water, and the properties and concentrations of phenoxy acids. In shallow and highly insolated waters, phenoxy acids can be decomposed mainly by photodegradation whose efficiency is determined by the form of the degraded compound. Numerous studies are underway on the use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to remove phenoxy acids. The efficiency of phenoxy acid degradation using AOPs varies depending on the choice of oxidizing system and the conditions optimizing the oxidation process. Most often, methods combining UV radiation with other reagents are used to oxidize phenoxy acids. It has been found that this solution is more effective compared with the oxidation process carried out using only UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Muszyński
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Street 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marzena S Brodowska
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Street 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Paszko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Street 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
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Islam F, Wang J, Farooq MA, Khan MSS, Xu L, Zhu J, Zhao M, Muños S, Li QX, Zhou W. Potential impact of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human and ecosystems. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 111:332-351. [PMID: 29203058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is applied directly to aquatic and conventional farming systems to control weeds, and is among the most widely distributed pollutants in the environment. Non-target organisms are exposed to 2,4-D via several ways, which could produce toxic effects depending on the dose, frequency of exposure, and the host factors that influence susceptibility and sensitivity. An increasing number of experimental evidences have shown concerns about its presence/detection in the environment, because several investigations have pointed out its potential lethal effects on non-target organisms. In this review, we critically evaluated the environmental fate and behavior of 2,4-D along with its eco-toxicological effects on aquatic, plants and human life to provide concise assessment in the light of recently published reports. The findings demonstrate that 2,4-D is present in a low concentration in surface water of regions where its usage is high. The highest concentrations of 2,4-D were detected in soil, air and surface water surrounded by crop fields, which suggest that mitigation strategies must be implanted locally to prevent the entry of 2,4-D into the environment. A general public may have frequent exposure to 2,4-D due to its wide applications at home lawns and public parks, etc. Various in vivo and in vitro investigations suggest that several species (or their organs) at different trophic levels are extremely sensitive to the 2,4-D exposure, which may explain variation in outcomes of reported investigations. However, implications for the prenatal exposure to 2,4-D remain unknown because 2,4-D-induced toxicity thresholds in organism have only been derived from juveniles or adults. In near future, introduction of 2,4-D resistant crops will increase its use in agriculture, which may cause relatively high and potentially unsafe residue levels in the environment. The recent findings indicate the urgent need to further explore fate, accumulation and its continuous low level exposure impacts on the environment to generate reliable database which is key in drafting new regulation and policies to protect the population from further exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Islam
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad A Farooq
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad S S Khan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jinwen Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Stéphane Muños
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INRA, 441-2594, France
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
| | - Weijun Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Xiao L, Jia HF, Jeong IH, Ahn YJ, Zhu YZ. Isolation and Characterization of 2,4-D Butyl Ester Degrading Acinetobacter sp. ZX02 from a Chinese Ginger Cultivated Soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7345-7351. [PMID: 28771369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Strain ZX02 was isolated from Chinese ginger cultivated soil contaminated with various pesticides, which could utilize 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid butyl ester (2,4-D butyl ester) as the sole carbon source. On the basis of the sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene as well as the morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of strain ZX02, the organism belonged to Gram-negative bacterium and was identified as Acinetobacter sp. ZX02. The strain ZX02 showed a remarkable performance in 2,4-D butyl ester degradation (100% removal in <96 h) in pure culture. Strain ZX02 was sensitive to tetracycline and resistant to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol in an antibiotic sensitivity test. The curing study indicates that the gene for degradation of 2,4-D butyl ester was encoded on a single plasmid of 23 kb. The gene encoding resistance to polymixin B sulfate was also located on this plasmid. On the basis of its greater biodegradation activity, this bacterium is a potential candidate as a bioremediation agent in soils contaminated with 2,4-D butyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, Shandong 266-109, China
| | - Hai-Fei Jia
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, Shandong 266-109, China
| | - In-Hong Jeong
- Division of Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , Jeonju 55365, Jeollabuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Zhe Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, Shandong 266-109, China
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Cassanego MBB, Silveira T, Droste A. Lead tolerance and accumulation in initial sporophytes of Regnellidium diphyllum Lindm. (Marsileaceae). BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:477-83. [PMID: 26132035 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.18313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regnellidium diphyllum Lindm. is a heterosporous fern which grows in shallow waters and wetlands, and water pollution contributes to its vulnerability. Environmental lead contamination is mostly caused by industrial and agricultural residues as well as domestic sewage. Given its persistence in the environment, lead can cause important toxicity in living organisms. Megaspore germination and the initial growth of R. diphyllum sporophytes were assessed in Meyer's solution with lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 5, 10 and 50 mg L(-1). The study was conducted in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1°C and a 12 hour photoperiod with a nominal irradiance of 100 μmol m(-2) s(-1), for 28 days. Lead concentration in sporophytes was assessed using atomic absorption spectrometry. In the absence of lead, 74% of spores germinated, while significantly lower germination percentages were observed in Pb(NO3)2 concentrations of 1, 10 and 50 mg L(-1). The presence of lead did not significantly influence root growth. At 28 days, primary leaf development was significantly lower in Pb(NO3)2 concentrations of 5 mg L(-1) and higher in relation to the control. The length of secondary leaves did not significantly differ between sporophytes exposed to different concentrations of lead and those of the control at 28 days. Sporophytes exposed to 10 and 50 mg L(-1) Pb(NO3)2 accumulated 1129 mg kg(-1) and 5145 mg kg(-1) of Pb, respectively. The presence of high levels of lead in R. diphyllum sporophytes did not prevent initial development. Future studies should investigate the ability of the species to accumulate and tolerate high levels of lead in advanced stages of its development and in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B B Cassanego
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - T Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - A Droste
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
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Kieling-Rubio MA, Droste A, Windisch PG. Effects of nickel on the fern Regnellidium diphyllum Lindm. (Marsileaceae). BRAZ J BIOL 2013; 72:807-11. [PMID: 23295508 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842012000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterosporous fern Regnellidium diphyllum occurs in southern Brazil and some adjoining localities in Uruguay and Argentina. Currently it is on the list of threatened species in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Anthropic alterations such as the conversion of wetlands into agricultural areas or water and soil contamination by pollutants may compromise the establishment and survival of this species. Nickel (Ni) is an essential nutrient for plants but increasing levels of this metal due to pollution can cause deleterious effects especially in aquatic macrophytes. Megaspore germination tests were performed using Meyer's solution, at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.05, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 mg L(-1) of Ni. The initial development of apomictic sporophytes was studied using solutions containing 0 (control) to 4.8 mg L(-1) of Ni. A significant negative relation was observed between the different Ni concentrations and the megaspore germination/sporophyte formation rates. Primary roots, primary leaves and secondary leaves were significantly shorter at 3.2 and 4.8 mg L(-1) of Ni, when compared with the treatment without this metal. At 4.8 mg L(-1), leaves also presented chlorosis and necrosis. The introduction of pollutants with Ni in the natural habitat of Regnellidium diphyllum may inhibit the establishment of plants in the initial stage of development, a problem to be considered in relation to the conservation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kieling-Rubio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Kieling-Rubio MA, Droste A, Windisch PG. Germination and sporophytic development of Regnellidium diphyllum Lindman (Marsileaceae) in the presence of hexavalent chromium. BRAZ J BIOL 2011; 70:1149-53. [PMID: 21225155 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842010000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regnellidium diphyllum Lindman is a heterosporous fern, growing in aquatic environments and surrounding wetlands, which is assumed to be threatened by increasing water pollution and disappearance of its natural habitats. Among contaminants, hexavalent chromium - Cr(VI) - is known to be present in effluents from some leather tanning factories. Megaspore germination tests were performed using Meyer's solution, at concentrations 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, and 80 mg.L⁻¹, from a standard solution of Titrisol® 1000 mg.L⁻¹. The primary development of apomictic sporophytes was studied using solutions containing 0.025 to 4.8 mg.L⁻¹ of Cr(VI). The experiments were conducted in a growth chamber at 24 ± 1 ºC and for a 12-hour photoperiod under fluorescent lights, providing a nominal irradiance of 77 µmol.m⁻²/s. Significant differences in megaspore germination, with subsequent sporophytic development, were verified from 0.5 mg.L⁻¹ Cr(VI) concentration onwards. Growth of primary root and primary and secondary leaves was significantly reduced at 3.2 mg.L⁻¹ Cr(VI) concentration or higher. Considering the pollution from Cr(VI) in some areas of R. diphyllum natural occurrence, these data indicate that low reproductive rates and disappearance of populations are likely to occur in these situations.
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Rechenmacher C, Schmitt JL, Droste A. Spore germination and gametophyte development of Cyathea atrovirens (Langsd. & Fisch.) Domin (Cyatheaceae) under different pH conditions. BRAZ J BIOL 2011; 70:1155-60. [PMID: 21225156 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842010000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyathea atrovirens (Langsd. & Fisch.) Domin, an intensely exploited tree fern, is found inside forests in several succession stages, as well as in swamps, roadsides and unused fields in the Rio dos Sinos basin, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. This study evaluated the in vitro germination and gametophyte development of C. atrovirens under different pH conditions, as well as spore viability after different storage times at 7 ºC. The lowest germination rate of spores was obtained at pH 7.0. At pH 5.0 to 6.5, laminar gametophyte development started at 20 to 30 days of culture. Antheridia and archegonia were first observed at 35 and 128 days, respectively. Storage at 7 ºC did not affect germination rates. The capability of germination at different pH levels may explain the occurrence of the species in a wide range of habitats. The present study contributes to the understanding of the full life-cycle of C. atrovirens and to the analysis of the influence of abiotic components, providing information for the cultivation, management and conservation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rechenmacher
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
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