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Rocha-Amador DO, González-Martell AD, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Cilia López VG. Health Risk Assessment in Mexican Children Exposed to Fluoride from Sweetened Beverages. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2250-2257. [PMID: 35854170 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The primary source of fluoride exposure is groundwater, but evidence suggests that beverages and food are additional fluoride sources. Intake of these products at an early age affects the optimal functioning of soft organs. An increase in sweetened beverage consumption by the pediatric population has been reported, suggesting an increase in fluoride exposure. The objectives of this study were to determine the fluoride concentrations in beverages and analyze the risk to human health from fluoride exposure to sweetened beverages consumed by children. Eighty-two sugar-sweetened beverages produced in different Mexican states were analyzed. The fluoride determination was carried out with an ion-selective electrode. The highest fluoride concentration was 1.92 mg/L; 73.2% of beverages showed fluoride values above permitted limits. Low-cost beverages had the highest fluoride values, suggesting that the water used for their production does not comply with fluorine regulations. According to the risk assessment in children from 3 to 6 years, the daily consumption of juices and sodas with concentrations that exceeded the normative of 0.7 mg/L could represent a risk to dental fluorosis development. It is crucial to control fluoride and regulate its concentrations in beverages for children to ensure food safety, especially in areas of endemic hydrofluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Olivia Rocha-Amador
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina-CIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Andrea Daniela González-Martell
- Programa Multidisciplinario de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales (PMPCA), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina-CIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Virginia Gabriela Cilia López
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
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Araujo TT, Moraes SM, Carvalho TDS, Grizzo LT, Buzalaf MAR. Estimated Dietary Fluoride Intake by 24-Month-Olds from Chocolate Bars, Cookies, Infant Cereals, and Chocolate Drinks in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3175. [PMID: 36833869 PMCID: PMC9965682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of fluoride (F) in the prevention of dental caries is established. However, a high amount of F intake during tooth development can cause dental fluorosis The aim of this study was to analyze variations in F concentrations in chocolate bars (CB), chocolate cookies (CC), infant cereals (IC), and chocolate milk drinks (CD) to determine the daily intake of F from different sources by children at the age of risk for developing dental fluorosis. Distinct brands of CB, CC, IC, and CD were analyzed. Fluoride was separated by hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. Analysis was made in triplicate with an F ion-specific electrode. F ingestion (mg/kg body weight) was evaluated with the suggested consumption (0.05-0.07 mg/kg/day) for children aged 24 months (12 kg). The concentrations for all the analyzed products ranged from 0.025 to 1.827 µg/g F. The mean (range) F concentrations were CB= 0.210 ± 0.205 µg/g (0.073-0.698, n = 8), CC = 0.366 ± 0.416 µg/g (0.320-1.827, n = 9), IC = 0.422 ± 0.395 µg/g (0.073-1.061, n = 5), and CD = 0.169 ± 0.170 µg/mL (0.025-0.443, n = 12). The products that had the highest concentration in the categories CB, CC, IC, and CD, respectively, were Nescau-Ball (0.698 µg/g), Passatempo (1.827 µg/g), Milnutri (1.061 µg/g), and Toddynho (0.443 µg/mL). The consumption of only one unit of Toddynho (CD) is equivalent to more than 11% of the maximum suggested daily intake for a 24-month-old child (0.07 mg/kg body weight). When one product from each category is consumed together only once a day, this consumption is equivalent to approximately 24% of the suggested daily intake of fluoride for a 24-month-old child. The presence of high levels of fluoride in certain products suggests that they play a significant role in overall fluoride intake. It is crucial to closely monitor the fluoride content of food and drinks that are consumed by children who are at risk for dental fluorosis, and for product labels to clearly display the fluoride concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marilia Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sundfeld D, Pavani CC, Pini N, Machado LS, Schott TC, Sundfeld RH. Enamel Microabrasion and Dental Bleaching on Teeth Presenting Severe-pitted Enamel Fluorosis: A Case Report. Oper Dent 2019; 44:566-573. [PMID: 30702410 DOI: 10.2341/18-116-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present clinical case report describes the clinical steps of enamel microabrasion associated with dental bleaching to restore severely-pitted fluorosed teeth. The process of removing the fluorotic superficial stains started by using macroabrasion with a water-cooled fine tapered 3195 FF diamond bur. Rubber dam isolation of the operative field was used to remove the remaining enamel stains and superficial irregularities with the Opalustre microabrasive compound (6.6% hydrochloric acid associated with silicon carbide particles) followed by polishing using fluoridated paste and subsequent 2% neutral fluoride gel topical application. After one month, dental bleaching was performed using 10% carbamide peroxide in custom-formed acetate trays for two hours/day for 42 days. The association of enamel microabrasion with dental bleaching was effective for reestablishing the dental esthetics of a patient with severe dental fluorosis.
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Sundfeld D, Pavani CC, Pavesi Pini NI, Machado LS, Schott TC, Bertoz APDM, Sundfeld RH. Esthetic recovery of teeth presenting fluorotic enamel stains using enamel microabrasion and home-monitored dental bleaching. J Conserv Dent 2019; 22:401-405. [PMID: 31802828 PMCID: PMC6873608 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_77_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical report describes the enamel microabrasion technique for removing maxillary and mandibular hard fluorotic enamel stains followed by home-monitored home dental bleaching. The removal of fluorotic enamel stains utilized macroabrasion with a water-cooled, fine-tapered 3195 FF diamond bur followed microabrasion with the application of Prema Compound (Premier Dental Products Co, Norristown, PA, USA). Home-monitored dental bleaching was performed 14 days after enamel microabrasion using a 10% carbamide peroxide gel for 2 h/day. The wearing time of the acetate tray/dental bleaching was quantified by a microsensor from TheraMon microelectronic system (Sales Agency Gschladt, Hargelsberg, Austria) that was completely embedded in the acetate trays. The teeth were bleached effectively during 23 days. The mean wearing time of the acetate trays/dental bleaching product was 1.54 h/day, for the upper and lower arches. The patient reported satisfaction with the treatment. The association of enamel microabrasion and home dental bleaching was an excellent clinical treatment for teeth affected with enamel fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sundfeld
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Ingá University Center - Uningá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar Pavani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Nubia Inocêncya Pavesi Pini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Ingá University Center - Uningá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silveira Machado
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Timm Cornelius Schott
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Renato Herman Sundfeld
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Aesthetic treatment of dental fluorosis in a 9-year-old girl: Case report. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2019-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Dental fluorosis is a specific disturbance of tooth formation caused by excessive intake of fluoride. The discoloration of teeth is the most common reason for parents to seek treatment. The purpose of this paper is to describe the therapeutic management performed in a 9-year-old girl with fluorosis. Case report: A clinical case of a 9-year-old girl diagnosed with fluorosis is reported. The treatment of this clinical case was achieved using microabrasion, which is a minimally invasive method. This technique improves the aesthetics of the teeth without causing significant loss of dental tissue; a characteristic making microabrasion applicable to children as well. Its implementation involved the combined use of 18% hydrochloric acid and pumice on the enamel surface of upper incisors. The improved appearance of the teeth was aesthetically pleasing and, consequently, the patient gained in self-confidence. Conclusions: In the literature, several treatment choices are proposed, depending on the severity of the fluorosis. In our case, microabrasion was applied and the aesthetic outcome satisfied both the patient and the dentist.
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Fojo C, Figueira ME, Almeida CMM. Fluoride content of soft drinks, nectars, juices, juice drinks, concentrates, teas and infusions marketed in Portugal. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:705-12. [PMID: 23697372 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.785636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A potentiometric method using a fluoride combination ion-selective electrode was validated and used to analyse 183 samples, including soft drinks, juices, nectars, juice drinks, concentrates, teas and infusions marketed in Portugal. The fluoride levels were higher in extract-based soft drinks, juice drinks and juice, with fluoride values of 0.86 ± 0.35, 0.40 ± 0.24 and 0.37 ± 0.11 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The lowest fluoride concentration was found in infusion samples (0.12 ± 0.01 mg l⁻¹), followed by teas and carbonated soft drinks with fluoride concentrations of 0.16 ± 0.12 and 0.18 ± 0.07 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Nectars, concentrates and juice-based drinks had similar fluoride concentrations of 0.33 ± 0.16, 0.29 ± 0.12 and 0.25 ± 0.14 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The fluoride concentrations in all these samples would only contribute intakes below the acceptable daily intake (ADI = 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ body weight day⁻¹), indicating that, individually, these beverages cannot induce fluoride toxicity in the population group of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fojo
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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de Carvalho CAP, Zanlorenzi Nicodemo CA, Ferreira Mercadante DC, de Carvalho FS, Buzalaf MAR, de Carvalho Sales-Peres SH. Dental fluorosis in the primary dentition and intake of manufactured soy-based foods with fluoride. Clin Nutr 2012; 32:432-7. [PMID: 23068015 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To identify manufactured soy-based products more recommended by pediatricians and nutritionists; to determine fluoride concentrations in these products; to evaluate children concerning fluorosis in primary teeth and its association with the consumption of soy-based products. METHODS Pediatricians and Nutritionists answered a questionnaire about soy-based products they most recommended to children. Fluoride concentrations of the 10 products more cited were analyzed with the ion-specific electrode. Dental fluorosis exams were performed in 315 4-6-year-old children. Dean's Index was used to assess fluorosis. Among the children examined, 26 had lactose intolerance. Their parents answered a questionnaire about children's and family's profile, besides permitting the identification of soy-based products use. Chi-squared and Multivariable Logistic Regression tests were used (p < 0.05). RESULTS Fluoride content in the analyzed products ranged from 0.03 to 0.50 μg F(-)/mL. Dental fluorosis was detected in 11% of the children, with very mild and mild degrees. Dental fluorosis in primary teeth was associated with lactose intolerance (p < 0.05), but there was no significant association with the use of manufactured soy-based products. CONCLUSIONS Isolated consumption of soy-based products recommended by health professionals to children do not offer risk of dental fluorosis in primary teeth, which had a low prevalence and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Alves Paz de Carvalho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Fluoride concentration of some brands of fermented milks available in the market. Eur J Dent 2011; 5:139-42. [PMID: 21494379 PMCID: PMC3075991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the fluoride ion concentration in some fermented milks present in the market. METHODS Three brands of 6 fermented milks (Parmalat®-uva, Chamyto®, Paulista®, Batavito®, Yakult®, Vigor Club®) were analyzed. Fluoride concentration was evaluated after facilitated microdiffusion by HDMS. RESULTS Parmalat® products ranged from 0.022 μgF/g to 0.031 μgF/g, Chamyto® from 0.228 μgF/g to 0.272 μgF/g, Paulista® from 0.182 μgF/g to 0.220 μgF/g, Batavito® from 0.028 μgF/g to 0.030 μgF/g, Yakult® from 0.115 μgF/g to 0.206 μgF/g and Vigor Club® from 0.808 μgF/g to 1.171 μgF/g. CONCLUSIONS The presence of fluoride could be observed in all of the fermented milks analyzed which can contribute with the total fluoride daily intake.
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AlDosari AM, Akpata ES, Khan N. Associations among dental caries experience, fluorosis, and fluoride exposure from drinking water sources in Saudi Arabia. J Public Health Dent 2010; 70:220-6. [PMID: 20459462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2010.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES a) To correlate fluoride levels in drinking water sources with caries experience and dental fluorosis in Saudi Arabia, and suggest appropriate fluoride concentration for drinking water in the country. METHODS Fluoride levels were determined from 3,629 samples obtained from drinking water sources in 11 regions of Saudi Arabia. Based on the fluoride concentrations, a stratified sample of subjects aged 6-7, 12-13, and 15-18 years was obtained from the regions. A total of 12,200 selected subjects were examined for dental caries according to the World Health Organization criteria, and dental fluorosis, using Thylstrup and Fejerskov classification. RESULTS There was an inverse relationship between fluoride exposure and caries experience, but the prevalence of dental fluorosis increased with increase in fluoride concentration. There was no significant difference in caries experience or in the prevalence of dental fluorosis when fluoride levels increased from 0.3 ppm to 0.6 ppm. In contrast, caries experience was lower, while severity of fluorosis was significantly higher at fluoride levels above 0.6 ppm. CONCLUSIONS a) Fluoride levels in drinking water sources in Saudi Arabia correlate significantly with caries experience and prevalence of dental fluorosis. b) Appropriate fluoride concentration for drinking water in Saudi Arabia may be about 0.6 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M AlDosari
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Lodi CS, Sassaki KT, Fraiz FC, Delbem ACB, Martinhon CCR. Evaluation of some properties of fermented milk beverages that affect the demineralization of dental enamel. Braz Oral Res 2010; 24:95-101. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242010000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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