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Alegría-Torres JA, Rocha-Amador DO, Pérez-Rodríguez RY, Rodríguez-Felipe VM, Cauich-Díaz M, Ponce-Noyola P, Carrizales-Yáñez L. Pilot Monitoring of Lead in Umbilical Cord Blood of Newborns Associated With the Use of Glazed Ceramics from Guanajuato, Mexico. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2403-2409. [PMID: 37702961 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of lead-glazed pottery for cooking and storing food, a widespread practice in Mexico, represents a risk of exposure to lead from the human intrauterine stage. Therefore, a pilot study was carried out by means of the measurement of lead in umbilical cord blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) including 69 newborns from the Mexican state capital of Guanajuato, Guanajuato City, where the use of glazed clay is still widespread. Lifestyle and sociodemographic data were collected by interviewing the participating mothers. Hematological parameters and the anthropometry of the newborns and their mothers were analyzed; likewise, the G177C polymorphism in the ALAD gene was genotyped by PCR-RFLP as a marker of genetic vulnerability to lead. The geometric mean of lead in umbilical cord blood was 0.7 µg/dL (< limit of detection = 0.01-28.22). Boys presented higher values than girls (p = 0.03). Only 5.8% of these were above the safety value of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of 3.5 µg/dL. Correlations among lead concentrations, maternal age, weeks of gestation, newborn anthropometry, and hematological parameters were not found; however, the participating mothers who reported using glazed ceramics for cooking or storing food had the highest cord-blood lead concentrations (p = 0.04). Regarding genotyping, 97% had ALAD 1, while 3% had ALAD 1, 2; unfortunately, the sample size did not allow analysis of genetic vulnerability to lead. The preparation and conservation of food in handcrafted clay pottery increased the risk of having cord-blood lead values higher than those recommended by the CDC of 3.5 µg/dL (OR = 5; 95% CI:1.3-23; p = 0.01). Our preliminary results suggest that there continues to be intrauterine exposure to lead in Guanajuato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alejandro Alegría-Torres
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales Y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Edificio I, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Diana Olivia Rocha-Amador
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales Y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Edificio I, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Yazmín Pérez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales Y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Valeria Monserrat Rodríguez-Felipe
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales Y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Edificio I, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Mayra Cauich-Díaz
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales Y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Patricia Ponce-Noyola
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales Y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Leticia Carrizales-Yáñez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona #550, Lomas de San Luis, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Castro-Ramirez I, Rocha-Amador DO, Ruiz-Vera T, Alegría-Torres JA, Cruz-Jiménez G, Enciso-Donis I, Costilla-Salazar R. Environmental and biological monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in the city of Salamanca, Mexico. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:2839-2856. [PMID: 36066703 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The former Tekchem Industrial Unit located in the city of Salamanca, Mexico, constitutes an environmental liability in which the presence of high levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been reported. In the present study, levels of OCPs were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 52 soil samples and in 88 blood samples from school-age children in the city of Salamanca. A median concentration of 70.6 ng/g (6.93-3299) was obtained for total OCPs in soil, while for the total sum of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) the value was 49.6 ng/g (6.93-3276). In children, the median level of the total sum of OCPs was 390 ng/g lipid (7.34-14,895), and for the total sum of DDT was 175 ng/g lipid (< LOD-14,802). The OCPs that resulted in highest concentrations in soil were DDT and its metabolites, as well as aldrin and heptachlor epoxide, while in blood the highest levels corresponded to 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and its metabolites, followed by heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. The spatial distribution of the concentrations of OCPs in soil shows that the facilities of Tekchem may be a significant potential source for the dispersion of these compounds toward the metropolitan area of Salamanca. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the presence of OCPs in soil and in child population, providing important bases to study the problem from a broader perspective, while reiterating the importance of continuing efforts to generate resolute and precautionary measures with respect to the environmental liability of Tekchem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Castro-Ramirez
- DICIVA, Environmental Science Department, University of Guanajuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Tania Ruiz-Vera
- DICIVA, Environmental Science Department, University of Guanajuato, Irapuato, Mexico
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Rocha-Amador DO, González-Martell AD, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Cilia López VG. Health Risk Assessment in Mexican Children Exposed to Fluoride from Sweetened Beverages. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2250-2257. [PMID: 35854170 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The primary source of fluoride exposure is groundwater, but evidence suggests that beverages and food are additional fluoride sources. Intake of these products at an early age affects the optimal functioning of soft organs. An increase in sweetened beverage consumption by the pediatric population has been reported, suggesting an increase in fluoride exposure. The objectives of this study were to determine the fluoride concentrations in beverages and analyze the risk to human health from fluoride exposure to sweetened beverages consumed by children. Eighty-two sugar-sweetened beverages produced in different Mexican states were analyzed. The fluoride determination was carried out with an ion-selective electrode. The highest fluoride concentration was 1.92 mg/L; 73.2% of beverages showed fluoride values above permitted limits. Low-cost beverages had the highest fluoride values, suggesting that the water used for their production does not comply with fluorine regulations. According to the risk assessment in children from 3 to 6 years, the daily consumption of juices and sodas with concentrations that exceeded the normative of 0.7 mg/L could represent a risk to dental fluorosis development. It is crucial to control fluoride and regulate its concentrations in beverages for children to ensure food safety, especially in areas of endemic hydrofluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Olivia Rocha-Amador
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina-CIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Andrea Daniela González-Martell
- Programa Multidisciplinario de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales (PMPCA), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina-CIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Virginia Gabriela Cilia López
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
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Santiago-Saenz YO, Monroy-Torres R, Rocha-Amador DO, López-Palestina CU. Fluoride Concentration in Urine after Supplementation with Quelites in a Population of Adolescents. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193071. [PMID: 36230146 PMCID: PMC9563416 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild plants have detoxifying and protective properties. They reduce or neutralize the toxic effects caused by chemical agents and pollutants and have beneficial effects on the nutritional and health status. This research was conducted to complement a previous clinical intervention in which participants were exposed to high concentrations of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water to discover similarities or differences in the pattern of fluoride (F−) excretion after supplementation with partial areas of purslane and quelite cenizo (SP-Q). The study was 4 weeks long, and it was carried out on a sample of 27 adolescents in an age range of 11–12 years. Anthropometric and dietary evaluations were performed, and the concentrations of fluoride (F−) in urine and drinking water were quantified using the potentiometric method with an ion-selective electrode. The treated group increased urinary F− excretion after the first week (Baseline: 9.23 mg/g creatinine; Week 2: 0.73 mg/g creatinine), together with significant mobilization of F− and a recovery process at the end of the intervention (Week 4: 0.52 mg/g creatinine). The supplement may act by increasing the excretion of F− and the nutritional dietary conditions that contribute to mitigation and recovery in participants exposed to the contaminant while also managing access to drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Olovaldo Santiago-Saenz
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Monroy-Torres
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Ambiental y Seguridad Alimentaria, Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, Predio de San Carlos s/n, León 37670, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Correspondence: or
| | - Diana Olivia Rocha-Amador
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - César Uriel López-Palestina
- Área Académica de Ingeniería Agroindustrial e Ingeniería en Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Pérez-Vázquez FJ, González-Martell AD, Fernández-Macias JC, Rocha-Amador DO, González-Palomo AK, Ilizaliturri-Hernández CA, González-Mille DJ, Cilia-Lopez VG. Health risk assessment in children living in an urban area with hydrofluorosis: San Luis Potosí Mexico case study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 68:126863. [PMID: 34601282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoride is an inorganic element, which can be found in high concentrations in groundwater. Its consumption and exposure have consequences on human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate fluoride exposure and develop a health risk assessment in children from an urban area with hydrofluorosis in Mexico. METHODS Water fluoride levels in active wells were provided by the Water State Agency and divided into three zones: agriculture zone (Zone A), metallurgical zone (Zone B), and industrial zone (Zone C). Urinary fluoride levels were determined by potentiometric method using an ion-selective electrode. Health risk assessment was performed through Monte Carlo model analysis and hazard quotient was calculated. RESULTS According to fluoride well concentration, all zones have high concentration especially Zone B (2.55 ± 0.98 mg/L). Urinary fluoride concentrations were highest in children in Zone B (1.42 ± 0.8 mg/L). The estimated median daily intake dose of fluoride was 0.084 mg/Kg-day for the children living in zone B. The highest mean HQ value was to Zone B (1.400 ± 0.980), followed by Zone C (0.626 ± 0.443). CONCLUSION The levels of fluoride exposure registered are a potential risk to generate adverse health effects in children in the San Luis Potosi metropolitan area.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Pérez-Vázquez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico; CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - A D González-Martell
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - J C Fernández-Macias
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - D O Rocha-Amador
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - A K González-Palomo
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | | | - D J González-Mille
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - V G Cilia-Lopez
- Facultad de Medicina-CIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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Farías P, Estevez-García JA, Onofre-Pardo EN, Pérez-Humara ML, Rojas-Lima E, Álamo-Hernández U, Rocha-Amador DO. Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182111490. [PMID: 34770007 PMCID: PMC8583120 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Water fluoride levels above the World Health Organization’s guideline (1.5 mg/L), common in overexploited aquifers, represent a health hazard. Our objective was to assess the health risks posed by exposure to fluoride in different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in Mexico. Fluoride was measured in mutual drinking water sources and in the urine of 39 children and women. Risks were estimated through hazard quotient (HQ) by drinking water source. Dental fluorosis was assessed in the children. Mean fluoride water concentrations (mg/L) were: well, 4.2; waterhole, 2.7; bottled, 2.1; rainwater, 0.4. The mean urinary fluoride concentrations (specific gravity adjusted) were 2.1 mg/L and 3.2 mg/L in children and women, respectively. Our multiple linear regression model showed children’s urinary fluoride concentrations increased 0.96 mg/L for every 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride (p < 0.001). Dental fluorosis was diagnosed in 82% of the children, and their HQ according to drinking water source was: well, 1.5; waterhole, 1.1; bottled, 0.8; harvested rainwater, 0.3. The pervasive dental fluorosis indicates a toxic past fluoride exposure; urinary fluoride levels and HQs indicate high exposure and current health risks for most children. Drinking harvested rainwater will likely prevent most of the local fluoride exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Farías
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (J.A.E.-G.); (E.N.O.-P.); (M.L.P.-H.); (E.R.-L.); (U.Á.-H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jesús Alejandro Estevez-García
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (J.A.E.-G.); (E.N.O.-P.); (M.L.P.-H.); (E.R.-L.); (U.Á.-H.)
| | - Erika Noelia Onofre-Pardo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (J.A.E.-G.); (E.N.O.-P.); (M.L.P.-H.); (E.R.-L.); (U.Á.-H.)
| | - María Luisa Pérez-Humara
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (J.A.E.-G.); (E.N.O.-P.); (M.L.P.-H.); (E.R.-L.); (U.Á.-H.)
| | - Elodia Rojas-Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (J.A.E.-G.); (E.N.O.-P.); (M.L.P.-H.); (E.R.-L.); (U.Á.-H.)
| | - Urinda Álamo-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (J.A.E.-G.); (E.N.O.-P.); (M.L.P.-H.); (E.R.-L.); (U.Á.-H.)
| | - Diana Olivia Rocha-Amador
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico;
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Santiago-Saenz YO, Monroy-Torres R, Rocha-Amador DO, Hernández-Fuentes AD. Effect of a Supplementation with Two Quelites on Urinary Excretion of Arsenic in Adolescents Exposed to Water Contaminated with the Metalloid in a Community in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico. Nutrients 2019; 12:E98. [PMID: 31905888 PMCID: PMC7019896 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quelites are Mexican wild plants, reported as excellent sources of nutritional compounds such as amino acids (serine, glycine, and cysteine), minerals (Mg, Fe, and Zn), and phytochemicals, as phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (phloridzin and naringenin); on the other hand, high biological activity has been shown in these compounds. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of a supplementation with two endemic quelites of Mexico (Chenopodium berlandieri L. and Portulaca Oleracea L.); in addition to supplementation, a nutritional intervention was performed; the biomarkers of hemoglobin (Hb), urinary malondialdehyde (UMDA), and urinary arsenic (UAs) were measured in adolescents exposed to arsenic. A clinical intervention study was conducted in 27 adolescents ages 11 to 12 years for 4 weeks. Weekly anthropometric and dietary evaluations were carried out, as well as the concentration of Hb; the UMDA and UAs were performed by plate-based colorimetric measurement and atomic absorption spectrophotometry with the hydrides generation system, respectively. The results showed that UMDA concentrations had a significant improvement in the supplemented group (SG) vs. control group (CG) (SG = 1.59 ± 0.89 µM/g creatinine vs. CG = 2.90 ± 0.56 µM/g creatinine) in the second week of intervention; on the other hand, the supplemented group showed an increase in Hb levels (15.12 ± 0.99 g/dL) in the same week; finally after the second week, an increase in UAs levels was observed significantly compared to the baseline value (Baseline: 56.85; Week 2: 2.02 µg/g creatinine). Therefore, the results show that the mixture of quelites (a rich source of phytochemicals and nutrients) improved hemoglobin and UMDA levels, and urinary arsenic excretion from the second week in the exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Olovaldo Santiago-Saenz
- Área Académica de Ingeniería Agroindustrial e Ingeniería en Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico;
| | - Rebeca Monroy-Torres
- Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, León 37670, Mexico
| | - Diana Olivia Rocha-Amador
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico;
| | - Alma Delia Hernández-Fuentes
- Área Académica de Ingeniería Agroindustrial e Ingeniería en Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico;
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Jarquín-Yañez L, Mejía-Saavedra JDJ, Molina-Frechero N, Gaona E, Rocha-Amador DO, López-Guzmán OD, Bologna-Molina R. Association between urine fluoride and dental fluorosis as a toxicity factor in a rural community in the state of San Luis Potosi. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:647184. [PMID: 25789336 PMCID: PMC4350618 DOI: 10.1155/2015/647184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate urine fluoride concentration as a toxicity factor in a rural community in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 111 children exposed to high concentrations of fluoride in drinking water (4.13 mg/L) was evaluated. Fluoride exposure was determined by measuring urine fluoride concentration using the potentiometric method with an ion selective electrode. The diagnosis of dental fluorosis was performed by clinical examination, and the severity of damage was determined using Dean's index and the Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) index. RESULTS The range of exposure in the study population, evaluated through the fluoride content in urine, was 1.1 to 5.9 mg/L, with a mean of 3.14±1.09 mg/L. Dental fluorosis was present in all subjects, of which 95% had severe cases. Higher urine fluoride levels and greater degrees of severity occurred in older children. CONCLUSIONS The results show that dental fluorosis was determined by the presence of fluoride exposure finding a high positive correlation between the severity of fluorosis and urine fluoride concentration and the years of exposure suggested a cumulative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizet Jarquín-Yañez
- 1Center of Applied Research in Environment and Health, CIACYT, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, 78100 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - José de Jesús Mejía-Saavedra
- 1Center of Applied Research in Environment and Health, CIACYT, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, 78100 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Nelly Molina-Frechero
- 2Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, 04960 Mexico City, MEX, Mexico
- *Nelly Molina-Frechero:
| | - Enrique Gaona
- 2Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, 04960 Mexico City, MEX, Mexico
| | | | - Olga Dania López-Guzmán
- 4School of Chemical Sciences, Durango Unit, Juarez University of the State of Durango, 3400 Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Ronell Bologna-Molina
- 5Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Juarez University of the State of Durango, 34000 Durango, DGO, Mexico
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