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Keskin NB, İnce Yusufoğlu S. Evaluation of the efficacy of rotary and reciprocating systems for the removal of filling material for various root canal filling techniques. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2023; 17:96-100. [PMID: 37649824 PMCID: PMC10462471 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2023.36695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of various filling and retreatment techniques for oval-shaped root canals. Methods Sixty distal roots of mandibular molar teeth were included in the study. The roots were prepared using the ProTaper Next (PTN) X4 rotary system and irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl. The roots were then divided into three groups and filled with Total Fill BC Sealer (FKG Dentaire) using three different techniques (n=20): single cone (SC), GuttaCore (GC), and warm vertical condensation (WVC). The retreatment procedure was performed using two different instrumentation techniques: Reciproc 50 (R50) and PTN X5 (n=10). To analyze the remaining filling material, the roots were divided buccolingually in two parts with the help of diamond separators, and photographs were taken at x16 magnification using a dental operating microscope (DOM). The ratio of the remaining filling materials was calculated using image analysis software and statistically evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results None of the assessed retreatment procedures completely removed the filling materials from the root canals. For both instrumentation techniques, more root canal filling material remained in the WVC group (P<0.05). Conclusion The GC filling technique had a higher cleaning percentage than the WVC and SC techniques in the coronal region. The R50 system was found to be superior to the PTN X5 system for retreatment, and the root canal fillings applied using the WVC technique were more difficult to remove than the fillings applied using the other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selen İnce Yusufoğlu
- Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Ankara, Turkey
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Donnermeyer D, Dornseifer P, Schäfer E, Dammaschke T. The push-out bond strength of calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers. Head Face Med 2018; 14:13. [PMID: 30126425 PMCID: PMC6102912 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-018-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim was to compare the dislodgement resistance of calcium silicate-based sealers (Total Fill BC Sealer, Endo CPM Sealer, BioRoot RCS) with an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus). Methods The root canals of 80 single-rooted human teeth were instrumented with F360 up to size 45.04. All canals were obturated using matching gutta-percha cones according to the single-cone technique in combination with one of the mentioned sealers (n = 20 per group). After eight weeks of incubation (37 °C, 100% humidity), the roots were embedded in resin. Starting with a distance of 7 mm from the apex, four slices of 1 mm thickness were cut. Dislodgement resistance was measured using a universal testing machine and the push-out bond strength was calculated. Specimens were examined under 4×-magnification to determine the mode of bond failure. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls-test. Results Regarding the pooled data of all sections, the push-out bond strength of AH Plus was significantly higher than the push-out bond strength of all calcium silicate-containing sealers (P < 0.05). Out of all calcium silicate-based sealers, Total Fill BC Sealer showed the highest push-out bond strength (P < 0.05). BioRoot RCS had significant higher push-out bond strength than Endo CPM Sealer (P < 0.05). Nearly the same results were found for all four sections. BioRoot RCS only differed significantly from Endo CPM Sealer in the third section (P < 0.05). Conclusions The push-out bond strength of the investigated calcium silicate-based sealers was lower than of AH Plus. Total Fill BC showed the highest push-out bond strength of the calcium silicate-based sealers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Donnermeyer
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, building W 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Pia Dornseifer
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, building W 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Edgar Schäfer
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, building W 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Dammaschke
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, building W 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Medeiros PL, Bernardineli N, Cavenago BC, Torres SA, Duarte MAH, Bramante CM, Marciano MA. Sealing ability of MTA, CPM, and MBPc as root-end filling materials: a bacterial leakage study. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 24:148-52. [PMID: 27119763 PMCID: PMC4836922 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the sealing ability of three root-end filling materials (white MTA, CPM, and MBPc) using an Enterococcus faecalis leakage model. Material and Methods Seventy single-root extracted human teeth were instrumented and root-ends were resected to prepare 3 mm depth cavities. Root-end preparations were filled with white MTA, CPM, and MBPc cements. Enterococcus faecalis was coronally introduced and the apical portion was immersed in BHI culture medium with phenol red indicator. The bacterial leakage was monitored every 24 h for 4 weeks. The statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon-Gehan test (p<0.05). Results All cements showed bacterial leakage after 24 hours, except for the negative control group. The MBPc showed significantly less bacterial leakage compared with the MTA group (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between the CPM and the other groups. Conclusions The epoxy resin-based cement MBPc had lower bacterial leakage compared with the calcium silicate-based cements MTA and CPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Leal Medeiros
- Departamento de Dentística, Materiais Odontológicos e Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Norberti Bernardineli
- Departamento de Dentística, Materiais Odontológicos e Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Bruno Cavalini Cavenago
- Departamento de Dentística, Materiais Odontológicos e Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Sérgio Aparecido Torres
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Departamento de Dentística, Materiais Odontológicos e Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Clovis Monteiro Bramante
- Departamento de Dentística, Materiais Odontológicos e Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Marina Angélica Marciano
- Departamento de Dentística, Materiais Odontológicos e Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
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Torky MA, Anil S. Apical sealing and marginal adaptation of MTA apical plug subjected to obturation after different time intervals. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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AMOROSO-SILVA PA, MARCIANO MA, GUIMARÃES BM, DUARTE MAH, SANSON AF, MORAES IGD. Apical adaptation, sealing ability and push-out bond strength of five root-end filling materials. Braz Oral Res 2014; 28:S1806-83242014000100252. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2014.vol28.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mirhadi H, Moazzami F, Safarzade S. The Effect of Acidic pH on Microleakage of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Calcium-Enriched Mixture Apical Plugs. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2014; 9:257-60. [PMID: 25386205 PMCID: PMC4224762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this laboratory study was to evaluate the effect of acidic pH on the sealing ability of calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical plugs. METHODS AND MATERIALS Seventy single-rooted human maxillary anterior teeth were recruited. The teeth were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (n=15), and 1 negative and 1 positive control groups of 5. The root canals were cleaned and shaped and the terminal 3 mm of the roots were resected. Then MTA and CEM cement plugs were condensed in apical region with 3 mm thicknesses. The samples were exposed to pH values of 5.5 and 7.4. Leakage was evaluated by the fluid filtration technique at 1, 7, 14, 30 day intervals. Data were analyzed by the repeated measures MANOVA, one-way ANOVA and MANOVA/Bonferroni test. RESULTS Acidic pH significantly reduced the sealing ability of MTA after 1, 14 and 30 days (P<0.05). The rate of microleakage in CEM cement samples in acidic pH was significantly greater than that in neutral pH in day 30 (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the sealing property of MTA and CEM cement at both pH levels (P>0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the CEM cement exhibited similar sealing ability as MTA at both pH levels. In addition, an acidic pH environment reduced the sealing ability of MTA and CEM cement after 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mirhadi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
| | - Fariborz Moazzami
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
| | - Sareh Safarzade
- Student Research Committee, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Corresponding author: Sareh Safarzade, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Ghasrodasht Ave, Shiraz, Iran. Postal Code: 7186893685. Tel:+98-917 1046359, Fax: +98-71 24226711, E-mail:
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Adel M, Nima MM, Shivaie Kojoori S, Norooz Oliaie H, Naghavi N, Asgary S. Comparison of endodontic biomaterials as apical barriers in simulated open apices. ISRN DENTISTRY 2012; 2012:359873. [PMID: 22792475 PMCID: PMC3390036 DOI: 10.5402/2012/359873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To evaluate the effect of apical foramen diameter and apical barrier thickness on the sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium enriched mixture (CEM) plugs in open apices. Materials and Methods. The fluid filtration method was conducted on a total of 136 roots. Samples were randomly divided into two control (n = 8) and four experimental groups (n = 30). Apical foramen diameters measuring 1.1 and 1.7 mm were shaped for groups "1 and 3" and "2 and 4", respectively. In groups 1 and 2 MTA plug and in groups 3 and 4 CEM plug was inserted. The groups were further divided into subgroups according to the thickness of the apical plugs (3- or 5-mm). Microleakage was measured at 1, 7, and 30 days. Results. Mixed ANOVA test showed that the microleakage in groups 1 and 3 as well as all 5-mm plug subgroups were significantly less than groups 2 and 4 (P < 0.05) and 3-mm subgroups (P < 0.05), respectively. Microleakage was significantly lower at 30th day (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Reducing canal diameter or increasing apical plug thickness and the time interval increases the sealing ability of apical barriers. Furthermore, in comparison to MTA, CEM plugs demonstrated superior sealing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamak Adel
- Dental Carries Research Center, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34157-59811, Iran
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Cintra LTA, Ribeiro TAA, Gomes-Filho JE, Bernabé PFE, Watanabe S, Facundo ACDS, Samuel RO, Dezan-Junior E. Biocompatibility and biomineralization assessment of a new root canal sealer and root-end filling material. Dent Traumatol 2012; 29:145-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2012.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Department of Endodontics; Araçatuba; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Thiago Alexandre Alves Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Department of Endodontics; Araçatuba; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Gomes-Filho
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Department of Endodontics; Araçatuba; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Pedro Felício Estrada Bernabé
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Department of Endodontics; Araçatuba; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Simone Watanabe
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Department of Endodontics; Araçatuba; São Paulo; Brazil
| | | | - Renata Oliveira Samuel
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Department of Endodontics; Araçatuba; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Eloi Dezan-Junior
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Department of Endodontics; Araçatuba; São Paulo; Brazil
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9
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Dentin bond strength of two mineral trioxide aggregate-based and one epoxy resin-based sealers. J Endod 2011; 38:219-21. [PMID: 22244640 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed at evaluating the bond strength to root dentin of 2 mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based sealers (Endo-CPM sealer and MTA Fillapex) and of 1 epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus sealer). METHODS Forty-five extracted human teeth with single roots were prepared by using the step-back technique. Irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl and a final rinse with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and distilled water were performed. Canals were filled by using Endo-CPM sealer, MTA Fillapex, or AH Plus sealer by means of the gutta-percha lateral condensation technique. After 7 days, the roots were sectioned perpendicularly to its long axis, and the push-out test was carried out. The data were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post hoc tests. RESULTS Endo-CPM sealer showed the highest values of bond strength to root dentin (8.265 MPa) (P < .05). The values of push-out test were similar for MTA Fillapex (2.041 MPa) and AH Plus (3.034 MPa). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the findings presented herein and within the limitations of this study, Endo-CPM sealer presented advantages when a post preparation was required. MTA Fillapex presented acceptable resistance to dislodgement, which was similar to that observed in samples filled with AH Plus sealer.
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Tanomaru-Filho M, Saçaki JN, Faleiros FBC, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. pH and calcium ion release evaluation of pure and calcium hydroxide-containing Epiphany for use in retrograde filling. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19:1-5. [PMID: 21437461 PMCID: PMC4245855 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hydroxyl (OH-) and calcium (Ca++) ion release was evaluated
in six materials: G1) Sealer 26, G2) White mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), G3)
epiphany, G4) epiphany + 10% calcium hydroxide (CH), G5) epiphany + 20% CH, and
G6) zinc oxide and eugenol. Material and Methods Specimens were placed in polyethylene tubes and immersed in distilled water. After
3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, 7, 14, and 28 days, the water was assessed for pH with a
pH meter and for Ca++ release by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. Results G1, G2, G4, and G5 had the highest pH until 14 days (p<0.05). G1 presented
the highest Ca++ release until 6 h, and G4 and G5, from 12 h through 14
days. Ca++ release was greater for G1 and G2 at 28 days. G6 released
the least Ca++. Conclusion MTA, Sealer 26, epiphany, and epiphany + CH release OH - and
Ca++ ions. Epiphany + CH may be an alternative as retrofilling
material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Morgental RD, Vier-Pelisser FV, Oliveira SD, Antunes FC, Cogo DM, Kopper PMP. Antibacterial activity of two MTA-based root canal sealers. Int Endod J 2011; 44:1128-33. [PMID: 21895702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the pH and antibacterial activity of Endo CPM Sealer and MTA Fillapex by two different methods, using white MTA and Endofill as references for comparison. METHODOLOGY Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). The agar diffusion test (ADT) was performed to evaluate the effect before setting. The materials were placed in four equidistant wells made in ten agar plates. After incubation at 37 °C for 48 h, the inhibition zones were measured using a digital paquimeter. The direct contact test (DCT) was performed to assess the antibacterial effect after setting. Suspensions of crushed materials were prepared and mixed with E. faecalis. After different periods of time (1, 6, 15 and 60 min), the survival of bacteria was assessed by using 10-fold serial dilution and cultivated on agar plates in triplicate. Colony-forming units (CFU) mL(-1) were calculated after incubation. pH values were also measured in triplicate. Comparison between sealers in the ADT and DCT was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS In the ADT, inhibition zones were found with MTA Fillapex and Endofill. They were similar to each other and greater than the other sealers (P < 0.05). None of the tested sealers demonstrated antibacterial activity in the DCT, and thus, all sealers had similar bacterial counts compared with the negative control group (P > 0.05). White MTA and Endo CPM Sealer suspensions had pH values >11, whilst MTA Fillapex and Endofill had lower values. CONCLUSIONS MTA Fillapex and Endofill had an antibacterial effect against E. faecalis before setting, but none of the sealers maintained antibacterial activity after setting, despite the high pH of the MTA-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Morgental
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Darvell BW, Wu RCT. "MTA"-an Hydraulic Silicate Cement: review update and setting reaction. Dent Mater 2011; 27:407-22. [PMID: 21353694 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current status and understanding of Portland cement-like endodontic materials commonly referred to by the trade designation "MTA" (alias "Mineral Trioxide Aggregate"), and to present an outline setting reaction scheme, hitherto unattempted. METHOD The literature was searched using on-line tools, overlapping an earlier substantial review to pick up any omissions, including that in respect of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), with which MTA shares much. The search was conducted for the period January 2005 to December 2009 using 'MTA', 'GMTA', 'WMTA', and 'mineral AND trioxide AND aggregate' as keywords, with various on-line search engines including ScienceDirect (http://www.sciencedirect.com), SAGE Journals Online (http://online.sagepub.com), Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com), SciELO Scientific electronic library online (http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php), JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org), and Scopus (http://www.scopus.com). References of articles found were cross-checked where appropriate for missed publications. Manufacturers' and related websites were searched with Google Search (http://www.google.com.hk). RESULTS A generic name for this class of materials, Hydraulic Silicate Cement (HSC), is proposed, and an outline reaction scheme has been deduced. HSC has distinct advantages apparent, including sealing, sterilizing, mineralizing, dentinogenic and osteogenic capacities, which research continues to demonstrate. However, ad hoc modifications have little supporting justification. SIGNIFICANCE While HSC has a definite place in dentistry, with few of the drawbacks associated with other materials, some improvements in handling and other properties are highly desirable, as are studies of the mechanisms of the several beneficial physiological effects. Reference to the extensive, but complex, literature on OPC may provide the necessary insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Darvell
- Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Health Sciences Centre, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
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Miranda RB, Fidel SR, Boller MAA. L929 cell response to root perforation repair cements: an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Braz Dent J 2009; 20:22-6. [PMID: 19466226 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402009000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the cytotoxicity of an experimental epoxy-resin and calcium hydroxide-based cement (MBPc), gray mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) using the agar overlay method with neutral red dye. L929 cells were seeded into 6-well culture plates where 48-h set test materials were placed on the agar overlay, in triplicate. Teflon and natural rubber served as negative and positive controls. After an incubation period of 24 h at 37 degrees C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air, a discolored area around the samples and the positive controls could be observed and measured per quadrant. The mean values were compared and converted into grades to classify the results according to the table of cytotoxicity grades according to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil. The nonviable cell areas and the morphological changes in the cells were observed with an inverted microscope. The results showed grade 1 (slight) for the two types of MTA (p>0.05) and grade 2 (mild) for the MBPc (p<0.001). All samples met the requirements of the test as none of the cultures showed reactivity higher than grade 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Belchior Miranda
- Subdivisão de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santos Dumont Brazilian Air Force Dental Clinic, Praça Marechal Ancora, 77, Rio de Janeiro 20021-200, RJ, Brazil.
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