1
|
Ferreira I, Lopes C, Ferreira A, Braga AC, Vaz F, Pina-Vaz I, Martin-Biedma B. Nanostructured ZnO thin film to enhance gutta-percha's adhesion to endodontic sealers. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:753. [PMID: 38951790 PMCID: PMC11218323 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gutta-percha (GP) combined with an endodontic sealer is still the core material most widely used for tridimensional obturation. The sealer acts as a bonding agent between the GP and the root dentinal walls. However, one of the main drawbacks of GP core material is the lack of adhesiveness to the sealer. ZnO thin films have many remarkable features due to their considerable bond strength, good optical quality, and excellent piezoelectric, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, offering many potential applications in various fields. This study aimed to explore the influence of GP surface's functionalization with a nanostructured ZnO thin film on its adhesiveness to endodontic sealers. METHODS Conventional GP samples were divided randomly into three groups: (a) Untreated GP (control); (b) GP treated with argon plasma (PT); (c) Functionalized GP (PT followed by ZnO thin film deposition). GP's surface functionalization encompassed a multi-step process. First, a low-pressure argon PT was applied to modify the GP surface, followed by a ZnO thin film deposition via magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology was assessed using SEM and water contact angle analysis. Further comprehensive testing included tensile bond strength assessment evaluating Endoresin and AH Plus Bioceramic sealers' adhesion to GP. ANOVA procedures were used for data statistical analysis. RESULTS The ZnO thin film reproduced the underlying surface topography produced by PT. ZnO thin film deposition decreased the water contact angle compared to the control (p < 0.001). Endoresin showed a statistically higher mean bond strength value than AH Plus Bioceramic (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the control and the ZnO-functionalized GP (p = 0.006), with the latter presenting the highest mean bond strength value. CONCLUSIONS The deposition of a nanostructured ZnO thin film on GP surface induced a shift towards hydrophilicity and an increased GP's adhesion to Endoresin and AH Bioceramic sealers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Ferreira
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CINTESIS, R&D Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Lopes
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Armando Ferreira
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Braga
- Department of Production and Systems, ALGORITMI Center, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipe Vaz
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Irene Pina-Vaz
- CINTESIS, R&D Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Benjamin Martin-Biedma
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Savaris JM, Isoton JC, Fluck BF, Tedesco M, Bortoluzzi EA, da Fonseca Roberti Garcia L, da Silveira Teixeira C. Comparative Analysis of AH Plus Bond Strength to Root Canal Dentin and Adhesive Interface Quality after Calcium Hydroxide Removal using Different Irrigation Protocols. J Endod 2024; 50:659-666. [PMID: 38431198 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the push-out bond strength (POBS) of AH Plus sealer to root dentin and the adhesive interface quality after calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) intracanal dressing removal with different final irrigation protocols. METHOD After root canal instrumentation and irrigation, 40 root canals were filled with Ca(OH)2 and sealed. After 14 days, the specimens were randomly distributed according to the irrigation protocols for Ca(OH)2 removal (n = 10): GH2O (control) - distilled water; GNaOCl - 1% NaOCl; GEDTA - 17% EDTA; GEDTA + NaOCl - 17% EDTA + 1% NaOCl. The root canals were filled with AH Plus sealer and gutta-percha. After 7 days, the roots were sectioned into dentin slices and submitted to POBS test and analysis of the adhesive interface under scanning electron microscope. The POBS data were statistically evaluated (analysis of variance and Tukey test). The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the adhesive interface (α = 0.05). RESULTS GH2O, GNaOCl, and GEDTA + NaOCl had similar POBS values, with higher values on the apical third, in comparison with other thirds (P < .05). A homogeneous and free-of-gaps adhesive interface was observed for GH2O, GNaOCl, and GEDTA + NaOCl, with difference between GH2O and GEDTA (P < .05). GH2O and GEDTA + NaOCl presented higher sealer tags formation (P < .05). CONCLUSION The final rinse with EDTA for Ca(OH)2 dressing removal had a negative effect on the POBS of the filling material to root dentin. The use of EDTA followed by NaOCl had results similar to the distilled water, providing uniform and free-of-gaps adhesive interface, and a higher number of sealer tags.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Menezes Savaris
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jakson Carlos Isoton
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fiorine Fluck
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maybell Tedesco
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antunes Bortoluzzi
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Diagnosis and Oral Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shetty C, Qaiser S, Shetty A, Shroff R. Evaluation of Microleakage of Nanoparticle-incorporated Cyanoacrylate Root Canal Sealer Using the Radioisotopic Method: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024; 25:335-341. [PMID: 38956848 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to assess the microleakage of nanoparticle-based (NPB) cyanoacrylate sealer and epoxy resin-based (ERB) sealer using radioisotope method and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 single-rooted teeth were collected; specimens were accessed, instrumented, and irrigated, and randomly distributed into 4 groups of 25 samples each: Group I: Positive control, group II: Negative control, group III: Obturated with NPB sealer, and group IV: Obturated with ERB sealer. All samples were immersed in 99mTc pertechnetate solution, for 3 hours after which radioactivity was estimated under a Gamma camera. The radioactivity released by specimens before and after nail varnish removal was statistically analyzed. After 2 weeks, the same samples were used for CLSM analysis. The sealer tubular penetration depth was measured at the deepest level for each group using ZEN lite 2012. Data collected was statistically evaluated. RESULTS The amount of radioactivity observed at first in group III and group IV was 194.76 and 599.12 units, respectively, with p-value < 0.001, indicating significant interaction, and after nail varnish removal, it was 89.68 and 468.44 units, respectively, with a p-value < 0.001; again, indicating statistical significance. Hence, the radioactivity of NPB sealer was found to be lower than ERB sealer in both cases, indicating better sealing of the former. The photomicrographs show that mean value of dye penetration in NPB sealer in first, second, and third segment from apex was 85.06, 75.73, and 66.09, respectively; while in the case of ERB sealer, those were 597.28, 461.17, and 195.68, respectively; with p-value < 0.001; signifying that NPB sealer exhibited higher resistance to microleakage than ERB sealer. CONCLUSION The NPB sealer can become a potential root canal sealer in future endodontics due to superior physiochemical properties attributed to the cyanoacrylate and incorporated nanoparticles. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The study clinically signifies that we can equally use the radioisotopic method along with confocal method while conducting the microleakage studies. In addition, NPB sealer can be an emerging replacement with better properties than gold standard root canal sealers for clinical use. How to cite this article: Shetty C, Qaiser S, Shetty A, et al. Evaluation of Microleakage of Nanoparticle-incorporated Cyanoacrylate Root Canal Sealer Using the Radioisotopic Method: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):335-341.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chitharanjan Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, NITTE (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Derlakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5154-8429
| | - Shazeena Qaiser
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6579-5594
| | - Aditya Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, NITTE (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Derlakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, Phone: +91 9886189087, e-mail: , Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8170-3845
| | - Rashi Shroff
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, NITTE (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Derlakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2741-5081
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adl A, Shojaei NS, Ranjbar N. The Effect of Adding Various Antibiotics on the Push-out Bond Strength of a Resin-based Sealer: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024; 25:231-235. [PMID: 38690695 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to compare the bond strength of AH Plus sealer to root canal dentin when used with or without various antibiotics including amoxicillin, clindamycin, and triple antibiotic mixture (TAM). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 80 single-rooted extracted human teeth were instrumented and obturated with gutta-percha and four different sealer-antibiotic combinations (n = 20). Group I: AH Plus without any antibiotics, Group II: AH Plus with amoxicillin, Group III: AH Plus with clindamycin, and Group IV: AH Plus with TAM. After seven days, the roots were sectioned perpendicular to their long axis and 1 mm thick slices were obtained from the midroots. The specimens were subjected to a push-out bond strength test and failure modes were also evaluated. Data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests. RESULTS Group IV had significantly higher bond strength compared to other groups (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were found between other groups. While the sealer-antibiotic groups predominantly showed cohesive failure modes, the control group displayed both cohesive and mixed failure modes. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, the addition of TAM increased the push-out bond strength of AH Plus. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Amoxicillin, clindamycin, or TAM can be added to AH Plus for increased antibacterial efficacy without concern about their effects on the bond strength of the sealer. How to cite this article: Adl A, Shojaei NS, Ranjbar N. The Effect of Adding Various Antibiotics on the Push-out Bond Strength of a Resin-based Sealer: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):231-235.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Adl
- Department of Endodontics, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-1348
| | - Nooshin S Shojaei
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-3650
| | - Nikta Ranjbar
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Phone: +98 9177392421, e-mail: , Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7677-3032
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Hiyasat AS, Sawallha AM, Taha NA. The effect of sealer type and obturation technique on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:7359-7367. [PMID: 37923945 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of sealer type with various obturation techniques on the fracture resistance of root filled teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty mandibular premolars were collected, and root canals of 70 of them were prepared by Mtwo system up to 40/04. Thirty teeth were obturated using TotalFill BC sealer, and 30 using AH Plus sealer, with one of the obturation techniques (N = 10), namely cold lateral compaction (CLC), warm vertical compaction (WVC), and single cone (SC). Ten teeth were left without obturation as a positive control, and the other 10 teeth were not prepared serving as a negative control. Teeth were stored for 3 weeks, and the crowns were separated and the roots were subjected to fracture test using a universal testing machine. RESULTS Data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Fracture resistance of the TotalFill groups was significantly higher than the AH Plus groups in each obturation technique, and SC had the highest fracture resistance regardless of sealer used (P < 0.05). Obturation of the root canal by TotaFill BC sealer increased the calcium/phosphorous ratio in the dentin of the root. CONCLUSIONS Obturation with TotalFill BC sealer improved the fracture resistance of the roots more than AH Plus sealer, and obturation with SC resulted in higher fracture resistance than CLC and WVC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Obturation of the root canal with Bioceramic sealer with single cone obturation technique could reduce the incidence of vertical root fracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Al-Hiyasat
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Anas M Sawallha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nessrin A Taha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sarrafan A, Soleymani A, Bagheri Chenari T, Seyedmajidi S. Comparison of push-out bond strength of endodontic sealers after root canal drying with different techniques. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023; 9:314-321. [PMID: 36806655 PMCID: PMC10098293 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An ideal endodontic sealer should bond to both dentin and root-filling material. This study aimed to assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Fillapex, Endoseal MTA, AH26, and Sure-Seal Root to root dentin after root canal drying with different techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS This in vitro study was conducted on 160 extracted mandibular premolars. After root canal preparation, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 40) of drying with ethanol, paper point, air vacuum, and control (wet canal). Each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 10) for use of AH26, Sure-Seal Root, MTA-Fillapex, and Endoseal MTA sealers. The mean PBS was measured by a universal testing machine. The mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Games-Howell tests. RESULTS The maximum mean PBS was equally recorded in ethanol and paper point groups, and was significantly higher than that of control and air vacuum groups (p < .001). In the use of AH26 sealer, the mean PBS in drying with ethanol was significantly higher than all other methods (p < .05). The mean PBS in drying with a paper point was also significantly higher compared with control and air vacuum methods (p < .05). In the use of Sure-Seal, the mean PBS in drying with a paper point was significantly higher than other methods (p < .05). The mean PBS in drying with ethanol was significantly higher than that in control and air vacuum methods (p < .001). In the use of MTA-Fillapex and Endoseal-MTA, the technique of drying had no significant effect on PBS. Adhesive and mixed failures were the most common in all drying groups. CONCLUSIONS Drying with ethanol and paper point enhanced the PBS of sealers to root dentin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Sarrafan
- Department of Endodontics, School of DentistryBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Ali Soleymani
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Tasnim Bagheri Chenari
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Oral Health Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Seyedali Seyedmajidi
- School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ashkar I, Sanz JL, Forner L, Melo M. Calcium Silicate-Based Sealer Dentinal Tubule Penetration-A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2734. [PMID: 37049028 PMCID: PMC10096084 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to perform a qualitative synthesis of in vitro studies which evaluate and compare the penetration of calcium silicate-based sealers into dentinal tubules. A systematic advanced search was performed in Scopus, Embase, Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, and Cochrane databases on the 1 December 2022. In vitro studies that compared the tubular penetration of at least two calcium silicate-based sealers in extracted human teeth were eligible. PRILE 2021 guidelines were used for the assessment of the risk of bias included studies. The search identified a total of 680 preliminary records, among which 12 studies were eligible for review. The most used methodology to evaluate sealer penetration was the use of a fluorochrome together with the tested sealers and the analysis of their penetration under confocal laser microscopy. Regarding the results of the included studies, calcium silicate-based sealers exhibit a favorable dentinal tubule penetration. Tubular penetration, however, can be affected by factors such as the irrigation protocol, sealer activation, the filling method used, and root canal morphology. EndoSequence BC Sealer showed the highest sealer penetration among the tested sealers. The influence of different fluorochromes on the results of dentinal tubule penetration studies should also be further explored. The in vitro nature of the included studies limits the applicability of the results into the clinical setting. Prospero registration: CRD42022383896.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pushout Bond Strength of Root Fillings after Irrigation of Root Canals Utilizing Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, and Homeopathic Mother Tincture ( Arnica Montana). Clin Pract 2023; 13:305-314. [PMID: 36826170 PMCID: PMC9954886 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pushout bond strength of root fillings at radicular dentin was investigated employing NaOCl, CHX, and homoeopathic mother tincture (Arnica montana) as an irrigant. Sixty human permanent single-rooted extracted teeth were decoronated. The root canals were instrumented using Pro taper universal rotary system (Dentsply Tulsa Dental; Tulsa, Oklahoma) and were prepared up to F3 apical size. The roots were then randomly divided into three groups according to irrigation solution (n = 20) according to the final irrigation regimen: Group I: 3 mL 5.25% NaOCl followed by 3 mL Saline (control); Group II: 3 mL Arnica montana (10%, w/v) followed by 3 mL Saline; Group III: 3 mL CHX followed by 3 mL Saline. The canals were dried using paper points. The canals were coated with AH Plus sealer (Dentsply DeTey, Konstaz, Germany) with the aid of a Lentulo spiral (Dentsply DeTey, Konstaz, Germany) and obturated with #F3 gutta-percha. Each root was then horizontally sliced into three slices, labelled coronal, middle, and apical, each measuring 2 mm thick. Furthermore, at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min, the test was carried out using the universal testing apparatus. The 5.25% NaOCl significantly decreased the bond strength of AH Plus to dentin. Both CHX and Arnica montana were capable of reversing the compromised pushout of AH Plus to NaOCl-treated dentin. After using NaOCl as an irrigant, the danger of diminished binding capacity of AH Plus to root canal walls arises. Final irrigation with Arnica montana and CHX reduces this risk.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hama Gharib DS, Salman RF. Feasibility of the crude extracts of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius and Colocasia esculenta as intracanal medicaments in endodontic therapy in comparison to the 940 nm diode laser: An in vitro antimicrobial study. J Dent Sci 2023; 18:145-156. [PMID: 36643226 PMCID: PMC9831863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose The elimination and debridement of intracanal bacteria are credited with long-term effectiveness in endodontic therapy. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial efficacies of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Suran), Colocasia esculenta (Aravi) crude extracts as intracanal medicaments with calcium hydroxide (CH), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and 940 nm diode laser. Materials and methods Fifty-eight intact, single-root, extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were prepared. The samples were sterilized, transferred into microcentrifuge tubes, and inoculated with E. faecalis. The samples were placed in an incubator for three weeks to allow the biofilm to grow. Then the samples were randomly divided into five experimental groups (n = 10), disinfected with Suran, Aravi crude extracts, CH, 2% CHX gel, and a 940 nm diode laser. The negative control group (n = 4) and the positive control group (n = 4). Then the samples were observed under light and scanning electron microscopy to monitor the E. faecalis biofilm. The sampling method was carried out in paper point (intracanal) and Peeso bur (intradentinal). Later the number of colony-forming units was counted and analyzed. Results Colony-forming units were significantly reduced in the 2% CHX gel in both sampling methods, while Suran showed lower colony-forming units compared to Aravi and CH. The differences between experimental groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) in both sampling methods. Conclusion This study showed that the application of Suran and Aravi crude extracts as intracanal medicaments leads to a significant reduction in the number of bacterial colonies compared to CH, 2% CHX gel, and 940 nm diode laser.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didar Sadiq Hama Gharib
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, As Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq
- Corresponding author. Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, As Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.
| | - Raid Fahim Salman
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dimopoulos F, Kodonas K, Gogos C. Shear Bond Strength of Ah26 to Human Dentin Treated with Dimethyl Sulfoxide (Dmso). Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:100. [PMID: 35735641 PMCID: PMC9221750 DOI: 10.3390/dj10060100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the bond strength of AH26 to human coronal dentin exposed to DMSO. A total of 70 dentin specimens were equally divided into two groups. Each dentin surface was pre-treated with 2 mL of 2.5% NaOCl, 3 mL of EDTA 17%, and distilled water. One group was finally rinsed with 50% DMSO. Following the AH26 application, the bond strength was tested by subjecting the samples to a shear load at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min using universal testing equipment. The results according to paired samples t-test indicated that there was a statistically insignificant difference between the two groups. Therefore, DMSO had no effect on the bond strength of AH26 root sealer to dentin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Dimopoulos
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.K.); (C.G.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang D, Li S, Zhao H, Li K, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Yang X, Cai Q. Improving antibacterial performance of dental resin adhesive via co-incorporating fluoride and quaternary ammonium. J Dent 2022; 122:104156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
12
|
Aravelli S, Veeramachaneni C, Dundigalla S. Comparative evaluation of push-out bond strength of bioceramic and epoxy sealers after using various final irrigants: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:145-150. [PMID: 35720830 PMCID: PMC9205351 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_10_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the push-out bond strength of bioceramic and epoxy sealers after using various final irrigants. Materials and Methods: Hundred single-rooted teeth were divided into two groups (n = 50) according to the sealer used: Group A: Bio C (bioceramic sealer), Group B: Dia-Proseal (epoxy sealer). Each group was subdivided into five subgroups (n = 10) according to the final irrigation protocol: Group A1 and B1 – 5% glycolic acid (GA), Group A2 and B2 – 17% GA, Group A3 and B3 – 0.2% chitosan, Group A4 and B4 – 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and Group A5 and B5 – 0.9% saline. Samples were obturated in combination with one of the mentioned sealers and were allowed to set for 1 week. Two horizontal slices were obtained from each sample and subjected to push-out test. Statistical Analysis: The data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and independent Student's t-test. Results: Both the sealers exhibited higher push-out bond strength after treatment with GA with no significant difference between 5% and 17% GA. Bio C sealer with GA as final irrigant showed higher bond strength than Dia-Proseal (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The push-out bond strength of the sealer was significantly affected by the final irrigation solution used. The highest push-out bond strength was seen with Bio C sealer after treatment with GA with no significant difference between 5% and 17% GA.
Collapse
|
13
|
De-Deus G, Oliveira DS, Cavalcante DM, Simões-Carvalho M, Belladonna FG, Antunes LS, Souza EM, Silva EJNL, Versiani MA. Methodological proposal for evaluation of adhesion of root canal sealers to gutta-percha. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1653-1658. [PMID: 33977555 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the bond strength of an epoxy resin-based sealer and two calcium silicate-based sealers (CSS) to gutta-percha discs using a new method. METHODOLOGY Round discs of gutta-percha (n = 60), measuring 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness, were placed on a glass plate and a drop of each sealer (AH Plus, EndoSequence BC Sealer and EndoSeal MTA) was placed on their surface. Another identical disc was placed onto the first one and a standardized weight (0.0981 N) applied over them using a specially developed apparatus. Ten samples prepared for each sealer were submitted to a microshear bond strength test accomplished by a specially designed set-up coupled to a universal testing machine. The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a post hoc procedure was used to compare groups considering the preliminary analysis of the raw data had indicated the nonadherence to a Gaussian distribution (Shapiro-Wilk, p < .05). Alpha error was set at 5%. RESULTS Overall, no premature failure occurred. All sealers had some degree of adhesiveness to gutta-percha discs but with a significant difference amongst them (Kruskal-Wallis, p = .019). The epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus) had significantly higher median shear bond strength values (1.43 MPa; 1.40-1.83) compared to EndoSeal MTA (0.53 MPa; 0.46-0.73) (p = .021) and EndoSequence BC Sealer (0.45 MPa; 0.34-0.46) (p = .023), whilst the lowest median value was observed with EndoSequence BC Sealer (0.45 MPa; 0.34-0.46) (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS CSS sealers had weaker bonding to gutta-percha when compared to the epoxy resin-based AH Plus sealer. The proposed methodology is an innovative and reproducible method for testing the bond strength of root canal sealers to gutta-percha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo De-Deus
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo S Oliveira
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele M Cavalcante
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Simões-Carvalho
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe G Belladonna
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Antunes
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erick M Souza
- Department of Dentistry II, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel J N L Silva
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco A Versiani
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wei X, Peng P, Peng F, Dong J. Natural Polymer Eucommia Ulmoides Rubber: A Novel Material. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3797-3821. [PMID: 33761246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As the second natural rubber resource, Eucommia ulmoides rubber (EUR) from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is mainly composed of trans-1,4-polyisoprene, which is the isomer of natural rubber cis-1,4-polyisoprene from Hevea brasiliensis. In the past few years, the great potential application of EUR has received increasing attention, and there is a growing awareness that the natural polymer EUR could become an emerging research topic in field of the novel materials due to its unique and excellent duality of both rubber and plastic. To gain insight into its further development, in this review, the extraction, structure, physicochemical properties, and modification of EUR are discussed in detail. More emphasis on the potential applications in the fields of the environment, agriculture, engineering, and biomedical engineering is summarized. Finally, some insights into the challenges and perspectives of EUR are also suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingneng Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pai Peng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Feng Peng
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Juane Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Srivastava A, Yadav DS, Rao M, Rao HM, Arun A, Siddique R. Evaluation of push-out bond strength of BioRoot RCS and AH Plus after using different irrigants: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2020; 23:26-31. [PMID: 33223637 PMCID: PMC7657418 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_223_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare push-out bond strength of root canal spaces filled with AH-Plus and BioRoot RCS after using different irrigants. Materials and Methods: Eighty single-rooted teeth were decoronated and endodontically treated by crown-down technique using ProTaper Universal rotary files progressively till F4 (40/0.06). Samples were divided into two groups according to the sealer (n = 40): Group A = BioRoot RCS, Group B = AH Plus, further subdivided into four subgroups according to irrigation protocol (n = 10): Group 1A, 1B – 0.9% saline, Group 2A, 2B – 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA, Group 3A, 3B– 17% EDTA +2% chlorhexidine, and Group 4A, 4B – 17% EDTA + 3% green tea extract. Samples were obturated with sealers and prepared for push-out test with root slices of 2 mm thickness using universal testing machine. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni's post hoc analysis, and independent Student's t-test. Results: BioRoot RCS exhibited significantly higher push-out bond strength (n < 0.001). The interaction between irrigants and sealer showed higher bond strength for BioRoot RCS when 17% EDTA+ green tea was used. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study, it was concluded that bond strength of a sealer was influenced by the irrigants used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, D.A. Pandu Memorial R V Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepa S Yadav
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, D.A. Pandu Memorial R V Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Murali Rao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, D.A. Pandu Memorial R V Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H Murali Rao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, D.A. Pandu Memorial R V Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Arun
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, D.A. Pandu Memorial R V Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Riluwan Siddique
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saricam E, Arslan M. Effect of dentin and fiber post surface treatments with fumaric acid on the bonding ability of fiber posts. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:1290-1296. [PMID: 32783267 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fumaric acid on push-out bond strength when applied to dentin surfaces and fiber posts. The root canals of 60 mandibular premolar teeth were instrumented and obturated. After removing two thirds of filling material, teeth were prepared according to six randomized groups (n = 10/group) defined by two fiber post surface treatments (0.7% fumaric acid or 9% hydrofluoric acid) and three dentin conditioning treatments [control (no conditioning); 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); or 0.7% fumaric acid]. After fiber post-cementation, three 1-mm thick discs were obtained from each tooth by transverse sectioning, and each disc underwent push-out bond strength testing. Data were analyzed with a one-way analyses of variance (anova) and t tests; p < .05 was considered statistically significant. Failure modes were determined by stereomicroscopy, and the surface characteristics of dentin and fiber posts were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Push-out bond strength was greater for the group in which the post surface treated with hydrofluoric acid and the dentin surface treated with fumaric acid than the nontreated dentin and hydrofluoric acid-treated post group (p < .05). There were no significant differences between other comparison pairs (p > .05). A combination of fumaric acid dentin conditioning and hydrofluoric acid fiber post treatment strengthened the bonding ability of fiber posts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esma Saricam
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Arslan
- Vocational School of Health Services, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Danwittayakorn S, Banomyong D, Ongchavalit L, Ngoenwiwatkul Y, Porkaew P. Comparison of the Effects of Intraradicular Materials on the Incidence of Fatal Root Fracture in Immature Teeth Treated with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Apexification: A Retrospective Study. J Endod 2019; 45:977-984.e1. [PMID: 31248698 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare the incidence of root fractures that led to extraction in immature teeth endodontically treated by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apexification and were restored with either reinforced (resin composite or fiber post) or nonreinforced (gutta percha or MTA) intraradicular materials. METHODS Necrotic immature teeth treated with MTA apexification from 1996 to 2017 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Intraradicular materials and preoperative and treatment factors were obtained from dental charts and radiographs. The incidence of fatal root facture was identified. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model were used to show the survival rate and predisposing factors at a significance level of .05. RESULTS The average recall period was 30 months. The incidence of root fracture in the teeth restored with the reinforced materials was 5.5%, which was not significantly different from the nonreinforced materials (8.3%). Furthermore, the fracture rates between the fiber post and resin composite groups were not significantly different. Two significant predisposing factors influencing the incidence of root fracture were detected: preoperative external inflammatory root resorption (hazard ratio = 26.86; P < .05) and patient age > 15 years (hazard ratio = 8.60, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Immature teeth treated with MTA apexification and restored with the reinforced or nonreinforced intraradicular materials exhibited a similar rate of root fracture. Preoperative external inflammatory root resorption and patient age > 15 years were found to be the predisposing factors that significantly increased the incidence of root fracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supatra Danwittayakorn
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Danuchit Banomyong
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Lalida Ongchavalit
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowaluk Ngoenwiwatkul
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tedesco M, Chain MC, Bortoluzzi EA, da Fonseca Roberti Garcia L, Alves AMH, Teixeira CS. Comparison of two observational methods, scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopies, in the adhesive interface analysis of endodontic sealers to root dentine. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2353-2361. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Alves AMH, Pozzobon MH, Bortoluzzi EA, da Silveira Teixeira C, Souza BDM, da Fonseca Roberti Garcia L, Felippe WT. Bacterial penetration into filled root canals exposed to different pressures and to the oral environment—in vivo analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:1157-1165. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Yavari H, Ghasemi N, Divband B, Rezaei Y, Jabbari G, Payahoo S. The effect of photodynamic therapy and polymer solution containing nano-particles of Ag /ZnO on push-out bond strength of the sealers AH-Plus and MTA Fillapex. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e1109-e1114. [PMID: 29075413 PMCID: PMC5650213 DOI: 10.4317/jced.54069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this in vitrostudy was to examine and compare the effect of photodynamic therapy and solution containing nano particles Ag/ZnO on adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentinal walls of human root canal. Material and Methods Ninty single-rooted human teeth were selected and their clinical crown was cut from the cemento-enamel junction zone. Canals were prepared by RaCe rotary system and the smear layer was removed using 17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl. Samples were randomly divided into two groups of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex based on the sealer type and each group based on antimicrobial method was divided into two sub-groups of photodynamic therapy and polymer containing nano particles of Ag / ZnO and a control sub-group (N = 15). After obturation of canals with gutta-percha and sealers mentioned, the samples were incubated for a week at a humidity of 95% and 37°C and then 2mm thick discs were prepared from the middle region of roots for Push-out test. The maximum failure force was recorded in newton and converted to MPa. Then, 3 random specimens of each subgroup were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed by Two way ANOVA and (P<0.05) was considered significant. Results The highest (4.84 ± 1.63) and lowest (0.16 ± 0.075) push-out bond strength values were obtained in (AH Plus-PDT) and (MTA Fillapex-Ag/ZnO) respectively. Independent of antimicrobial method, AH Plus bond strength was significantly higher than the MTA Fillapex (p<0.001). For both sealers, PDT increased the bond strength significantly (p<0.001). Conclusions Photodynamic therapy has a positive effect on the bond strength of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex sealers. Key words:AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, Nano particles, Photodynamic therapy, Push-out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Yavari
- DDS, MSc, Associate Professor, Department of Endodontics, Dental Faculty, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Negin Ghasemi
- DDS, MSc, Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Dental Faculty, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Baharak Divband
- Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yashar Rezaei
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Golchin Jabbari
- DDS, Endodontic Department, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Salar Payahoo
- DDS, Department of Oral and maxillofacial radiology, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
MOURA AS, PEREIRA RD, RACHED JUNIOR FJA, CROZETA BM, MAZZI-CHAVES JF, SOUZA-FLAMINI LE, CRUZ FILHO AM. Influence of root dentin treatment on the push-out bond strength of fibre-reinforced posts. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e29. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
22
|
Jin XZ, Homaei E, Matinlinna JP, Tsoi JKH. A new concept and finite-element study on dental bond strength tests. Dent Mater 2016; 32:e238-e250. [PMID: 27497744 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous bond strength tests have been performed on dental adhesion experiments. Yet, the validity of these bond strength tests is controversial due to the name (e.g., "shear" or "tensile") may not reflect to the true and complete stress situation, i.e., assumed uniform shear or uniaxial tensile conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to simulate and compare the stress distribution of and between shear bond strength (SBS), tensile bond strength (TBS), mold-enclosed shear bond strength (ME-SBS) and de novo lever-induced mold-enclosed shear bond strength (LIME-SBS) tests. METHODS 3-Dimensional finite element method (FEM) was used on the dental resin-bonded surfaces (i.e., titanium alloy, dentine and porcelain) interphased with adhesive layer (thickness 5μm) to simulate the mechanical tests. For ME-SBS, both polycarbonate and stainless steel molds were used. For LIME-SBS, stainless steel levers and molds with lengths of 3mm, 6mm, 12mm, 15mm and 18mm were used. The applied loads on these models were 50N, 100N and 200N. RESULTS De novo LIME-SBS test was the most optimal configuration to evaluate "shear" bond strength of adhesive in regards to providing significantly high and uniform shear stress as well as eliminating tensile stress at the interface. The conventional SBS test created very high tensile stress at the load area, whereas the TBS created optimal tensile stress but shear stress indeed co-exist. The ME-SBS test could also eliminate some of the tensile stress. Similar stress distributions pattern appeared on the Ti-adhesive models, the dentine-adhesive models and porcelain-adhesive models. SIGNIFICANCE None of the bond strength tests could give purely "shear" or "tensile" bond strength, but LIME-SBS seems to be the best model to evaluate the bond strength under true "shear" mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhuang Jin
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Ehsan Homaei
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jukka Pekka Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - James Kit Hon Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Evaluation of Effects on the Adhesion of Various Root Canal Sealers after Er:YAG Laser and Irrigants Are Used on the Dentin Surface. J Endod 2015; 41:1331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
24
|
ImageJ analysis of dentin tubule distribution in human teeth. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:343-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
Santana FR, Soares CJ, Ferreira JM, Valdivi ADCM, Souza JBD, Estrela C. Effect of root canal sealer and artificial accelerated aging on fibreglass post bond strength to intraradicular dentin. J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6:e350-6. [PMID: 25593655 PMCID: PMC4282900 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of root canal sealers (RCS) and specimen aging on the bond strength of fibre posts to bovine intraradicular dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS 80 teeth were used according the groups - Sealapextm, Sealer 26®, AH Plus® and specimens aging - test with no aging and with aging. The canals prepared were filled using one of each RCS. The posts were cemented. Roots were cross-sectioned to obtain two slices of each third. Samples were submitted to push-out test. Failure mode was evaluated under a confocal microscope. The data were analysed by ANOVA, Tukey's, and Dunnet tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS No significant difference was detected among RCS. Aged control presented higher bond strength than immediate control. The aging did not result significant difference. Adhesive cement-dentin failure was prevalent in all groups. CONCLUSIONS RCS interfered negatively with bonding of fibreglass posts cemented with self-adhesive resin cement to intraradicular dentin. Key words:Fibreglass post, bond strength, root dentin, endodontic sealer, aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda-Ribeiro Santana
- DDS, MSc, PhD. Department of Stomatologic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos-José Soares
- DDS, MSc, PhD. Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials Department, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Josemar-Martins Ferreira
- DDS, MSc, PhD, Post-graduate student. School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - João-Batista-de Souza
- DDS, MSc, PhD. Department of Prevention and Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos Estrela
- DDS, MSc, PhD. Department of Stomatologic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dias KC, Soares CJ, Steier L, Versiani MA, Abi Rached-Júnior FJ, Pécora JD, Correa Silva-Sousa YT, de Sousa-Neto MD. Influence of Drying Protocol with Isopropyl Alcohol on the Bond Strength of Resin-based Sealers to the Root Dentin. J Endod 2014; 40:1454-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
27
|
Karygianni L, Anderson AC, Tennert C, Kollmar K, Altenburger MJ, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A. Supplementary sampling of obturation materials enhances microbial analysis of endodontic treatment failures: a proof of principle study. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:319-27. [PMID: 24677170 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Root canal treatment failures often correlate with persistent biomaterial-associated endodontic infections. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of endodontic obturation material sampling from root canals with posttreatment apical periodontitis on improving standard study protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from previously filled root canals and their corresponding endodontic filling materials were obtained from five root-filled teeth with posttreatment periradicular lesions. After cultivation, the isolated microorganisms were quantified and biochemically identified. Moreover, clone libraries were constructed after the amplification of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from the same samples. DNA from selected clones was sequenced to identify microbial species. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) aided visualization of the detected bacteria. RESULTS Overall, 22 taxa of the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were detected in both obturation and root canal samples by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Root canal fillings sheltered 17 species (3.30-7.50 × 10(3) CFU/ml). Of these, nine were detected solely in the retrieved obturation materials. The reinfected root canals harbored 13 taxa (3.48-7.36 × 10(3) CFU/ml). Obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria prevailed. The number of different species ranged from 1 to 5 within a single sample. Fungi were not detected. CONCLUSIONS Bacteria can colonize both root canals and endodontic fillings in vivo. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Integrating the sampling of obturation materials with standard root canal sample collection offers a clearer insight into the actual microbial flora of reinfected root canals and improves the study protocols of secondary/persistent endodontic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Karygianni
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ayrancı LB, Köseoğlu M. The Evaluation of the Effects of Different Irrigating Solutions and Laser Systems on Adhesion of Resin-Based Root Canal Sealers. Photomed Laser Surg 2014; 32:152-9. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2013.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Benan Ayrancı
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Köseoğlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Forough Reyhani M, Ghasemi N, Rahimi S, Salem Milani A, Mokhtari H, Shakouie S, Safarvand H. Push-Out Bond Strength of Dorifill, Epiphany and MTA-Fillapex Sealers to Root Canal Dentin with and without Smear Layer. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2014; 9:246-50. [PMID: 25386203 PMCID: PMC4224760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present experimental study was to evaluate the push-out bond strength of Dorifill, Epiphany and MTA-Fillapex sealers to root canal dentin in presence and absence of smear layer (SL). METHODS AND MATERIALS Sixty human single-rooted teeth were selected and divided into six groups (n=10). The canal irrigation protocol in groups 1, 3 and 5 consisted of 2.5% NaOCl during instrumentation and normal saline at the end of preparation plus a 5-min irrigation with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In the remaining groups, normal saline was used for canal irrigation. The root canals were filled with Epiphany/Resilon (groups 1 and 2), Dorifill/gutta-percha (groups 3 and 4) and MTA-Fillapex/gutta-percha (groups 5 and 6). After two weeks of storage in 95% relative humidity at 37(º)C, 2 mm-thick dentin disks were prepared from coronal third of each root. The push-out bond strength test was carried out using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed with the two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests. Statistical significance was defined at 0.05. RESULTS The highest (3.06±0.38 MPa) and lowest (1.16±0.32 MPa) push-out bond strength values were recorded in Epiphany/Resilon-NaOCl/EDTA and Dorifill/gutta-percha/normal saline groups, respectively. There were significant differences in the bond strength of sealers (P<0.05). In addition, elimination of the SL significantly increased the bond strength of all sealers (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The Epiphany/Resilon group exhibited the highest push-out bond strength in the presence and absence of the SL. Elimination of the SL resulted in a significant increase in the bond strength of all the sealers to dentin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Negin Ghasemi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;,Corresponding author: Negin Ghasemi, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Tel:+98-914 3063283, Fax: +98-33 46977, E-mail:
| | - Saeed Rahimi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Amin Salem Milani
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Hadi Mokhtari
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Sahar Shakouie
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pane ES, Palamara JEA, Messer HH. Critical evaluation of the push-out test for root canal filling materials. J Endod 2013; 39:669-73. [PMID: 23611388 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The push-out test has been widely used in experimental endodontics but has been criticized on technical grounds particularly because the soft-core material undergoes plastic deformation under load. This study systematically evaluated the technique by comparing push-out strength and load profiles in relation to core material stiffness, canal diameter, punch diameter, sample orientation, and mode of failure. METHODS Straight palatal roots of 90 maxillary molars were obturated with an epoxy resin-based sealer alone (10 roots) or gutta-percha (70) or epoxy resin (10) cores with a thin layer of sealer cement. Roots were embedded in mounting resin vertically or at an angle of 5° or 10° to the long axis of the root. One-millimeter sections were tested using a universal testing machine with a punch diameter corresponding to 50%, 75%, or 90% of the canal diameter. Bond strengths (MPa) were calculated, and data were analyzed using analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey multiple comparisons (P < .05). After push out, core materials and canal walls were examined using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Push-out strength was affected by core material stiffness. Angulation up to 10° from vertical had little effect on push-out strength, but load profiles were strongly influenced by orientation. No effect of the punch diameter was observed when the diameter was 90% of the canal diameter, but push-out strength was lower when the punch diameter was 50%-60% of the canal size. CONCLUSIONS Despite limitations, the push-out test may still be suitable for ranking the bonding of root filling materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Epita S Pane
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Economides N, Gogos C, Kodonas K, Beltes C, Kolokouris I. An ex vivo comparison of the push-out bond strength of a new endodontic filling system (Smartseal) and various gutta-percha filling techniques. Odontology 2012; 100:187-191. [PMID: 21948118 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the push-out bond strength of a new filling material (Smartseal) compared with gutta-percha/AH-26. A total of 40 extracted single-rooted human teeth were used. After instrumentation using the ProTaper rotary system, the root canals were filled as follows: Group 1, Smartseal sealer and a 0.06 taper Smartpoint calibrated to apical tip size 30; Group 2, Smartseal sealer and an F3 SmartpointPT; Group 3, AH-26 sealer and a single F3 ProTaper gutta-percha cone and Group 4, AH-26 sealer and gutta-percha using the cold lateral condensation technique. Two successive disk shaped slices were cut from each root sample and the bond strength was measured using the push-out test. Two-way analysis of variance was used for data analysis with the level of significance set at 0.05. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the mean bond strengths of the various groups; thus indicating there was no difference in adhesion to dentine between the Smartseal system and gutta-percha/AH-26 applied using either the single cone or lateral condensation technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Economides
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Roth KA, Friedman S, Lévesque CM, Basrani BR, Finer Y. Microbial biofilm proliferation within sealer-root dentin interfaces is affected by sealer type and aging period. J Endod 2012; 38:1253-6. [PMID: 22892745 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Root canal fillings are intended to prevent microbial proliferation over time in the canal after treatment. The objective of this study was to assess biofilm proliferation within the sealer-dentin interfaces of 2 methacrylate resin-based systems, self-etch (SE) and total-etch (TE), and an epoxy resin-based sealer (EP), aged for up to 6 months. METHODS Standardized specimens (n = 45) comprising the coronal 5 mm of human roots were filled with the test materials and gutta-percha. Specimens were either not preincubated (control, n = 9) or were incubated in sterile saline for 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, or 6 months (n = 3/group). Monospecies biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis were grown on the specimens for 7 days in a chemostat-based biofilm fermentor mimicking pathogenic oral conditions. The extent of E. faecalis proliferation within the sealer-dentin interface for each material and incubation period group was assessed by using fluorescence microscopy of dihydroethidium-stained specimens. RESULTS TE had less biofilm proliferation than both EP and SE (P < .01). Deeper biofilm proliferation was detected in SE and EP specimens aged for 1 and 3 months than those aged for 1 week or 6 months (P < .05). Maximum depth of biofilm penetration was recorded for SE at 1 month (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Within the test model used, the SE and EP sealers were more susceptible to interfacial biofilm proliferation than the TE restorative material. This susceptibility diminished after aging the materials' interfaces for 6 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Roth
- Discipline of Endodontics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Barbizam JVB, Trope M, Tanomaru-Filho M, Teixeira ECN, Teixeira FB. Bond strength of different endodontic sealers to dentin: push-out test. J Appl Oral Sci 2012; 19:644-7. [PMID: 22231001 PMCID: PMC3973468 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength
of different root canal sealers to dentin. Material and Methods Forty extracted single-rooted human teeth were examined and the coronal and middle
thirds of the canals were prepared with a 1.50 mm post drill (FibreKor Post
System, Pentron). The teeth were allocated in two experimental groups, irrigated
with 2.5% NaOCl+17% EDTA or saline solution (control group) and instrumented using
Race rotary files (FKG) to a size #40 at the working length. Then, the groups were
divided into four subgroups and filled with Epiphany sealer (Group 1), EndoREZ
(Group 2), AH26 (Group 3) and Grossman's Sealer (Group 4). After 2 weeks of
storage in 100% humidity at 37ºC, all teeth were sectioned transversally into
2-mm-thick discs. Push-out tests were performed at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min
using a universal testing machine. The maximum load at failure was recorded and
expressed in MPa. Results Means (±SD) in root canals irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA were: G1
(21.6±6.0), G2 (15.2±3.7), G3 (14.6±4.5) and G4 (11.7±4.1).Two-way ANOVA and
Tukey's test showed the highest bond strength for the Epiphany's group (p<
0.01) when compared to the other tested sealers. Saline solution decreased the
values of bond-strength (p<0.05) for all sealers. Conclusion Epiphany sealer presented higher bond strength values to dentin in both irrigating
protocols, and the use of 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA increased the bond strength
values for all sealers.
Collapse
|
34
|
Fracture mechanics analysis of vertical root fracture from condensation of gutta-percha. J Biomech 2012; 45:1673-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
35
|
Grassi FR, Pappalettere C, Di Comite M, Corsalini M, Mori G, Ballini A, Crincoli V, Pettini F, Rapone B, Boccaccio A. Effect of different irrigating solutions and endodontic sealers on bond strength of the dentin-post interface with and without defects. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:642-54. [PMID: 23055816 PMCID: PMC3465848 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate how the interfacial shear strength of the dentin-post interface with and without defects changes for different combinations irrigant/sealer. METHODS In forty human decoronated and instrumented teeth, fibreglass posts were inserted. The obtained root segments were randomly assigned to four different groups according to the irrigant adopted and the cement used to seal the root canal. The root segments were processed for metyl-methacrylate embedding. Serial sections were obtained and submitted to histomorphometric analyses in order to observe any defect of adhesion at the dentin-post interface and to measure the defects' dimension. The serial sections were also submitted to micro-push-out test. The measured shear strength values were subjected to statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA. The values of bond strength determined for the defective samples were correlated with the dimension of the defects. Finite element models were built to interpret and corroborate the experimental findings. RESULTS ANOVA showed that the generic combination irrigant/sealer does not affect the interfacial shear strength values. The bond strength of the samples without defects was averagely twice as large as that of the defective samples. The defects occupying more than 12% of the total transverse section area of the endodontic cement layer led to a reduction of the bond strength of about 70%. The predictions of the finite element models were in agreement with the experimental results. CONCLUSION Defects occupying less than 2% of the total transverse section area of the cement layer were shown to be acceptable as they have rather negligible effects on the shear strength values. Technologies/protocols should be developed to minimize the number and the size of the defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felice R Grassi
- Department of Dental Sciences and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Belli S, Cobankara FK, Ozcopur B, Eliguzeloglu E, Eskitascioglu G. An Alternative Adhesive Strategy to Optimize Bonding to Root Dentin. J Endod 2011; 37:1427-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|