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Ademu LO, Paul R, Racine EF. Are There Benefits to Breastfeeding for Long Durations That Continue after Breastfeeding Has Stopped? An Analysis of Acute Respiratory Illness in Nigerian Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:1144. [PMID: 39334676 PMCID: PMC11430560 DOI: 10.3390/children11091144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Background: While an abundance of evidence exists regarding infectious outcomes in children as they relate to the short-term benefits of breastfeeding, there is limited evidence related to similar impacts beyond one year and after breastfeeding has stopped. Specifically, little is known about the long-term benefits of breastfeeding for acute health outcomes after infancy, particularly in Nigeria. Methods: The Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data was used in this study. We utilized data (n = 5391) on children who had stopped breastfeeding for at least 12 months before the survey. Breastfeeding duration was categorized into 1-6 months, 7-12 months, 13-18 months, 18-24 months, and > 24 months. Any recent incident of acute respiratory illness in children was operationalized using the responses to related questions (recent incidents of fever, cough, running nose, and short, rapid, or difficulty breathing in children). Adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios, and statistical significance was determined at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Post-infancy and after breastfeeding had stopped, the odds of recent acute respiratory illness were significantly less (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI [0.15-0.79], p = 0.04) in children breastfed for 19-24 months compared to those breastfed for 1-6 months. No significant association was found between the other durations and ARI post-infancy (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate that breastfeeding for up to 24 months has a long-term protective effect from an acute health condition that contributes to the high under-five mortality rates recorded for decades in Nigeria specifically, and more broadly, in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Ouja Ademu
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79927, USA
| | - Rajib Paul
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA;
| | - Elizabeth F. Racine
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79927, USA
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Igarashi Y, Horiuchi S, Mwilike B. Effectiveness of an Early Skin-to-Skin Contact Program for Pregnant Women with Cesarean Section: A Quasi-Experimental Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105772. [PMID: 37239500 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to clarify the effectiveness of early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after a cesarean section (CS) program. METHODS An "early SSC after CS" program was implemented at a tertiary care hospital in Tanzania. A non-equivalent group design was used. A questionnaire was used to collect data on exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding intention, Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised Indicator (BSS-RI) score, perioperative pain with a visual analogue scale, and infant hospitalization for infectious diseases and diarrhea at 2-3 days postpartum. Follow-up surveys were conducted until 4 months postpartum regarding exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding intention, and hospitalization of the infants. RESULTS This study involved 172 parturient women who underwent CS, with 86 in the intervention group and 86 in the control group. The exclusive breastfeeding rates at 4 months postpartum were 57 (76.0%) in the intervention group and 58 (76.3%) in the control group, with no significant difference. The BSS-RI score was higher in the intervention group (7.91, range 4-12, SD 2.42) than in the control group (7.18, range 3-12, SD 2.02) (p = 0.007) for women who underwent emergency CS. The survival probability for infants hospitalized owing to infectious diseases, and diarrhea was significantly higher in the intervention group (98.5%) than in the control group (88.3%) (χ2 = 5.231, p = 0.022) for multiparas. CONCLUSION The early SSC after CS program showed a positive effect on the birth satisfaction of women undergoing emergency CS. It also reduced the incidence of infants hospitalized owing to infectious diseases and diarrhea for multiparas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Igarashi
- Graduate School of Nursing, St. Luke's International University, 10-1 Akashi-cho, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan
| | - Shigeko Horiuchi
- Graduate School of Nursing, St. Luke's International University, 10-1 Akashi-cho, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan
| | - Beatrice Mwilike
- School of Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65004, Tanzania
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El-Heneidy A, Ware RS, Lambert SB, Grimwood K. Sapovirus Infections in an Australian Community-Based Healthy Birth Cohort During the First 2 Years of Life. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:1043-1049. [PMID: 36310530 PMCID: PMC10029984 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sapovirus is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children. However, knowledge gaps remain in community settings. We investigated the epidemiology, disease characteristics, and healthcare use associated with sapovirus infections in Australian children during their first 2 years of life. METHODS Children in the Brisbane-based Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort provided daily gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting/loose stools), weekly stool swabs, and healthcare data until age 2 years. Swabs were batch-tested for sapovirus using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Incidence rates and estimates of associations were calculated. RESULTS Overall, 158 children returned 11 124 swabs. There were 192 sapovirus infection episodes. The incidence rate in the first 2 years of life was 0.89 infections per child-year (95% confidence interval [CI], .76-1.05), and the symptomatic incidence rate was 0.26 episodes per child-year (95% CI, .17-.37). Age ≥6 months, the fall season, and childcare attendance increased disease incidence significantly. Fifty-four of the 180 (30%) infections with linked symptom diaries were symptomatic, with 72% recording vomiting and 48% diarrhea. Prior infection reduced risk of further infections (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, .54-.81]) in the study period. Viral loads were higher and viral shedding duration was longer in symptomatic than asymptomatic children. Twenty-three (43%) symptomatic episodes required healthcare, including 6 emergency department presentations and 2 hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS Sapovirus infections are common in Australian children aged 6-23 months. Efforts to reduce childhood AGE after the global rollout of rotavirus vaccines should include sapovirus where estimates of its incidence in communities will be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa El-Heneidy
- School of Medicine and Dentistry and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- School of Medicine and Dentistry and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Dentistry and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Departments of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Hossain S, Mihrshahi S. Exclusive Breastfeeding and Childhood Morbidity: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14804. [PMID: 36429518 PMCID: PMC9691199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globally, diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old. The benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in reducing the risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections are well documented. Optimal breastfeeding may potentially save the lives of about 800,000 children in low-income settings. Despite the evidence, around 63% of infants from birth to 6 months are not exclusively breastfed worldwide. We searched the literature published between 2010 and 2022 in Medline, Embase, and Scopus on the association between exclusive breastfeeding and infectious diseases. We selected and reviewed 70 relevant studies. Our findings expand and confirm the positive association between exclusive breastfeeding and reduced risk of a number of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and other infections in 60 out of 70 studies observed in both low- and high-income settings. Several studies analyzing exclusive breastfeeding duration reported that a longer exclusive breastfeeding duration is protective against many infectious diseases. This review also reported a lack of standardized definition for measuring exclusive breastfeeding in many studies. Overall, the results highlight the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in many studies and suggests reporting exclusive breastfeeding in future studies using a consistent definition to enable better monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates.
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Millen S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of HTLV-1 and the Need for Innovative Prevention Strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:867147. [PMID: 35360738 PMCID: PMC8962517 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.867147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is recommended by the World Health Organization for at least 6 months up to 2 years of age, and breast milk protects against several diseases and infections. Intriguingly, few viruses are transmitted via breastfeeding including Human T-cell leukemia virus Type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is a highly oncogenic yet neglected retrovirus, which primarily infects CD4+ T-cells in vivo and causes incurable diseases like HTLV-1-associated inflammatory conditions or Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) after lifelong viral persistence. Worldwide, at least 5–10 million people are HTLV-1-infected and most of them are unaware of their infection posing the risk of silent transmissions. HTLV-1 is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk, which constitutes the major route of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Risk of transmission increases with the duration of breastfeeding, however, abstinence from breastfeeding as it is recommended in some endemic countries is not an option in resource-limited settings or underrepresented areas and populations. Despite significant progress in understanding details of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission, it is still not fully understood, which cells in which organs get infected via the oral route, how these cells get infected, how breast milk affects this route of infection and how to inhibit oral transmission despite breastfeeding, which is an urgent need especially in underrepresented areas of the world. Here, we review these questions and provide an outlook how future research could help to uncover prevention strategies that might ultimately allow infants to benefit from breastfeeding while reducing the risk of HTLV-1 transmission.
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Ballard SB, Requena D, Mayta H, Sanchez GJ, Oyola-Lozada MG, Colquechagua Aliaga FD, Cabrera L, Vittet Mondonedo MD, Taquiri C, Tilley CAPTDH, Simons CDRMP, Meza RA, Bern C, Saito M, Figueroa-Quintanilla DA, Gilman RH. Enteropathogen Changes After Rotavirus Vaccine Scale-up. Pediatrics 2022; 149:e2020049884. [PMID: 34918158 PMCID: PMC9647525 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-049884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To inform next steps in pediatric diarrhea burden reduction by understanding the shifting enteropathogen landscape after rotavirus vaccine implementation. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 1788 medically attended children younger than 5 years, with and without gastroenteritis, after universal rotavirus vaccine implementation in Peru. We tested case and control stools for 5 viruses, 19 bacteria, and parasites; calculated coinfection-adjusted attributable fractions (AFs) to determine pathogen-specific burdens; and evaluated pathogen-specific gastroenteritis severity using Clark and Vesikari scales. RESULTS Six pathogens were independently positively associated with gastroenteritis: norovirus genogroup II (GII) (AF 29.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.0-32.3), rotavirus (AF 8.9, 95% CI: 6.8-9.7), sapovirus (AF 6.3, 95% CI: 4.3-7.4), astrovirus (AF 2.8, 95% CI: 0.0-4.0); enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat stable and/or heat labile and heat stable (AF 2.4, 95% CI: 0.6-3.1), and Shigella spp. (AF 2.0, 95% CI: 0.4-2.2). Among typeable rotavirus cases, we most frequently identified partially heterotypic strain G12P[8] (54 of 81, 67%). Mean severity was significantly higher for norovirus GII-positive cases relative to norovirus GII-negative cases (Vesikari [12.7 vs 11.8; P < .001] and Clark [11.7 vs 11.4; P = .016]), and cases in the 6- to 12-month age range relative to cases in other age groups (Vesikari [12.7 vs 12.0; P = .0002] and Clark [12.0 vs 11.4; P = .0016]). CONCLUSIONS Norovirus is well recognized as the leading cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in settings with universal rotavirus vaccination. However, sapovirus is often overlooked. Both norovirus and sapovirus contribute significantly to the severe pediatric disease burden in this setting. Decision-makers should consider multivalent vaccine acquisition strategies to target multiple caliciviruses in similar countries after successful rotavirus vaccine implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Blythe Ballard
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - David Requena
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Holger Mayta
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - Gerardo J. Sanchez
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria G. Oyola-Lozada
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Macarena D. Vittet Mondonedo
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carmen Taquiri
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - CAPT Drake H. Tilley
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
- Fleet Surgical Team SEVEN, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Robert H. Gilman
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
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Sumantri E, Hidayanty H, Gustin D, Handayani S. Determinant factors of weight status among under two years children received the complementary feeding program. GACETA SANITARIA 2021; 35 Suppl 2:S370-S373. [PMID: 34929853 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study explored determinant factors of weight status among children aged 12-24 months who received complementary feeding program of the Ministry of Health in Luwu Timur, South Sulawesi Province. METHODS The study used case-control design. It involved 82 children from poor families who received complementary feeding program. Forty-one children as a case group with constant body weight and forty-one children as a control group with increasing body weight within the last two months selected with a purposive sampling technique. RESULTS Exclusive breastfeeding (OR=3.485; 95% CI=1.380-8.798), the duration of complementary feeding consumption (OR=0.299; 95% CI=0.095-0.939), history of diarrhea (OR=3.071; 95% CI=1.174-8.028) and milk consumption pattern (OR=0.233; 95% CI=0.069-0.791) were significant determinant of body weight status. Exclusive breastfeeding was the most dominant variable for body weight status (B=6.152). CONCLUSIONS Exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months is crucial to support complementary feeding programs in increasing the body weight status of children aged 12-24 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eha Sumantri
- Public Health Study Program, Tamalatea College of Health Sciences, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Healthy Hidayanty
- Nutrition Science Department, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
| | - Deli Gustin
- Magister Study Program, Tamalatea College of Health Sciences, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Sri Handayani
- Public Health Study Program, Tamalatea College of Health Sciences, Makassar, Indonesia
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8
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Ju S, Sun J, Yang W, Tian G. Study on parental satisfaction and clinical treatment outcomes of 128 diarrheic children receiving comprehensive nursing. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:8102-8109. [PMID: 34377293 PMCID: PMC8340235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical treatment outcomes and parental satisfaction of children with diarrhea receiving comprehensive nursing intervention. METHODS A total of 128 diarrheic children treated in our hospital from June 2016 to June 2017 were recruited and divided into a control group (n=64) receiving conventional nursing and an observation group (n=64) receiving comprehensive nursing intervention, as per a random number table. The clinical outcomes, electrolyte disorders, recovery of gastrointestinal function, quality of life and parental satisfaction were compared between the two groups after nursing. RESULTS The overall response rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (81.25% vs. 51.56%) (P < 0.05). Nursing satisfaction in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (100.00% vs. 75.00%) (P < 0.05). However, the time to resolution of clinical symptoms and time to return of bowel sounds in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group (P < 0.05). After nursing, the incidence of electrolyte disorders in the observation group was lower than that in the control group. The scores of physical symptoms, physical functioning, emotional functioning, cognitive functioning and social functioning in PedsQLTM Measurement Model were higher than those in the control group, and the electrolyte index monitoring results were better than those in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Comprehensive nursing intervention can effectively reduce the incidence of electrolyte disorders, improve parental satisfaction, accelerate the recovery of gastrointestinal function and improve the quality of life in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Ju
- The Second Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Linyi Central HospitalLinyi 276400, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Nursing, Dongying People’s HospitalDongying 257091, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Nursing, Jinan HospitalJinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiying Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongying People’s HospitalDongying 257091, Shandong Province, China
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Chandwe K, Kelly P. Colostrum Therapy for Human Gastrointestinal Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:1956. [PMID: 34200282 PMCID: PMC8228205 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing awareness that a broad range of gastrointestinal diseases, and some systemic diseases, are characterized by failure of the mucosal barrier. Bovine colostrum is a complex biological fluid replete with growth factors, nutrients, hormones, and paracrine factors which have a range of properties likely to contribute to mucosal healing in a wide range of infective, inflammatory, and injury conditions. In this review, we describe the anatomy and physiology of the intestinal barrier and how it may fail. We survey selected diseases in which disordered barrier function contributes to disease pathogenesis or progression, and review the evidence for or against efficacy of bovine colostrum in management. These disorders include enteropathy due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis, infectious diarrhea, intestinal failure, and damage due to cancer therapy. In animal models, bovine colostrum benefits NSAID enteropathy, IBD, and intestinal failure. In human trials, there is substantial evidence of efficacy of bovine colostrum in inflammatory bowel disease and in infectious diarrhea. Given the robust scientific rationale for using bovine colostrum as a promoter of mucosal healing, further work is needed to define its role in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Chandwe
- Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
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Moubareck CA. Human Milk Microbiota and Oligosaccharides: A Glimpse into Benefits, Diversity, and Correlations. Nutrients 2021; 13:1123. [PMID: 33805503 PMCID: PMC8067037 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk represents a cornerstone for growth and development of infants, with extensive array of benefits. In addition to exceptionally nutritive and bioactive components, human milk encompasses a complex community of signature bacteria that helps establish infant gut microbiota, contributes to maturation of infant immune system, and competitively interferes with pathogens. Among bioactive constituents of milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are particularly significant. These are non-digestible carbohydrates forming the third largest solid component in human milk. Valuable effects of HMOs include shaping intestinal microbiota, imparting antimicrobial effects, developing intestinal barrier, and modulating immune response. Moreover, recent investigations suggest correlations between HMOs and milk microbiota, with complex links possibly existing with environmental factors, genetics, geographical location, and other factors. In this review, and from a physiological and health implications perspective, milk benefits for newborns and mothers are highlighted. From a microbiological perspective, a focused insight into milk microbiota, including origins, diversity, benefits, and effect of maternal diet is presented. From a metabolic perspective, biochemical, physiological, and genetic significance of HMOs, and their probable relations to milk microbiota, are addressed. Ongoing research into mechanistic processes through which the rich biological assets of milk promote development, shaping of microbiota, and immunity is tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Ayoub Moubareck
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai 19282, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Freitas RF, Macedo MDS, Lessa ADC, Pinto NAVD, Teixeira RA. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DIET QUALITY INDEX IN NURSING MOTHERS AND THE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF MATURE BREAST MILK. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 39:e2019089. [PMID: 32638946 PMCID: PMC7333939 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the maternal diet quality and the fatty
acid composition of breast milk in the first trimester of lactation. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional epidemiological study of nursing
mothers. The data collection instruments were a semi-structured
questionnaire for sample characterization and a recall of usual intake. Diet
quality was assessed based on the healthy eating index (HEI). Samples of
mature breast milk were obtained by hand milking. Milk fat was extracted
using the Bligh-Dyer method and methylated with 0.25 mol/L sodium methoxide
in methanol diethyl ether. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame
ionization detector determined the milk fatty acid profile. Pearson’s and
Spearman’s correlation tests evaluated association between the variables.
Subsequently, a multiple linear regression model was built and multivariate
regression analysis was applied. Results: Our findings revealed an inverse relationship between the consumption of
total fruits and the polyunsaturated fatty acid profile and a direct
association of the intake of total fruits and total grains with
monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that maternal diet quality affects the
fatty acid composition of breast milk.
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12
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Webb C, Cabada MM. A Review on Prevention Interventions to Decrease Diarrheal Diseases’ Burden in Children. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-018-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Boone KM, Geraghty SR, Keim SA. Feeding at the Breast and Expressed Milk Feeding: Associations with Otitis Media and Diarrhea in Infants. J Pediatr 2016; 174:118-25. [PMID: 27174145 PMCID: PMC9554740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of substance fed and mode of breast milk delivery with occurrence of otitis media and diarrhea in the first year of life. STUDY DESIGN At 12 months postpartum, women (n = 813; 62% response) completed a questionnaire that assessed sociodemographics, infant occurrence of otitis media and diarrhea, and the timing of starting/stopping feeding at the breast, expressed milk, and formula. Women who intended to "bottle feed" exclusively were not recruited. Logistic and negative binomial regressions were conducted in the full sample (n = 491) and no-formula (n = 106) and bottle-only (n = 49) subsamples. RESULTS Longer duration of expressed milk feeding was associated with increased odds of experiencing otitis media (6-month OR [OR6-month] 2.15, 95% CI 1.01-4.55) in the no-formula subsample. Longer durations of breast milk feeding (OR6-month 0.70, 95% CI 0.54-0.92; 6-month incidence rate ratio [IRR6-month] 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.91), and feeding at the breast (OR6-month 0.70, 95% CI 0.54-0.89; IRR6-month 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.88) were associated with less diarrhea, and longer formula feeding duration was associated with increased risk of diarrhea (IRR6-month 1.34, 95% CI 1.13-1.54) in the full sample. CONCLUSION Substance fed and mode of breast milk delivery have different contributions to infant health depending on the health outcome of interest. Feeding at the breast may be advantageous compared with expressed milk feeding for reducing the risk of otitis media, and breast milk feeding compared with formula may reduce the risk of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Boone
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Sheela R. Geraghty
- Cincinnati Children’s Center for Breastfeeding Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sarah A. Keim
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Prado CVC, Fabbro MRC, Ferreira GI. EARLY WEANING FROM BREASTFEEDING FROM MOTHERS' PERSPECTIVE: A DIALOGICAL APPROACH. TEXTO & CONTEXTO ENFERMAGEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-07072016001580015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The complex issue of early weaning from breastfeeding suggests making the mother the main character in this phenomenon. Beyond listening to that character, the Critical Communicative Method proposes to equate scientific and popular knowledge. The goal was to identify the transforming aspects and obstacles to early weaning with 12 mothers who weaned early. The study was developed in the interior of São Paulo, in 2010 and 2011, using communicative reporting, communicative discussion group and a questionnaire. Results show young mothers, primipara, married, who finished secondary or technical school and did not have a paid job. The breastfeeding revealed emotions like bonding with the baby, but also feelings of failure and frustration. The equalitarian dialogue revealed that obstacles remain rooted in culture, which need to be discussed with the mothers, and not only judged and condemned, looking for strategies to overcome early weaning through intersubjectivity.
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